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Franco-Provencal

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(Redirected from Franco-Provencal language )
"Romand" redirects here. For the Swiss Romand people, see Romands . For Swiss Romand region, see Romandy . For other uses, see Romand (disambiguation) .
Not to be confused with Provencal , one of the dialects of the Occitan language.

Franco-Provencal
Arpitan
patoues, gaga, arpetan
Pronunciation [patwe] ; [?aga] ; [arpeta]
Native to Italy, France and Switzerland
Region Aosta Valley , Piedmont , Franche-Comte , Savoie , Bresse , Bugey , Dombes , Beaujolais , Dauphine , Lyonnais , Forez , Romandie
Native speakers
157,000 (2013) [1]
80,000 in France, 70,000 in Italy and 7,000 in Switzerland [2]
Early forms
Dialects
Latin
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
France
  • Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes
  • Bourgogne-Franche-Comte

Italy

  • Aosta Valley (protected by statute) [4]

Switzerland

Language codes
ISO 639-3 frp
Glottolog fran1269   Francoprovencalic
fran1260   Arpitan
ELP Francoprovencal
Linguasphere 51-AAA-j [5]
Map of the Franco-Provencal language area:
  • Dark blue: official.
  • Medium blue: general regions.
  • Light blue: historical transition zone.
Franco-Provencal is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA .

Franco-Provencal (also Francoprovencal , Patois or Arpitan ) [2] is a language within the Gallo-Romance family, originally spoken in east-central France , western Switzerland and northwestern Italy .

Franco-Provencal has several distinct dialects and is separate from but closely related to neighbouring Romance dialects (the langues d'oil and the langues d'oc , in France, as well as Rhaeto-Romance in Switzerland and Italy). [a]

Even with all its distinct dialects counted together, the number of Franco-Provencal speakers has been declining significantly and steadily. [6] According to UNESCO , Franco-Provencal was already in 1995 a "potentially endangered language" in Italy and an " endangered language " in Switzerland and France. Ethnologue classifies it as "nearly extinct". [2]

The designation Franco-Provencal (Franco-Provencal: francoprovencal ; French : francoprovencal ; Italian : francoprovenzale ) dates to the 19th century. In the late 20th century, it was proposed that the language be referred to under the neologism Arpitan (Franco-Provencal: arpetan ; Italian : arpitano ), and its areal as Arpitania . [7] The use of both neologisms remains very limited, with most academics using the traditional form (often written without the hyphen: Francoprovencal ), while language speakers refer to it almost exclusively as patois or under the names of its distinct dialects ( Savoyard , Lyonnais , Gaga in Saint-Etienne , etc.). [8]

Formerly spoken throughout the Duchy of Savoy , Franco-Provencal is nowadays (as of 2016) spoken mainly in the Aosta Valley as a native language by all age ranges. [9] All remaining areas of the Franco-Provencal language region show practice limited to higher age ranges, except for Evolene and other rural areas of French-speaking Switzerland . It was also historically spoken in the Alpine valleys around Turin and in two isolated towns ( Faeto and Celle di San Vito ) in Apulia . [10]

In France, it is one of the three Gallo-Romance language families of the country (alongside the langues d'oil and the langues d'oc ). Though it is a regional language of France , its use in the country is marginal. Still, organizations are attempting to preserve it through cultural events, education, scholarly research, and publishing.

Classification [ edit ]

Although the name Franco-Provencal suggests it is a bridge dialect between French and the Provencal dialect of Occitan , it is a separate Gallo-Romance language that transitions into the Oil languages Morvandiau and Franc-Comtois to the northwest, into Romansh to the east, into the Gallo-Italic Piemontese to the southeast, and finally into the Vivaro-Alpine dialect of Occitan to the southwest.

The philological classification for Franco-Provencal published by the Linguasphere Observatory (Dalby, 1999/2000, p. 402) follows:

Indo-European phylosector → Romanic phylozone → Italiano+Romaneasca (Romance) set → Italiano+Romaneasca chain → Romance-West net → Lyonnais+Valdotain (Franco-Provencal) reference name . The Linguasphere Observatory language code for Franco-Provencal is 51-AAA-j

A philological classification for Franco-Provencal published by Ruhlen (1987, pp. 325?326) is as follows:

Indo-Hittite → Indo-European → Italic → Latino-Faliscan → Romance → Continental → Western → Gallo-Iberian-Romance → Gallo-Romance → North → Franco-Provencal.

History [ edit ]

Franco-Provencal emerged as a Gallo-Romance variety of Latin . The linguistic region comprises east-central France, western portions of Switzerland, and the Aosta Valley of Italy with the adjacent alpine valleys of the Piedmont . This area covers territories once occupied by pre-Roman Celts , including the Allobroges , Sequani , Helvetii , Ceutrones , and Salassi . By the fifth century, the region was controlled by the Burgundians . Federico Krutwig has also suggested a Basque substrate in the toponyms of the easternmost Valdotain dialect . [11]

Franco-Provencal is first attested in manuscripts from the 12th century, possibly diverging from the langues d'oil as early as the eighth?ninth centuries (Bec, 1971). However, Franco-Provencal is consistently typified by a strict, myopic comparison to French, and so is characterized as "conservative". Thus, commentators such as Desormaux consider "medieval" the terms for many nouns and verbs, including pata "rag", baya "to give", moussa "to lie down", all of which are conservative only relative to French. As an example, Desormaux, writing on this point in the foreword of his Savoyard dialect dictionary, states:

The antiquated character of the Savoyard patois is striking. One can note it not only in phonetics and morphology, but also in the vocabulary, where one finds numerous words and directions that clearly disappeared from French. [12]

Franco-Provencal failed to garner the cultural prestige of its three more widely spoken neighbors: French, Occitan, and Italian. Communities where speakers lived were generally isolated from each other because of the mountains. In addition, the internal boundaries of the entire speech area were divided by wars and religious conflicts.

France, Switzerland, the Franche-Comte (part of the Spanish Monarchy ), and the duchy, later kingdom, ruled by the House of Savoy politically divided the region. The strongest possibility for any dialect of Franco-Provencal to establish itself as a major language died when an edict , dated 6 January 1539, was confirmed in the parliament of the Duchy of Savoy on 4 March 1540 (the duchy was partially occupied by France since 1538). The edict explicitly replaced Latin (and by implication, any other language) with French as the language of law and the courts (Grillet, 1807, p. 65).

The name Franco-Provencal ( franco-provenzale ) is due to Graziadio Isaia Ascoli (1878), chosen because the dialect group was seen as intermediate between French and Provencal . Franco-Provencal dialects were widely spoken in their speech areas until the 20th century. As French political power expanded and the "single-national-language" doctrine was spread through French-only education, Franco-Provencal speakers abandoned their language, which had numerous spoken variations and no standard orthography , in favor of the culturally prestigious French.

Origin of the name [ edit ]

Franco-Provencal is an extremely fragmented language, with scores of highly peculiar local variations that never merged over time. The range of dialect diversity is far greater than that found in the langue d'oil and Occitan regions. Comprehension of one dialect by speakers of another is often difficult. Nowhere is it spoken in a "pure form" and there is not a "standard reference language" that the modern generic label used to identify the language may indicate. This explains why speakers use local terms to name it, such as Bressan, Forezien, or Valdotain, or simply patoues ("patois"). Only in recent years have speakers who are not specialists in linguistics become conscious of the language's collective identity.

Graziadio Isaia Ascoli

The language region was first recognized in the 19th century during advances in research into the nature and structure of human speech. Graziadio Isaia Ascoli (1829?1907), a pioneering linguist , analyzed the unique phonetic and structural characteristics of numerous spoken dialects . In an article written about 1873 and published later, he offered a solution to existing disagreements about dialect frontiers and proposed a new linguistic region. He placed it between the langues d'oil group of languages ( Franco ) and the langues d'oc group ( Provencal ) and gave Franco-Provencal its name.

Ascoli (1878, p. 61) described the language in these terms in his defining essay on the subject:

Chiamo franco-provenzale un tipo idiomatico, il quale insieme riunisce, con alcuni caratteri specifici, piu altri caratteri, che parte son comuni al francese, parte lo sono al provenzale, e non proviene gia da una confluenza di elementi diversi, ma bensi attesta sua propria indipendenza istorica, non guari dissimili da quella per cui fra di loro si distinguono gli altri principali tipi neo-latini.

I call Franco-Provencal a type of language that brings together, along with some characteristics which are its own, characteristics partly in common with French, and partly in common with Provencal, and are not caused by a late confluence of diverse elements, but on the contrary, attests to its own historical independence, little different from those by which the principal neo-Latin [Romance] languages distinguish themselves from one another.

Title page of a Franco-Provencal dictionary from Saint-Etienne, France (1896): "The Key to the Gaga Dialect".

Although the name Franco-Provencal appears misleading, it continues to be used in most scholarly journals for the sake of continuity. Suppression of the hyphen between the two parts of the language name in French ( francoprovencal ) was generally adopted following a conference at the University of Neuchatel in 1969; [13] however, most English-language journals continue to use the traditional spelling.

The name Romand has been in use regionally in Switzerland at least since 1494, when notaries in Fribourg were directed to write their minutes in both German and Rommant . It continues to appear in the names of many Swiss cultural organizations today. The term "Romand" is also used by some professional linguists who feel that the compound word "Franco-Provencal" is "inappropriate". [14]

A proposal in the 1960s to call the language Burgundian (French: "burgondien" ) did not take hold, mainly because of the potential for confusion with an Oil language known as Burgundian , which is spoken in a neighbouring area, known in English as Burgundy ( French : Bourgogne ). Other areas also had historical or political claims to such names, especially (Meune, 2007).

Some contemporary speakers and writers prefer the name Arpitan because it underscores the independence of the language and does not imply a union to any other established linguistic group. "Arpitan" is derived from an indigenous word meaning "alpine" ("mountain highlands"). [15] It was popularized in the 1980s by Mouvement Harpitanya , a political organization in the Aosta Valley . [16] In the 1990s, the term lost its particular political context. [17] The Aliance Culturela Arpitana (Arpitan Cultural Alliance) is advancing the cause for the name "Arpitan" through the Internet, publishing efforts, and other activities. The organization was founded in 2004 by Stephanie Lathion and Alban Lavy in Lausanne , Switzerland, and is now based in Fribourg. [18] In 2010 SIL adopted the name "Arpitan" as the primary name of the language in ISO 639-3 , with "Francoprovencal" as an additional name form. [19]

Native speakers call this language patoues (patois) or nosta moda ("our way [of speaking]"). Some Savoyard speakers call their language sarde . This is a colloquial term used because their ancestors were subjects of the Kingdom of Sardinia ruled by the House of Savoy until Savoie and Haute-Savoie were annexed by France in 1860. The language is called gaga in France's Forez region and appears in the titles of dictionaries and other regional publications. Gaga (and the adjective gagasse ) comes from a local name for the residents of Saint-Etienne , popularized by Auguste Callet's story " La legende des Gagats " published in 1866.

Geographic distribution [ edit ]

Language area map with standard place names and modern political divisions.

The historical linguistic domain of the Franco-Provencal language [20] are:

Italy [ edit ]

France [ edit ]

Switzerland [ edit ]

Present status [ edit ]

The Aosta Valley is the only region of the Franco-Provencal area where this language is still widely spoken as native by all age ranges of the population. Since 1948 several events have combined to stabilize the language ( Valdotain dialect ) in this region. The constitution of Italy was amended [22] to change the status of the former province to an autonomous region. This gives the Aosta Valley special powers to make its own decisions about certain matters. This resulted in growth in the region's economy and the population increased from 1951 to 1991, improving long-term prospects. Residents were encouraged to stay in the region and they worked to continue long-held traditions.

The language was explicitly protected by a 1991 Italian presidential decree [23] and a national law passed in 1999. [24] Further, a regional law [25] passed by the government in Aosta requires educators to promote knowledge of Franco-Provencal language and culture in the school curriculum. Several cultural groups, libraries, and theatre companies are fostering a sense of ethnic pride with their active use of the Valdotain dialect as well (EUROPA, 2005).

Paradoxically, the same federal laws do not grant the language the same protection in the Province of Turin because there Franco-Provencal speakers make up less than 15% of the population. Lack of jobs has resulted in their migration from the Piedmont's alpine valleys, and contributed to the language's decline.

Switzerland does not recognize Romand (not be confused with Romansh ) as one of its official languages . Speakers live in western cantons where Swiss French predominates; they converse in the dialects mainly as a second language. The use in agrarian daily life is rapidly disappearing. However, in a few isolated places the decline is considerably less steep. This is most notably the case for the Evolene dialect. [26]

Franco-Provencal has had a precipitous decline in France. The official language of the French Republic has been designated as French (article 2 of the Constitution of France ). The French government officially recognizes Franco-Provencal as one of the " languages of France ", [27] but its constitution bars it from ratifying the 1992 European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML) that would guarantee certain rights to Franco-Provencal. This language has almost no political support in France and it is associated with generally low social status. This situation affects most regional languages that comprise the linguistic wealth of France. Speakers of regional languages are aging and live in mostly rural areas.

Number of speakers [ edit ]

Conference hall at the 37th Fete internationale de l'arpitan , Saint-Etienne (France), 2016.

The Franco-Provencal dialect with the greatest population of active daily speakers is Valdotain . Approximately 68,000 people speak the language in the Aosta Valley region of Italy, according to reports compiled after the 2003 census. [28] The alpine valleys of the adjacent province of Turin have an estimated 22,000 speakers. The Faetar and Cigliaje dialect is spoken by 1,400 speakers, who live in an isolated pocket of the province of Foggia in the southern Italian Apulia region (figures for Italy: EUROPA, 2005). Beginning in 1951, strong emigration from the town of Celle Di San Vito to Canada established the Cigliaje variety of this dialect in Brantford , Ontario . At its peak, the language was used daily by several hundred people. As of 2012 this community has dwindled to fewer than 50 daily speakers across three generations.

Contrary to official information reported by the European Commission, a poll by the Fondation Emile Chanoux in 2001 [29] revealed that only 15% of all Aosta Valley residents claimed Franco-Provencal as their mother tongue, a substantial reduction to the figures reported on the Italian census 20 years earlier (and used in the 2001 commission report). Some 55.77% of the residents said they know Franco-provencal and 50.53% said they know French, Franco-provencal and Italian. [30] This opened a discussion about the concept of mother tongue when concerning a dialect. The Aosta Valley was confirmed as the only area where Franco-provencal is actively spoken in the early 21st century. [31] A report published by Laval University in Quebec City , [32] which analyzed this data, reports that it is "probable" that the language will be "on the road to extinction" in this region in ten years. The 2009 edition of ethnologue.com [2] (Lewis, 2009) reports that there are 70,000 Franco-Provencal speakers in Italy. However, these figures are derived from the 1971 census.

In rural areas of the cantons of Valais and Fribourg in Switzerland, various dialects are spoken as a second language by about 7,000 residents (figures for Switzerland: Lewis, 2009). In the other cantons of Romandie where Franco-Provencal dialects used to be spoken, they are now all but extinct.

Until the mid-19th century, Franco-Provencal dialects were the most widely spoken language in their domain in France. Today, regional vernaculars are limited to a small number of speakers in secluded towns. A 2002 report by the INED ( Institut national d'etudes demographiques ) states that the language loss by generation was 90%, made up of: "the proportion of fathers who did not usually speak to their 5-year-old children in the language that their own father usually spoke in to them at the same age". This was a greater loss than undergone by any other language in France, a loss called "critical". The report estimated that fewer than 15,000 speakers in France were handing down some knowledge of Franco-Provencal to their children (figures for France: Heran, Filhon, & Deprez, 2002; figure 1, 1-C, p. 2).

Linguistic structure [ edit ]

Note: The overview in this section follows Martin (2005), with all Franco-Provencal examples written in accordance with Orthographe de reference B (see "Orthography" section, below).

Typology and syntax [ edit ]

  • Franco-Provencal is a synthetic language , as are Occitan and Italian . Most verbs have different endings for person, number, and tenses, making the use of the pronoun optional; thus, two grammatical functions are bound together. However, the second-person singular verb form regularly requires an appropriate pronoun for distinction.
  • The standard word order for Franco-Provencal is subject?verb?object (SVO) form in a declarative sentence , for example: Vos cosads angles. ("You speak English."), except when the object is a pronoun, in which case the word order is subject?object?verb (SOV). verb?subject?object (VSO) form is standard word order for an interrogative sentence, for example: Cosads-vos angles ? ("Do you speak English?")

Morphology [ edit ]

Franco-Provencal has grammar similar to that of other Romance languages.

  • Articles have three forms: definite, indefinite, and partitive. Plural definite articles agree in gender with the noun to which they refer, unlike French. Partitive articles are used with mass nouns .
    Articles: Masculine Definite Feminine Definite Masculine Indefinite Feminine Indefinite
    Singular lo la on na
    Plural los les des / de de s / de
    Articles precede women's given names during conversation : la Foese (Francoise/Frances), la Mya (Marie), la Jeanna (Jeanne/Jane), la Peronne (Pierrette), la Mauriza (Mauricette/Maurisa), la Daude (Claude/Claudia), la Genie (Eugenie/Eugenia); however, articles never precede men's names: Fanfoue (Francois), Dian (Jean/John), Guste (Auguste), Zebe (Eusebe/Eusebius), Ouiss (Louis), Mile (Emile).
  • Nouns are inflected by number and gender. Inflection by grammatical number (singular and plural) is clearly distinguished in feminine nouns, but not masculine nouns, where pronunciation is generally identical for those words ending with a vowel. To assist comprehension of written words, modern orthographers of the language have added an " s " to most plural nouns that is not reflected in speech. For example:
    codo (masculine singular): [?kodo] [?kodu] [?kod?] ,
    codos (masculine plural): [?kodo] [?kodu] [?kod?] (in Italy, codo is occasionally used for both singular and plural).
    porta (feminine singular): [?p?rt?] [?purt?] ,
    portas (feminine plural): [?p?rte] [?purte] [?p?rt?] [?purt?] [?p?rt?] [?purt?] (in Italy, porte is occasionally seen).

    In general, inflection by grammatical gender (masculine and feminine) is the same as for French nouns; however, there are many exceptions. A few examples follow:

    Franco-Provencal Occitan (Provencal) French Piedmontese Italian English
    la sal (fem.) la sau (fem.) le sel (masc.) la sal (fem.) il sale (masc.) the salt
    l'ovra (fem.), la besogne (fem.) l'obra (fem.),

    lo trabalh (masc.)

    		l'œuvre (fem.),

    la besogne (fem.), le travail (masc.), le labeur (masc.)

    		el travaj (masc.) il lavoro (masc.) the work
    l'ongla (fem.) l'ongla (fem.) l'ongle (masc.) l'ongia (fem.) l'unghia (fem.) the fingernail
    l'olyo (masc.) l'oli (masc.) l'huile (fem.) l'euli (masc.) l'olio (masc.) the oil
    lo crotal (masc.), lo vipero (masc.) la vipera (fem.) la vipere (fem.) la vipra (fem.) la vipera (fem.) the viper
  • Subject pronouns agree in person, number, gender, and case. Although the subject pronoun is usually retained in speech, Franco-Provencal ? unlike French or English ? is a partially pro-drop language ( null subject language ), especially in the first-person singular. Masculine and feminine third-person singular pronouns are notable for the extremely wide variation in pronunciation from region to region. Impersonal subjects, such as weather and time, take the neuter pronoun " o " (and/or " el ", a regional variant used before a word beginning with a vowel), which is analogous to "it" in English.
  • Direct and indirect object pronouns also agree in person, number, gender, and case. However, unlike subject pronouns, third-person singular and plural have neuter forms, in addition to masculine and feminine forms.
  • Possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives agree in person, number, gender, and case (masculine singular and plural forms are noteworthy because of their extremely wide variation in pronunciation from area to area).
  • Relative pronouns have one invariable form.
  • Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify.
  • Adverbs are invariable; that is, they are not inflected, unlike nouns, verbs, and adjectives.
  • Verbs form three grammatical conjugation classes, each of which are further split into two subclasses. Each conjugation is different, formed by isolating the verb stem and adding an ending determined by mood, tense, voice, and number. Verbs are inflected in four moods : indicative , imperative , subjunctive , and conditional ; and two impersonal moods: infinitive and participle , which includes verbal adjectives.

    Verbs in Group 1a end in -ar ( cosar , "to speak"; chantar , "to sing"); Group 1b end in -ier ( mengier , "to eat"); Groups 2a & 2b end in -ir ( finir , "to finish"; venir , "to come"), Group 3a end in -er ( dever , "to owe"), and Group 3b end in -re ( vendre , "to sell").

    Auxiliary verbs are: aver (to have) and etre (to be).

Phonology [ edit ]

The consonants and vowel sounds in Franco-Provencal:

Vowels [ edit ]

Front Central Back
Close i iː y u
Close-mid e ø o oː
Mid ?
Open-mid ? ?ː œ ?
Open a ? ?ː
  • / o / is frequently realized as [ ø , ? ] , as well as [ œ ] in short form when preceding a / j / or a / w / .
  • / ø , œ / have a phonemic status in the dialects of Savoy, Val d'Aosta, and Lyon. [33] [34] [35]
Nasal vowels
Front Back
Close ? ?
Mid ?? o
Open ??

Consonants [ edit ]

Labial Dental /
Alveolar 		Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar /
Uvular
Stop voiceless p t c k
voiced b d ? ?
Affricate voiceless ( t?s ) ( t?? )
voiced ( d?z ) ( d?? )
Fricative voiceless f s ?
voiced v z ? ( ? )
Nasal m n ? ( ŋ )
Trill r
Lateral l ?
Approximant plain j
labial ? w
  • Affricate sounds [ t?? ] and [ d?? ] are mainly present in Fribourg and Valais dialects (often written as chi and gi/ji , occurring before a vowel).
  • In Arles, and in some dialects of Hauteville and Savoie, the /r/ phoneme is realized as [ ? ] .
  • In the dialects of Savoie and Bresse, phonetic dental sounds [ θ ] and [ ð ] occur corresponding to palatal sounds / c / and / ? / . These two sounds may also be realized in dialects of Valais, where they correspond to a succeeding / l / after a voiceless or voiced stop (like cl , gl ) they are then realized as [ θ ] , [ ð ] .
  • A nasal sound [ ŋ ] can occur when a nasal precedes a velar stop.
  • Palatalizations of /s, k/ can be realized as [ c , x ~ χ ] in some Savoyard dialects.
  • In rare dialects, a palatal lateral /?/ can be realized as a voiced fricative [ ? ] .
  • A glottal fricative [ h ] occurs as a result of the softening of the allophones of [ c , x ~ χ ] in Savoie and French-speaking Switzerland.
  • In the dialects of Valdotien, Fribourg, Valais, Vaudois and in some dialects of Savoyard and Dauphinois, realizations of phonemes / c , ? / often are heard as affricate sounds [ t?s , d?z ] . In the dialects of French-speaking Switzerland, Valle d'Aosta, and Neuchatel, the two palatal stops are realized as the affricates, [ t?? , d?? ] . [36]
  • The placement of stressed syllables in the spoken language is a primary characteristic of Franco-Provencal that distinguishes it from French and Occitan. Franco-Provencal words take stress on the last syllable, as in French, or on the penultimate syllable, unlike French.
  • Franco-Provencal also preserves final vowel sounds, in particular " a " in feminine forms and " o " in masculine forms (where it is pronounced " ou " in some regions.) The word portar is pronounced [p?r?t?] or [p?r?to] , with accent on the final " a " or " o ", but rousa is pronounced [?ruːz?] , with accent on the " ou ".
  • Vowels followed by nasal consonants " m " and " n " are normally nasalized in a similar manner to those in French, for example, chantar and vin in Franco-Provencal, and "chanter" and " vin " in French. However, in the largest part of the Franco-Provencal domain, nasalized vowels retain a timbre that more closely approaches the un-nasalized vowel sound than in French, for example, pan [p??] and vent [v??] in Franco-Provencal, compared to " pain " [p??] and " vent " [v??] in French.

Orthography [ edit ]

Franco-Provencal does not have a standard orthography . Most proposals use the Latin script and four diacritics : the acute accent , grave accent , circumflex , and diaeresis (trema) , while the cedilla and the ligature ⟨ œ ⟩ found in French are omitted.

  • Aime Chenal and Raymond Vautherin wrote the first comprehensive grammar and dictionary for any variety of Franco-Provencal. Their landmark effort greatly expands upon the work by Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne begun in the 19th century on the Valdotain (Valdoten) dialect of the Aosta Valley . It was published in twelve volumes from 1967 to 1982.
  • The Bureau regional pour l'ethnologie et la linguistique (BREL) in Aosta and the Centre d'etudes franco-provencales ≪  Rene Willien  ≫ (CEFP) in Saint-Nicolas , Italy, have created a similar orthography that is actively promoted by their organizations. It is also based on work by Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne , with several modifications.
  • An orthographic method called La Graphie de Conflans has achieved fairly wide acceptance among speakers residing in Bresse and Savoy. Since it was first proposed by the Groupe de Conflans of Albertville, France in 1983, it has appeared in many published works. This method perhaps most closely follows the International Phonetic Alphabet , omitting extraneous letters found in other historical and contemporary proposals. It features the use of a combining low line (underscore) as a diacritic to indicate a stressed vowel in the penult when it occurs, for example: t o ma , dess an ta .
  • ORB or Orthographe de reference B ("Standard/reference spelling [version] B"), devised by linguist Dominique Stich, is the only convention intended to cover all Franco-Provencal dialects. It strays from a close representation of the myriad local pronunciations, instead opting for more diaphonemic and etymological spellings (often influenced by French). Stich distinguishes two subtypes of ORB: large ("broad"), intended to represent all dialects of Franco-Provencal; and serree ("narrow"), modified to represent certain local features. For instance the descendant of Latin festa is given as feta in "broad" spelling and fetha in "narrow" spelling for a number of dialects where Latin [st] underwent metathesis to *[ts] and then developed to modern [θ]. [37]

The table below compares a few words in each writing system, with French and English for reference. (Sources: Esprit Valdotain (download 7 March 2007), C.C.S. Conflans (1995), and Stich (2003).

Franco-Provencal Occitan Italian French Spanish English
IPA Chenal BREL Conflans ORB Provencal Standard Standard Standard Standard
/k??/ quan can kan quand quand, quora quando quand cuando when
/?t?ik?/ tseca tchica tch i ka checa un pauc un po' un peu un poco a little
/ts??/ tsan tsan tsan champ terra campo champ campo field
/d?u??/ dzoa djoua djoua jue joc gioco jeu juego game
/?t?øvr?/ tseuvra tcheuvra ts eu vra chievra cabra capra chevre cabra goat
/?f???/ foille foille f o ye folye fuelha foglia feuille hoja leaf
/?fø??/ faille feuille f eu ye felye filha figlia fille hija daughter
/f???t??.?/ fontana fontan-a font an a fontana font fontana fontaine fuente wellspring
/?l??.?/ lana lan-a l an a lana lana lana laine lana wool
/si?l??s?/ silence silanse sil an se silence silenci silenzio silence silencio silence
/r?p??bløk.?/ repeublecca repebleucca repebl eu ke republica republica repubblica republique republica republic

Numerals [ edit ]

Franco-Provencal uses a decimal counting system. The numbers "1", "2", and "4" have masculine and feminine forms (Duplay, 1896; Viret, 2006).

0) zero ; 1) yon (masc.) , yona / yena (fem.) ; 2) dos (masc.) , does / doves / dave (fem.) ; 3) tres ; 4) quatro (masc.) , quat / quatre (fem.) ; 5) cinq ; 6) siex ; 7) sept ; 8) huet ; 9) no ; 10) diex ; 11) onze' ; 12) doze ; 13) treze ; 14) quatorze ; 15) quinze ; 16) seze ; 17) dix-sept ; 18) dix-huet ; 19) dix-nou ; 20) vengt ; 21) vengt-yon / vengt-et-yona ; 22) vengt-dos ... 30) trenta ; 40) quaranta ; 50) cinquanta ; 60) souessanta ; 70) septanta ; 80) huetanta ; 90) nonanta ; 100) cent ; 1000) mila ; 1,000,000) on milyon / on milyona .

Many western dialects use a vigesimal (base-20) form for "80", that is, quatro-vingt /katro?v??/ , possibly due to the influence of French.

Word comparisons [ edit ]

The chart below compares words in Franco-Provencal to those in selected Romance languages, with English for reference.

Between vowels, the Latinate " p " became " v ", " c " and " g " became " y ", and " t " and " d " disappeared. Franco-Provencal also softened the hard palatized " c " and " g " before " a ". This led Franco-Provencal to evolve down a different path from Occitan and Gallo-Iberian languages, closer to the evolutionary direction taken by French.

Latin Franco-Provencal French Occitan Catalan Spanish Romansh Piedmontese Italian Portuguese Sardinian English
clavis cllaf cle , clef clau clau llave clav ciav chiave chave crai key
cantare chantar chanter cantar cantar cantar c(h)antar cante cantare cantar cantai sing
capra chievra chevre cabra cabra cabra chavra crava capra cabra craba goat
caseus ( formaticus ) toma / fromajo tomme / fromage formatge formatge queso caschiel formagg formaggio queijo casu cheese
dies Martis demars / mardi mardi dimars dimarts martes mardi(s) martes martedi terca-feira martis Tuesday
ecclesia / basilica egllese eglise / basilique gleisa esglesia iglesia baselgia gesia / cesa chiesa igreja cresia church
fratrem frare frere fraire germa hermano frar frel fratello irmao frari brother
hospitalis hepetal / hopetal hopital espital hospital hospital spital / ospidal ospidal ospedale hospital ospidali hospital
lingua lengoua langue , langage lenga llengua lengua lieunga lenga lingua lingua lingua , limba language
sinister gocho / maladret gauche esquerra / senestra esquerra izquierda saniester / schnester gaucia sinistra esquerda sa manu manca left
rem / natam / ne gentem ren rien res / ren res / re nada nuot / navot / noglia nen / gnente niente / nulla nada nudda nothing
noctem nuet nuit nuech / nueit nit noche not(g) neuit / neucc notte noite noti night
pacare payer payer pagar pagar pagar pagar / pajar paghe pagare pagar pagai pay
sudor suor sueur susor suor sudor suada sudor sudore suor suai sweat
vita via vie vida vida vida veta / vita via / vita vita vida vida life

Dialects [ edit ]

Classification of Franco-Provencal dialect divisions is challenging. Each canton and valley uses its own vernacular without standardization. Difficult intelligibility among dialects was noted as early as 1807 by Grillet.

The dialects are divided into eight distinct categories or groups. Six dialect groups comprising 41 dialect idioms for the Franco-Provencal language have been identified and documented by Linguasphere Observatory (Observatoire Linguistique) (Dalby, 1999/2000, pp. 402?403). Only two dialect groups ? Lyonnaise and Dauphinois-N. ? were recorded as having fewer than 1,000 speakers each. Linguasphere has not listed any dialect idiom as "extinct", however, many are highly endangered. A seventh isolated dialect group, consisting of Faetar (also known as "Cigliaje" or "Cellese"), has been analyzed by Nagy (2000). The Piedmont dialects need further study.

Dialect Group : Dialect Idiom: ( Epicenters / Regional locations )
  • Lyonnais: ( France )
1. Bressan ( Bresse , Ain ( departement ) west; Revermont, French Jura (departement) southwest; Saone-et-Loire east ),
2. Bugesien ( Bugey , Ain southeast ),
3. Maconnais ( Macon country ),
4. Lyonnais-rural ( Lyonnais mountains, Dombes , & Balmes )
5. Roannais+Stephanois ( Roanne country, Forez plain, & Saint-Etienne ).
  • Dauphinois-N.: ( France )
1. Dauphinois-Rhodanien ( Rhone River valley, Rhone (departement) south, Loire (departement) southeast, Ardeche north, Drome north, Isere west ),
2. Cremieu ( Cremieu , Isere north ),
3. Terres-Froides ( Bourbre River valley, Isere central north ),
4. Chambaran ( Roybon , Isere central south ),
5. Gresivaudan [& Uissans] ( Isere east ).
  • Savoyard: ( France )
1. Bessaneis ( Bessans ),
2. Langrin ( Lanslebourg ),
3. Matchutin ( Valloire & Ma’tchuta ) ( 1., 2. & 3.: Maurienne country, Arc valley , Savoie south ),
4. Tartentaise [& Tignard] ( Tarentaise country , Tignes , Savoie east, Isere upper valleys ),
5. Arly ( Arly valley, Ugine , Savoie north ),
6. Chamberien ( Chambery ),
7. Annecien [& Viutchois] ( Annecy , Viuz-la-Chiesaz , Haute-Savoie southwest ),
8. Faucigneran ( Faucigny , Haute-Savoie southeast ),
9. Chablaisien+Genevois ( Chablais country & Geneva (canton) hinterlands ).
  • Franc-Comtois (FrP) [Jurassien-Meridional]: ( Switzerland & France )
1. Neuchatelois ( Neuchatel (canton) ),
2. Vaudois-NW. ( Vaud northwest ),
3. Pontissalien ( Pontarlier & Doubs (departement) south ),
4. Ain-N. ( Ain upper valleys & French Jura ),
5. Valserine ( Bellegarde-sur-Valserine , Valserine valley , Ain northeast & adjacent French Jura ).
  • Vaudois: ( Switzerland )
1. Vaudois-Intracluster ( Vaud west ),
2. Gruyerienne ( Fribourg (canton) west ),
3. Enhaut ( Chateau-d'Œx , Pays-d'Enhaut , Vaud east ),
4. Valaisan ( Valais, Valaisan Romand ).
1. Valdotain du Valdigne ( Dora Baltea upper valley , similar to savoyard Franco-Provencal),
2. Aostois ( Aostan valdotain ),
3. Valdotain standard ( Dora Baltea middle valley ),
4. Valpellinois , bossolein and bionassin ( Valpelline Great St. Bernard and Bionaz valleys),
5. Cognein ( upper Cogne valley ),
6. Valtournain (in Valtournenche valley ),
7. Ayassin ( upper Ayas valley ),
8. Valgrisein ( Valgrisenche valley ),
9. Rhemiard ( Rhemes valley ),
10. Valsavarein ( Valsavarenche valley ),
11. Moyen valdotain ( middle-lower Dora Baltea valley ),
12. Bas Valdotain ( lower Dora Baltea valley , similar to Piedmontese ),
13. Champorcherin ( Champorcher valley )
14. Fenisan ( Fenis )
  • Faetar, Cigliaje: ( Italy )
1. Faetar & Cigliaje ( Faeto & Celle di San Vito , in Province of Foggia ). This variety is also spoken in Brantford , Ontario , Canada by an established emigrant community.
  • Piedmont Dialects: ( Italy )
(Note: Comparative analyses of dialect idioms in the Piedmont basin of the Metropolitan City of Turin ? from the Val Soana in the north to the Val Sangone in the south ? have not been published).

Dialect examples [ edit ]

Several modern orthographic variations exist for all dialects of Franco-Provencal. The spellings and IPA equivalents listed below appear in Martin (2005).

English Occitan (Provencal) Franco-Provencal Savoyard dialect Bressan dialect French
Hello! Bonjorn ! Bonjorn ! [b????u] [b????ø] Bonjour !
Good night! Bona nuech ! Bona nuet ! [bun??ne] [bun??n?] Bonne nuit !
Goodbye! A reveire ! A rever ! [ar?vi] [ar??v?] Au revoir !
Yes Oc, voai Oue [?w?] [?w?] Oui , Ouais
No Non Nan [?n?] [?n??] Non , Nan
Maybe Benleu / Bensai T-eper / Pot-etre [t??p?] [p??tetr?] Peut-etre , ( P't-etre )
Please Se vos plai S’il vos plet [sivo?ple] [sevo?pl?] S'il-vous-plait
Thank you! Grandmerce, merce ! Grant-marci ! [?r??ma?si] [?r??mar?si] Merci beaucoup ! , [ Un ] grand merci !
A man Un ome Un homo [on ?omo] [in ?umu] Un homme
A woman Una frema, una femna Na fena [n? ?f?n?] [n? ?f?n?] Une femme
The clock Lo relotge Lo relojo [lo r??lo?o] [lo r??lod?u] L'horloge
The clocks Lei relotges Los relojos [lu r??lo?o] [lu r??lod?u] Les horloges
The rose La rosa La rousa [l? ?ruz?] [l? ?ruz?] La rose
The roses Lei rosas Les rouses [l? ?ruz?] [l? ?ruze] Les roses
He is eating. Manja. Il menge. [il ?m????] [il ?m????] Il mange.
She is singing. Canta. Ele chante. [l? ????t?] [?l ????t?] Elle chante.
It is raining. Plou. O pluvegne. [o ply?v???] Il pleut.
O brolyasse. [u brul?jas?] Il pleuvine.
What time is it? Quant es d'ora ? Quint’hora est ? [k??t ?ør? ?j?]
Qual’hora est ? [tjel ?o?? ?j?] Quelle heure est-il ?
It is 6:30. Es sieis oras e mieja. (Il) est siex hores et demi. [?j? siz ?ør? e d??mi] Il est six heures et demie.
Il est siex hores demi. [??j? si? ?o?? d??mi]
What is your name? Coma te dison ? ’T-il que vos ed niom ? [?t?k voz i ????] Quel est votre nom ?
Coment que vos vos apelad ? [k?m?e k? ?vu vu apa?lo] Comment vous appelez-vous ? ( Comment que vous vous appelez ? )
I am happy to see you. Siau content de vos veire. Je su bon eso de vos ver. [?? s? bu?nez? d? vo ?vi] Je suis heureux/ravi de vous voir
Je su content de vos ver. [?? si k???t? d? vu ?v?] Je suis content de vous voir.
Do you speak Patois? Parlatz patoes ? Pregied-vos patoues ? [pr???i vo patu?e] Parlez-vous [ le ] Patois ?
Cosad-vos patoues ? [ko??o vu patu??] Causez vous [ le ] Patois ?

Toponyms [ edit ]

Other than in family names , the Franco-Provencal legacy survives primarily in placenames . Many are immediately recognizable, ending in -az, -o(t)z, -uz, -ax, -ex, -ux, -ou(l)x, -aulx, and -ieu(x) . These suffixes are vestiges of an old medieval orthographic practice indicating the stressed syllable of a word. In polysyllables, 'z' indicates a paroxytone (stress on penultimate syllable) and 'x' indicates an oxytone (stress on last syllable). So, Chanaz [???n?] ( sha na ) but Chenex [???ne] ( she ne ). The following is a list of all such toponyms:

Bilingual road sign ( French - Valdotain ) in Introd , Aosta Valley .
Road sign for Charvex (La Balme de Thuy), Haute-Savoie, France after a name change in the 1990s to a historical Savoyard spelling. (Former village name: Charvet.)

Italy [ edit ]

France [ edit ]

Switzerland [ edit ]

Literature [ edit ]

Text of a carol about the appearance of a comet in 1682 by Jean Chapelon.

A long tradition of Franco-Provencal literature exists, although no prevailing written form of the language has materialized. An early 12th-century fragment containing 105 verses from a poem about Alexander the Great may be the earliest known work in the language. Girart de Roussillon , an epic with 10,002 lines from the mid-12th century, [ [[Girart de Roussillon#Romance#{{{section}}}| contradictory ]] ] has been asserted to be Franco-Provencal. It certainly contains prominent Franco-Provencal features, although the editor of an authoritative edition of this work claims that the language is a mixture of French and Occitan forms. [38] A significant document from the same period containing a list of vassals in the County of Forez also is not without literary value.

Among the first historical writings in Franco-Provencal are legal texts by civil law notaries that appeared in the 13th century as Latin was being abandoned for official administration. These include a translation of the Corpus Juris Civilis (known as the Justinian Code ) in the vernacular spoken in Grenoble. Religious works also were translated and conceived in Franco-Provencal dialects at some monasteries in the region. The Legend of Saint Bartholomew is one such work that survives in Lyonnais patois from the 13th century.

Marguerite d'Oingt ( c.  1240 ?1310), prioress of a Carthusian nunnery near Mionnay (France), composed two remarkable sacred texts in her native Lyonnais dialect, in addition to her writings in Latin. The first, entitled Speculum ("The Mirror"), describes three miraculous visions and their meanings. The other work, Li Via seiti Biatrix, virgina de Ornaciu ("The Life of the Blessed Virgin Beatrix d'Ornacieux "), is a long biography of a nun and mystic consecrated to the Passion whose faith lead to a devout cult. This text contributed to the beatification of the nun more than 500 years later by Pope Pius IX in 1869. [39] A line from the work in her dialect follows: [40]

§ 112 : ≪  Quant vit co li diz vicayros que ay o coventavet fayre, ce alyet cela part et en ot mout de dongiers et de travayl, ancis que cil qui gardont lo lua d'Emuet li volissant layssyer co que il demandavet et que li evesques de Valenci o volit commandar. Totes veys yses com Deus o aveyt ordonat oy se fit.  ≫

Religious conflicts in Geneva between Calvinist Reformers and staunch Catholics , supported by the Duchy of Savoy, brought forth many texts in Franco-Provencal during the early 17th century. One of the best known is Ce qu'e laino ("The One Above"), which was composed by an unknown writer in 1603. The long narrative poem describes l'Escalade , a raid by the Savoyard army that generated patriotic sentiments. It became the unofficial national anthem of the Republic of Geneva . The first three verses follow below (in Genevois dialect) [41] with a translation:

Ce qu'e l'aino musical score showing verses 1, 2, 4, & 68.
Ce qu'e laino, le Maitre de bataille,
Que se moque et se ri de canaille;
A bin fai vi, pe on desande nai,
Qu'il etive patron de Genevoi.
The One above, the Master of the battles,
Who mock and laugh at the rabble,
Made them see well, on a Saturday night,
That He was protector of the Genevese people.
I son vegnu le doze de dessanbro
Pe onna nai asse naire que d'ancro;
Y etive l'an mil si san et dou,
Qu'i veniron parla ou pou troi tou.
They came on the twelfth of December,
On a night as black as ink;
It was the year sixteen-hundred-and-two,
That they speak of, at the earliest (hour).
Pe onna nai qu'etive la pe naire
I veniron; y n'etai pas pe baire;
Y etive pe pilli nou maison,
Et no tua sans aucuna raison.
On the blackest night
They came ? it was not for drinking ?
To plunder our houses,
And to kill us without any reason.

Several writers created satirical , moralistic , poetic , comic , and theatrical texts during the era that followed, which indicates the vitality of the language at that time. These include: Bernardin Uchard (1575?1624), author and playwright from Bresse ; Henri Perrin , comic playwright from Lyon; Jean Millet (1600??1675), author of pastorals , poems, and comedies from Grenoble; Jacques Brossard de Montaney (1638?1702), writer of comedies and carols from Bresse; Jean Chapelon (1647?1694), priest and composer of more than 1,500 carols, songs, epistles, and essays from Saint-Etienne ; and Francois Blanc dit la Goutte (1690?1742), writer of prose poems, including Grenoblo maleirou about the great flood of 1733 in Grenoble. 19th century authors include Guillaume Roquille (1804?1860), working-class poet from Rive-de-Gier near Saint-Chamond, Joseph Beard dit l'Eclair (1805?1872), physician, poet, and songwriter from Rumilly, and Louis Bornet (1818?1880) of Gruyeres. Clair Tisseur (1827?1896), architect of Bon-Pasteur Church in Lyon, published many writings under the pen name "Nizier du Puitspelu". These include a popular dictionary and humorous works in Lyonnaise dialect that have reprinted for more than 100 years. [42]

Amelie Gex
Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne originating from Saint-Nicolas, Aosta Valley

Amelie Gex (1835?1883) wrote in her native patois as well as French . She was a passionate advocate for her language. Her literary efforts encompassed lyrical themes, work, love, tragic loss, nature, the passing of time, religion, and politics, and are considered by many to be the most significant contributions to the literature. Among her works are: Reclans de Savoue ("Echos from Savoy", 1879), Lo cent ditons de Pierre d'Emo ("One Hundred Sayings by Pierre du Bon-Sens", 1879), Poesies ("Poems", 1880), Vieilles gens et vieilles choses: Histoires de ma rue et de mon village ("Old people and old things: Stories from my street and from my village", 1889), Fables (1898), and Contio de la Bova ("Tales from the Cowshed").

The writings of the abbe Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne (1826?1910) are credited with reestablishing the cultural identity of the Aosta Valley. His early poetry includes: L'infan prodeggo (1855), Marenda a Tsesalet (1856) and La bataille di vatse a Vertosan (1858); among his scholarly works are: Petite grammaire du dialecte valdotain (1893), Dictionnaire du dialecte valdotain (1908) and Le patois valdotain: son origine litteraire et sa graphie (1909). The Concours Cerlogne Archived 9 January 2006 at the Wayback Machine ? an annual event named in his honor ? has focused thousands of Italian students on preserving the region's language, literature, and heritage since 1963.

At the end of the 19th century, regional dialects of Franco-Provencal were disappearing due to the expansion of the French language into all walks of life and the emigration of rural people to urban centers. Cultural and regional savant societies began to collect oral folk tales , proverbs , and legends from native speakers in an effort that continues to today. Numerous works have been published.

Prosper Convert (1852?1934), the bard of Bresse; Louis Mercier (1870?1951), folk singer and author of more than twelve volumes of prose from Coutouvre near Roanne ; Just Songeon (1880?1940), author, poet, and activist from La Combe, Sillingy near Annecy ; Eugenie Martinet (1896?1983), poet from Aosta ; and Joseph Yerly (1896?1961) of Gruyeres whose complete works were published in Kan la tera tsante ("When the earth sang"), are well known for their use of patois in the 20th century. Louis des Ambrois de Nevache, from Upper Susa Valley, transcribed popular songs and wrote some original poetry in local patois. There are compositions in the current language on the album Enfestar, an artistic project from Piedmont [43]

The first comic book in a Franco-Provencal dialect, Le rebloshon que tyoue! ("The cheese that killed!"), from the Fanfoue des Pnottas series by Felix Meynet, appeared in 2000. [44] Two popular works from The Adventures of Tintin [45] [46] and one from the Lucky Luke series [47] were published in Franco-Provencal translations for young readers in 2006 and 2007.

See also [ edit ]

Explanatory notes [ edit ]

  1. ^ For details on the question of linguistic classification see Gallo-Romance , Gallo-Italic , Questione Ladina .

Citations [ edit ]

  1. ^ Franco-Provencal at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ a b c d "Arpitan" . Ethnologue . Archived from the original on 19 October 2022 . Retrieved 10 August 2022 .
  3. ^ a b Hammarstrom, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (24 May 2022). "Glottolog 4.8 - Oil" . Glottolog . Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology . Archived from the original on 11 November 2023 . Retrieved 11 November 2023 .
  4. ^ Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche (in Italian), Italian parliament, 15 December 1999, archived from the original on 2 May 2012 , retrieved 8 September 2017
  5. ^ "f" (PDF) . The Linguasphere Register . p. 165. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 1 March 2013 .
  6. ^ "Paesaggio Linguistico in Svizzera" [Switzerland's Linguistic Landscape]. Ufficio Federale di Statistica (in Italian). 2000. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020 . Retrieved 28 February 2020 .
  7. ^ A derivation from arpa " alpine pasture ", see Pichard, Alain (2 May 2009). "Nos ancetres les Arpitans" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 July 2011. . 24 Heures, Lausanne.
  8. ^ Gasquet-Cyrus, Mederic (14 February 2018), Auzanneau, Michelle; Greco, Luca (eds.), "Frontieres linguistiques et glossonymie en zone de transition: le cas du patois de Valjouffrey" , Dessiner les frontieres , Langages, Lyon: ENS Editions, ISBN   978-2-84788-983-3 , archived from the original on 28 April 2021 , retrieved 16 November 2020
  9. ^ Site du Centre d'etudes francoprovencales : "Au temps de Willien : les ferments de langue" Archived 27 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine .
  10. ^ Enrico Allasino; Consuelo Ferrier; Sergio Scamuzzi; Tullio Telmon (2005). "LE LINGUE DEL PIEMONTE" (PDF) . IRES . 113 : 71. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2022 . Retrieved 4 March 2020 – via Gioventura Piemonteisa.
  11. ^ Krutwig, F. (1973). Les noms pre-indoeuropeens en Val-d'Aoste. Le Flambeau, no. 4, 1973. , in: Henriet, Joseph (1997). La Lingua Arpitana. Quaderni Padani, Vol. III, no. 11, May?June 1997 . pp. 25?30. .pdf Archived 6 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine (in Italian).
  12. ^ Constantin & Desormaux, 1982.
  13. ^ Marzys, 1971.
  14. ^ Dalby, 1999/2000, p. 402.
  15. ^ Bessat & Germi, 1991.
  16. ^ J. Harriet (1974), "L'ethnie valdotaine n'a jamais existe... elle n'est que partie de l'ethnie harpitane" in La nation Arpitane Archived 9 July 2012 at archive.today , image of original article posted at Arpitania.eu , 12 January 2007.
  17. ^ Pichard, Alain (2 May 2009). "Nos ancetres les Arpitans" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 July 2011. , 24 Heures, Lausanne.
  18. ^ Michel Rime, "L'afere Pecard, c'est Tintin en patois vaudois", Quotidien (Lausanne), 24 heures , 19 March 2007; p. 3.
  19. ^ Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: frp Archived 6 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 11 March 2013.
  20. ^ see: Jochnowitz, George (1973).
  21. ^ There are various hypotheses about their origins, possibly dating from 1200?1400, e.g. remnants of troops of Charles d'Anjou , according to Michele Melillo, "Intorno alle probabili sedi originarie delle colonie francoprovenzali di Celle e Faeto", Revue de Linguistique Romaine , XXIII, (1959), pp. 1?34, or Waldensian refugees according to Pierre Gilles, Histoire ecclesiastique des eglises reformees recueillies en quelques Valees de Piedmont, autrefois appelees Vaudoises , Paris, 1643, p. 19.
  22. ^ Italian constitutional law: Legge costituzionale 26 febbraio 1948, n. 4, "Statuto speciale per la Valle d'Aosta" ( Parlamento Italiano, Legge 1948, n. 4 Archived 27 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine ).
  23. ^ Italian presidential decree: Decreto presidenziale della Repubblica del 20 novembre 1991, "Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche", Articolo 2 .
  24. ^ Italian federal law: Legge 15 dicembre 1999, n. 482, "Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche", pubblicata nella Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 297 del 20 dicembre 1999, Articolo 2 , ( Parlamento Italiano, Legge 482 Archived 29 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine ).
  25. ^ "Conseil de la Vallee - Loi regionale 1er aout 2005, n. 18 - Texte en vigueur" . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 April 2016 .
  26. ^ "Eat Healthy, Eat Well" . Archived from the original on 5 March 2010 . Retrieved 30 April 2016 .
  27. ^ "Langue francaise et langues de France" . Archived from the original on 10 December 2014 . Retrieved 30 April 2016 .
  28. ^ Sondage linguistique de la Fondation Archived 20 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine Emile Chanoux .
  29. ^ Fondation Emile Chanoux: Sondage Archived 7 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine .
  30. ^ Assessorat de l'education et la culture - Departement de la surintendance des ecoles, Profil de la politique linguistique educative , Le Chateau ed., 2009, p. 20.
  31. ^ Alessandro Barbero , Une Vallee d'Aoste bilingue dans une Europe plurilingue , Aoste (2003).
  32. ^ TLFQ: Vallee d'Aoste Archived 11 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine .
  33. ^ Hauff (2016)
  34. ^ Viret (2021)
  35. ^ Kasstan (2015)
  36. ^ Stich (1998)
  37. ^ Stich 2001 :111, 133, 153
  38. ^ Price, 1998.
  39. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia , See: Beatrix: VI. Blessed Beatrix of Ornacieux Archived 2 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine .
  40. ^ Blumenfeld-Kosinski, Renate (1997). The Writings of Margaret of Oingt, Medieval Prioress and Mystic . (From series: Library of Medieval Women). Cambridge: D.S. Brewer. ISBN   0-85991-442-9 .
  41. ^ Ce qu'e laino Archived 23 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine , Complete text of 68 verses in Franco-Provencal and French.
  42. ^ "Tout sur la langue des gones", Lyon Capitale , N° 399, 30 October 2002.
  43. ^ Soundcloud: Enfestar. "Album Enfestar, Blu l'azard" . Soundcloud . Archived from the original on 18 November 2015 . Retrieved 17 November 2015 .
  44. ^ Meynet, Felix (Illustrations) & Roman, Pascal (Text). Le rebloshon que tyoue ! . (Translation in Savoyard dialect.) Editions des Pnottas, 2000. ISBN   2-940171-14-9 .
  45. ^ " Herge " (Remi, Georges) (2006). Le Peguelyon de la Castafiore (" The Castafiore Emerald ", from The Adventures of Tintin series). Meune, Manuel & Josine, Trans. (Translation in Bressan dialect, Orthography: La Graphie de Conflans ). Brussels, Belgium: Casterman Editions. ISBN   2-203-00930-6 .
  46. ^ " Herge " (Remi, Georges) (2006). L'Afere Pecard ( " The Calculus Affair " , from The Adventures of Tintin series). (Translation in mixed Franco-Provencal dialects, Orthography: ORB ). Brussels, Belgium: Casterman Editions. ISBN   2-203-00931-4 .
  47. ^ " Achde " (Darmenton, Herve); Gerra, Laurent; & " Morris " (Bevere, Maurice de) (2007). Maryo donbin pedu ( "The Noose" , from the Lucky Luke series. Translation in Bressan dialect.) Belgium: Lucky Comics. ISBN   2-88471-207-0 .

General and cited sources [ edit ]

  • Abry, Christian et al. "Groupe de Conflans" (1994). Decouvrir les parlers de Savoie . Conflans (Savoie): Centre de la Culture Savoyarde. This work presents of one of the commonly used orthographic standards
  • Aebischer, Paul (1950). Chrestomathie franco-provencale . Bern: Editions A. Francke S.A.
  • Agard, Frederick B. (1984). A Course in Romance Linguistics: A Diachronic View . (Vol. 2). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN   0-87840-089-3
  • Ascoli, Graziadio Isaia (1878). Schizzi Franco-provenzali. Archivio glottologico italiano , III, pp. 61?120. Article written about 1873.
  • Bec, Pierre (1971). Manuel pratique de philologie romane . (Tome 2, pp. 357 et seq.). Paris: Editions Picard. ISBN   2-7084-0288-9 A philological analysis of Franco-Provencal; the Alpine dialects have been particularly studied.
  • Bessat, Hubert & Germi, Claudette (1991). Les mots de la montagne autour du Mont-Blanc . Grenoble: Ellug. ISBN   2-902709-68-4
  • Bjerrome, Gunnar (1959). Le patois de Bagnes (Valais) . Stockholm: Almkvist and Wiksell.
  • Brocherel, Jules (1952). Le patois et la langue francaise en Vallee d’Aoste . Neuchatel: V. Attinger.
  • Centre de la Culture Savoyard, Conflans (1995). Ecrire le patois: La Graphie de Conflans pour le Savoyard . Taninges: Editions P.A.O. .pdf Archived 10 January 2006 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
  • Cerlogne, Jean-Baptiste (1971). Dictionnaire du patois valdotain, precede de la petite grammaire . Geneva: Slatkine Reprints. (Original work published, Aosta: Imprimerie Catholique, 1907)
  • Chenal, Aime (1986). Le franco-provencal valdotain: Morphologie et syntaxe . Quart: Musumeci. ISBN   88-7032-232-7
  • Chenal, Aime & Vautherin, Raymond (1967?1982). Nouveau dictionnaire de patois valdotain . (12 vol.). Aoste : Editions Marguerettaz.
  • Chenal, Aime & Vautherin, Raymond (1984). Nouveau dictionnaire de patois valdotain; Dictionnaire francais-patois . Quart: Musumeci. ISBN   88-7032-534-2
  • Constantin, Aime & Desormaux, Joseph (1982). Dictionnaire savoyard . Marseille: Editions Jeanne Laffitte. (Originally published, Annecy: Societe florimontane, 1902). ISBN   2-7348-0137-X
  • Cuaz-Chatelair, Rene (1989). Le Franco-provencal, mythe ou realite' . Paris, la Pensee universelle, pp. 70. ISBN   2-214-07979-3
  • Cuisenier, Jean (Dir.) (1979). Les sources regionales de la Savoie: une approche ethnologique. Alimentation, habitat, elevage, agriculture.... (re: Abry, Christian: Le paysage dialectal.) Paris: Editions Fayard.
  • Dalby, David (1999/2000). The Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech Communities. (Vol. 2). (Breton, Roland, Pref.). Hebron, Wales, UK: Linguasphere Press. ISBN   0-9532919-2-8 See p. 402 for the complete list of 6 groups and 41 idioms of Franco-Provencal dialects.
  • Dauzat, Albert & Rostaing, Charles (1984). Dictionnaire etymologique des noms de lieux en France. (2nd ed.). Paris: Librairie Guenegaud. ISBN   2-85023-076-6
  • Devaux, Andre; Duraffour, A.; Dussert, A.-S.; Gardette, P.; & Lavallee, F. (1935). Les patois du Dauphine . (2 vols.). Lyon: Bibliotheque de la Faculte catholique des lettres. Dictionary, grammar, & linguistic atlas of the Terres-Froides region.
  • Duch, Celestin & Bejean, Henri (1998). Le patois de Tignes . Grenoble: Ellug. ISBN   2-84310-011-9
  • Dunoyer, Christiane (2016). Le francoprovencal. Transmission, revitalisation et normalisation. Introduction aux travaux . "Actes de la conference annuelle sur l’activite scientifique du Centre d’etudes francoprovencales Rene Willien de Saint-Nicolas, le 7 novembre 2015". Aosta, pp. 11?15.
  • Duraffour, Antonin; Gardette, P.; Malapert, L. & Gonon, M. (1969). Glossaire des patois francoprovencaux . Paris: CNRS Editions. ISBN   2-222-01226-0
  • Elsass, Annie (Ed.) (1985). Jean Chapelon 1647?1694, Œuvres completes . Saint-Etienne: Universite de Saint-Etienne.
  • Escoffier, Simone (1958). La rencontre de la langue d'Oil, de la lange d'Oc, et de francoprovencal entre Loire et Allier. Publications de l'Institut linguistique romane de Lyon, XI, 1958 .
  • Escoffier, Simone & Vurpas, Anne-Marie (1981). Textes litteraires en dialecte lyonnais . Paris: CNRS Editions. ISBN   2-222-02857-4
  • EUROPA (European Commission) (2005). Francoprovencal in Italy, The Euromosaic Study . Last update: 4 February 2005.
  • Favre, Christophe & Balet, Zacharie (1960). Lexique du Parler de Saviese. Romanica Helvetica, Vol. 71, 1960 . Bern: Editions A. Francke S.A.
  • Gardette, l'Abbe Pierre, (1941). Etudes de geographie morphologique sur les patois du Forez . Macon: Imprimerie Protat freres.
  • Gex, Amelie (1986). Contes et chansons populaires de Savoie . (Terreaux, Louis, Intro.). Aubenas: Curandera. ISBN   2-86677-036-6
  • Gex, Amelie (1999). Vieilles gens et vieilles choses: Histoires de ma rue et de mon village . (Bordeaux, Henry, Pref.). Marseille: Editions Jeanne Laffitte. (Original work published, Chambery: Dardel, 1924). ISBN   2-7348-0399-2
  • Gossen, Charles Theodore (1970). La scripta para-francoprovencale , Revue de linguistique romane 34, p. 326?348.
  • Grasset, Pierre & Viret, Roger (2006). Joseph Beard, dit l'Eclair : Medecin des pauvres, Poete patoisant, Chansonnier savoyard . (Terreaux, Louis, Pref.). Montmelian: La Fontaine de Siloe. ISBN   2-84206-338-4
  • Grillet, Jean-Louis (1807). Dictionnaire historique, litteraire et statistique des departements du Mont-Blanc et du Leman . Chambery: Librairie J.F. Puthod.
  • Joze Harietta ( Seudonimo de Joseph Henriet), La lingua arpitana : con particolare riferimento alla lingua della Val di Aosta , Tip. Ferrero & Cie. die Romano Canavese, 1976, 174 p.
  • Hauff, Tristan (2016). Le francais regional de la Vallee d'Aoste: Aspects sociolinguistiques et phonologiques (Masters). Universitetet i Oslo. Archived from the original on 26 January 2023 . Retrieved 3 April 2023 . [ better source needed ]
  • Heran, Francois; Filhon, Alexandra; & Deprez, Christine (2002). Language transmission in France in the course of the 20th century. Population & Societes. No. 376, February 2002 . Paris: INED-Institut national d’etudes demographiques. ISSN   0184-7783 . Monthly newsletter in English, from INED Archived 22 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  • Hoyer, Gunhild & Tuaillon, Gaston (2002). Blanc-La-Goutte, poete de Grenoble: Œuvres completes . Grenoble: Centre alpin et rhodanien d'ethnologie.
  • Humbert, Jean (1983). Nouveau glossaire genevois. Geneve: Slatkine Reprints. (Original work published, Geneva: 1852). ISBN   2-8321-0172-0
  • Iannaccaro, Gabriele & Dell'Aquila, Vittorio (2003). "Investigare la Valle d’Aosta: metodologia di raccolta e analisi dei dati" Archived 19 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine . In: Caprini, Rita (ed.): "Parole romanze. Scritti per Michel Contini ", Alessandria: Edizioni Dell'Orso
  • Jochnowitz, George (1973). Dialect Boundaries and the Question of Franco-Provencal . Paris & The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter & Co. ISBN   90-279-2480-5
  • Kattenbusch, Dieter (1982), Das Frankoprovenzalische in Suditalien: Studien zur synchronischen und diachronischen Dialektologie (Tubinger Beitrage zur Linguistik), Tubingen, Germany: Gunter Narr Verlag. ISBN   3-87808-997-X
  • Kasstan, Jonathan and Naomi Nagy, eds. 2018. Special issue: "Francoprovencal: Documenting Contact Varieties in Europe and North America." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 249.
  • Kasstan, Jonathan Richard (December 2015). "Lyonnais (Francoprovencal)" . Journal of the International Phonetic Association . 45 (3): 349?355. doi : 10.1017/S0025100315000250 .
  • Martin, Jean-Baptiste & Tuaillon, Gaston (1999). Atlas linguistique et ethnographique du Jura et des Alpes du nord (Francoprovencal Central) : La maison, l'homme, la morphologie . (Vol. 3). Paris: CNRS Editions. ISBN   2-222-02192-8 (cf. Savoyard dialect ).
  • Martin, Jean-Baptiste (2005). Le Francoprovencal de poche . Chennevieres-sur-Marne: Assimil. ISBN   2-7005-0351-1
  • Martinet, Andre (1956). La Description phonologique avec application au parler franco-provencal d'Hauteville (Savoie) . Geneve: Librairie Droz / M.J. Minard.
  • Marzys, Zygmunt (Ed.) (1971). Colloque de dialectologie francoprovencale. Actes . Neuchatel & Geneve: Faculte des Lettres, Droz.
  • Melillo, Michele (1974), Donde e quando vennero i francoprovenzali di Capitanata , "Lingua e storia in Puglia"; Siponto, Italy: Centro di Studi pugliesi. pp. 80?95
  • Meune, Manuel (2007). Le franco(-)provencal entre morcellement et quete d’unite : histoire et etat des lieux . Quebec: Laval University. Article in French from TLFQ Archived 7 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  • Minichelli, Vincenzo (1994). Dizionario francoprovenzale di Celle di San Vito e Faeto . (2nd ed.). (Telmon, Tullio, Intro.). Alessandria: Edizioni dell'Orso. ISBN   88-7694-166-5
  • Morosi, Giacomo (1890?92), Il dialetto franco-provenzale di Faeto e Celle, nell'Italia meridionale , "Archivio Glottologico Italiano", XII. pp. 33?75
  • Nagy, Naomi (2000). Faetar . Munich: Lincom Europa. ISBN   3-89586-548-6
  • Nelde, Peter H. (1996). Euromosaic: The production and reproduction of the minority language groups in the European Union . Luxembourg: European Commission. ISBN   92-827-5512-6 See: EUROPA, 2005.
  • Nizier du Puitspelu (pen name of Tisseur, Clair) (2008). Le Littre de la Grand'Cote : a l'usage de ceux qui veulent parler et ecrire correctement . Lyon: Editions Lyonnaises d'Art et d'Histoire. ISBN   2-84147-196-9 (Original work published, Lyon: Jure de l'Academie/Academie du Gourguillon, 1894, reprint 1903). Lyonnaise dialect dictionary and encyclopedia of anecdotes and idiomatic expressions, pp. 353.
  • Pierrehumbert, William (1926). Dictionnaire historique du parler neuchatelois et suisse romand . Neuchatel: Editions Victor Attinger.
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  • Ruhlen, Merritt (1987). A Guide to the World's Languages . (Vol. 1: Classification ). Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN   0-8047-1250-6 Author of numerous articles on language and linguistics; Language Universals Project, Stanford University.
  • Schule, Ernest (1978), Histoire et evolution des parler francoprovencaux d'Italie , in: AA. VV, "Lingue e dialetti nell'arco alpino occidentale; Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Torino", Torino, Italy: Centro Studi Piemontesi.
  • Stich, Dominique (2001). Francoprovencal: Proposition d'une orthographe supra-dialectale standardisee (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Paris.
  • Stich, Dominique (2003). Dictionnaire francoprovencal / francais, francais / francoprovencal : Dictionnaire des mots de base du francoprovencal : Orthographe ORB supradialectale standardisee . (Walter, Henriette, Preface). Thonon-les-Bains: Editions Le Carre. ISBN   2-908150-15-8 This work includes the current orthographic standard for the language.
  • Stich, Dominique (1998). Parlons francoprovencal : une langue meconnue . Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN   2-7384-7203-6 . This work includes the former orthographic standard, Orthographe de reference A (ORA) .
  • Tuaillon, Gaston (1988). Le Franco-provencal, Langue oubliee. in: Vermes, Genevieve (Dir.). Vingt-cinq communautes linguistiques de la France . (Vol. 1: Langues regionales et langues non territorialisees ). Paris: Editions l’Harmattan. pp. 188?207.
  • Tuallion, Gaston (2002). La litterature en francoprovencal avant 1700 . Grenoble: Ellug. ISBN   2-84310-029-1
  • Villefranche, Jacques Melchior (1891). Essai de grammaire du patois Lyonnais . Bourg: Imprimerie J. M. Villefranche.
  • Viret, Roger (2001). Patois du pays de l'Albanais : Dictionnaire savoyard-francais (2e ed ed.). Cran-Gevrier: L'Echeve du Val-de-Fier. ISBN   2-9512146-2-6 . Dictionary and grammar for the dialect in the Albanais region, which includes Annecy and Aix-les-Bains.
  • Viret, Roger (2021). "Dictionnaire Francais - Savoyard: Comportant plusieurs variantes de la langue savoyarde" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 April 2023 . Retrieved 3 April 2023 .
  • Vurpas, Anne-Marie (1993). Le Parler lyonnais . (Martin, Jean-Baptiste, Intro.) Paris: Editions Payot & Rivages. ISBN   2-86930-701-2
  • Wartburg, Walter von (1928?2003). Franzosisches Etymologisches Worterbuch . ("FEW") . (25 vol.). Bonn, Basel & Nancy: Klopp, Helbing & Lichtenhahn, INaLF/ATILF. Etymological dictionary of Gallo-Roman languages and dialects.

External links [ edit ]

Arpitan edition of Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia
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