Ministerial department of the UK Government
The
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
(
FCDO
) is the
ministry of foreign affairs
and a
ministerial department
of the
Government of the United Kingdom
.
The office was created on 2 September 2020 through the merger of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) and the
Department for International Development
(DFID).
[2]
The FCO was itself created in 1968 by the merger of the Foreign Office (FO) and the
Commonwealth Office
. The department in its various forms is responsible for representing and promoting British interests worldwide.
The head of the FCDO is the
secretary of state for foreign, Commonwealth and development affairs
, commonly abbreviated to "foreign secretary". This is regarded as one of the four most prestigious positions in the
Cabinet
? the
Great Offices of State
? alongside those of
Prime Minister
,
Chancellor of the Exchequer
and
Home Secretary
. Former prime minister
David Cameron
was appointed Foreign Secretary on 13 November 2023.
The FCDO is managed day-to-day by a
civil servant
, the
permanent under-secretary of state for foreign affairs
, who also acts as the Head of
His Majesty's Diplomatic Service
.
Sir Philip Barton
took office as permanent under-secretary on 2 September 2020.
The expenditure, administration and policy of the FCDO are scrutinised by the
Foreign Affairs Select Committee
.
[3]
Responsibilities
[
edit
]
According to the FCDO website, the department's key responsibilities (as of 2020) are as follows:
[4]
- Safeguarding the UK's national security by countering terrorism and weapons proliferation, and working to reduce conflict.
- Building the UK's prosperity by increasing exports and investment, opening markets, ensuring access to resources, and promoting sustainable global growth.
- Supporting British nationals around the world through modern and efficient consular services.
In addition to the above responsibilities, the FCDO is responsible for the
British Overseas Territories
, which had previously been administered from 1782 to 1801 by the
Home Office
, from 1801 to 1854 by the
War and Colonial Office
, from 1854 to 1966 by the
Colonial Office
, from 1966 to 1968 by the
Commonwealth Office
, from 1968 to 2020 by the
Foreign and Commonwealth Office
, and since 2020 by the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (this did not include
protectorates
, which fell under the purview of the
Foreign Office
, or to
British India
, which had been administered by the
East India Company
until 1858, and thereafter by the
India Office
).
[5]
This arrangement has been subject to criticism in the UK and in the overseas territories. For example, the
chief minister of Anguilla
,
Victor Banks
, said: "We are not foreign; neither are we members of the
Commonwealth
, so we should have a different interface with the UK that is based on mutual respect".
[6]
There have been numerous suggestions on ways to improve the relationship between the overseas territories and the UK. Suggestions have included setting up a dedicated department to handle relations with the overseas territories, and the absorption of the OTD in the
Cabinet Office
, thus affording the overseas territories with better connections to the centre of government.
[7]
Ministers
[
edit
]
The FCDO Ministers are as follows, with cabinet ministers in bold:
[8]
[9]
Minister
|
Portrait
|
Office
|
Portfolio
|
The Rt Hon.
The Lord Cameron of Chipping Norton
PC
|
|
Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs
|
Overarching responsibility for the departmental portfolio and oversight of the ministerial team; Cabinet; National Security Council (NSC); strategy; intelligence policy; honours.
|
The Rt Hon.
Andrew Mitchell
MP
|
|
Deputy Foreign Secretary
Minister of State for Development and Africa
|
The Minister deputises for the Foreign Secretary in the House of Commons.
Other responsibilities include Africa; International Development Strategy, Official Development Assistance (ODA), Independent Commission for Aid Impact (ICAI); British Investment Partnerships; international finance; global education, gender and equality (including scholarships); global health; humanitarian and migration; energy, climate and environment; Safeguarding; Research and evidence (including the Chief Scientific Adviser).
|
The Rt Hon.
Anne-Marie Trevelyan
MP
|
|
Minister of State for Indo-Pacific
|
China and Northeast Asia; Southeast Asia; Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Islands; Indian Ocean; economic security (including export controls); sanctions; economics and evaluation (including the Chief Economist); regulatory and economic diplomacy; technology and analysis.
|
The Rt Hon.
The Lord Ahmed of Wimbledon
|
|
Minister of State for the Middle East, North Africa, South Asia, Commonwealth and United Nations
|
Commonwealth; Middle East and North Africa; Afghanistan and Pakistan; India; United Nations and multilateral; open societies and human rights.
|
The Rt Hon.
The Lord Benyon
PC
|
|
Minister of State for Climate, Environment and Energy
|
Held jointly with
DEFRA
. The Minister's Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office responsibilities include:
Energy, climate and the environment; conflict, stabilisation and mediation; oceans; deputy Minister for Development and Africa
|
Nus Ghani
MP
|
|
Minister of State for Europe
|
Europe (including Gibraltar); Eastern Europe and Central Asia; UK-EU relationship, including the Northern Ireland Protocol; national security; defence and international security (except export controls); conflict, stabilisation and mediation.
|
David Rutley
MP
|
|
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Americas, Caribbean and Overseas Territories
|
Americas and Caribbean; Overseas Territories (including Falkland Islands); Consular policy; Parliament; Devolution; communications; Wilton Park and British Council; departmental operations; communications; legal.
|
History
[
edit
]
Eighteenth century
[
edit
]
The Foreign Office was formed in March 1782 by combining the
Southern
and
Northern
Departments of the Secretary of State, each of which covered both foreign and domestic affairs in their parts of the Kingdom. The two departments' foreign affairs responsibilities became the Foreign Office, whilst their domestic affairs responsibilities were assigned to the Home Office. The Home Office is technically the senior.
[10]
Nineteenth century
[
edit
]
During the 19th century, it was not infrequent for the Foreign Office to approach
The Times
newspaper and ask for continental intelligence, which was often superior to that conveyed by official sources.
[11]
Examples of journalists who specialized in foreign affairs and were well connected to politicians included:
Henry Southern
,
Valentine Chirol
, Harold Nicolson, and
Robert Bruce Lockhart
.
[12]
Twentieth century
[
edit
]
During the
First World War
, the
Arab Bureau
was set up within the British Foreign Office as a section of the
Cairo Intelligence Department
. During the early
cold war
an important department was the
Information Research Department
(IRD) which was used to create propaganda against socialist and anti-colonial movements. The Foreign Office hired its first woman diplomat,
Monica Milne
, in 1946.
[13]
The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (1968?2020)
[
edit
]
The FCO was formed on 17 October 1968, from the merger of the short-lived
Commonwealth Office
and the
Foreign Office
.
[14]
The Commonwealth Office had been created only in 1966, by the merger of the
Commonwealth Relations Office
and the
Colonial Office
, the Commonwealth Relations Office having been formed by the merger of the
Dominions Office
and the India Office in 1947?with the Dominions Office having been split from the Colonial Office in 1925.
The Foreign and Commonwealth Office held responsibility for
international development
issues between 1970 and 1974, and again between 1979 and 1997.
The
National Archives
website contains a Government timeline to show the departments responsible for Foreign Affairs from 1945.
[15]
Under New Labour (1997?2010)
[
edit
]
From 1997, international development became the responsibility of the separate
Department for International Development
.
When
David Miliband
took over as Foreign Secretary in June 2007, he set in hand a review of the FCO's strategic priorities. One of the key messages of these discussions was the conclusion that the existing framework of ten international strategic priorities, dating from 2003, was no longer appropriate. Although the framework had been useful in helping the FCO plan its work and allocate its resources, there was agreement that it needed a new framework to drive its work forward.
The new strategic framework consists of three core elements:
- A flexible global network of staff and offices, serving the whole of the UK Government.
- Three essential services that support the British economy, British nationals abroad and managed migration for Britain. These services are delivered through
UK Trade & Investment
(UKTI), consular teams in Britain and overseas, and
UK Visas and Immigration
.
- Four policy goals:
- countering terrorism and weapons proliferation and their causes
- preventing and resolving conflict
- promoting a low-carbon, high-growth, global economy
- developing effective international institutions, in particular the
United Nations
and the
European Union
.
In August 2005, a report by management consultant group Collinson Grant was made public by
Andrew Mackinlay
. The report severely criticised the FCO's management structure, noting:
- The Foreign Office could be "slow to act".
- Delegation is lacking within the management structure.
- Accountability was poor.
- The FCO could feasibly cut 1200 jobs.
- At least £48 million could be saved annually.
The Foreign Office commissioned the report to highlight areas which would help it achieve its pledge to reduce spending by £87 million over three years. In response to the report being made public, the Foreign Office stated it had already implemented the report's recommendations.
[16]
In 2009, Gordon Brown created the position of Chief Scientific Adviser (CSA) to the FCO. The first science adviser was David C. Clary.
[17]
On 25 April 2010, the department apologised after
The Sunday Telegraph
obtained a "foolish" document calling for the upcoming September visit of
Pope Benedict XVI
to be marked by the launch of "Benedict-branded"
condoms
, the opening of an
abortion
clinic and the blessing of a
same-sex marriage
.
[18]
Coalition and Conservatives (2010?2020)
[
edit
]
In 2012, the Foreign Office was criticised by
Gerald Steinberg
of the Jerusalem-based research institute
NGO Monitor
, saying that the Foreign Office and the Department for International Development provided more than £500,000 in funding to Palestinian NGOs which he said "promote political attacks on Israel". In response, a spokesman for the Foreign Office said "we are very careful about who and what we fund. The objective of our funding is to support efforts to achieve a two-state solution. Funding a particular project for a limited period of time does not mean that we endorse every single action or public comment made by an NGO or by its employees."
[19]
In September 2012, the FCO and the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs signed a Memorandum of Understanding on diplomatic cooperation, which promotes the co-location of embassies, the joint provision of consular services, and common crisis response. The project has been criticised for further diminishing the UK's influence in Europe.
[20]
In 2011, the then Foreign Secretary, William Hague, announced the government's intention to open a number of new diplomatic posts in order to enhance the UK's overseas network.
[21]
[22]
As such, eight new embassies and six new consulates were opened around the world.
[23]
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (2020?present)
[
edit
]
On 16 June 2020, Prime Minister
Boris Johnson
announced the merger of the FCO with the Department for International Development.
[24]
This was following the decision in the
February 2020 cabinet reshuffle
to give cross-departmental briefs to all junior ministers in the Department for International Development and the Foreign Office.
[25]
The merger, which created the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, took place in September 2020
[26]
with a stated aim of ensuring that
aid
is spent "in line with the UK's priorities overseas".
[27]
The merger was criticised by three former prime ministers ?
Gordon Brown
,
Tony Blair
and
David Cameron
? with Cameron saying that it would mean "less respect for the UK overseas".
[28]
The chief executive of
Save the Children
, Kevin Watkins, called it "reckless, irresponsible and a dereliction of UK leadership" that "threatens to reverse hard-won gains in child survival, nutrition and poverty".
[28]
In November 2021, it was reported that an
employment tribunal
had ruled that the FCDO had racially discriminated against Sonia Warner, a black senior civil servant, by treating her unfairly in a disciplinary process.
[29]
On 21 February 2022, UK Minister for Africa announced a new £74 million financial package to support women entrepreneurs across Nigeria, who own businesses and small and medium enterprises (SME's).
[30]
In 2022, Maria Bamieh settled an employment claim against the Foreign Office for more than £400,000 shortly before her claim was due to be heard by an employment tribunal. She said that the Foreign Office failed to support her when she attempted to expose corruption at the
EU's rule of law mission (EULEX)
. The Foreign Office said : "We have agreed to settle this long-running case without any admission of liability and continue to strongly refute these allegations."
[31]
Diplomatic Academy
[
edit
]
Following a prior announcement by the then Foreign Secretary
William Hague
, the FCO opened the
Diplomatic Academy
in February 2015.
[32]
The new centre, opened by the
Duke of Cambridge
, was established in order to create a cross-government centre of excellence for all civil servants working on international issues.
[32]
The Diplomatic Academy serves to broaden the FCO's network and engaged in more collaborative work with academic and diplomatic partners.
[32]
Programme Funds
[
edit
]
The FCDO, through its core departmental budget, funds projects which are in line with its policy priorities outlined in its Single Departmental Plan.
[4]
This funding includes both
Official Development Assistance
(ODA), and non-ODA funds. The funds are used for a wide range of projects and serve to support traditional diplomatic activities.
[4]
The FCDO plays a key role in delivering two, major UK government funds which work to support the government's
National Security Strategy
and Aid Strategy.
[4]
- The
Conflict, Stability and Security Fund (CSSF)
? Used to support cross-governmental efforts at reducing conflict-related risks in countries which the UK has important interests.
[33]
- The
Prosperity Fund
? Supports economic development and reform in the UK's partner countries.
[34]
- The
Global Innovation Fund
? Invests in evidence-based innovations with the potential to positively impact the lives of people living on less than $5 per day.
[35]
The FCDO also supports a number of academic funds:
2021 aid budget cuts
[
edit
]
In 2021, the UK government cut its overseas aid budget from 0.7% to 0.5% of Gross National Income
[41]
despite UK legislation against such a move.
[42]
[43]
These cuts, amounting to GBP 4 billion,
[44]
reduced funding for humanitarian intervention by 44%
[45]
in places like
Yemen
and
Syria
.
[44]
It also cut funding for the fight against
polio
,
malaria
and
HIV/AIDS
.
[46]
Funding for girls education worldwide was also reduced by 25%.
[47]
[48]
Investments
[
edit
]
The
Global Innovation Fund (GIF)
announced the first two investments made under its 'Innovating for Climate Resilience fund', which was launched at
COP26
with support from the UK's Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) and in partnership with the Adaptation Research Alliance and the Global Resilience Partnership.
[49]
FCDO Services
[
edit
]
In April 2006, a new
executive agency
was established, FCO Services (now FCDO Services), to provide corporate service functions.
[50]
It moved to
Trading Fund
status in April 2008, so that it had the ability to provide services similar to those it already offers to the FCDO
[51]
to other government departments and even to outside businesses.
As of 2017
Sir Simon Gass
is
Non-Executive Director
and
Chair of the FCDO Services Board
.
[52]
FCDO Services operates globally in 250 destinations across 168 countries; with office regions covering Asia & Pacific, Europe & Central Asia, Middle East & Africa and The Americas.
[53]
The services FCDO Services offer are "
Digital and Cloud
", "
Securing your Buildings and Spaces
", "
Logistics
", "
Translation
and
Interpreting
" and "
Technical Security
from
UK NACE
".
[54]
It is accountable to the secretary of state for foreign, Commonwealth and development affairs, and provides secure support services to the FCDO, other government departments and foreign governments and bodies with which the UK has close links.
[55]
Since 2011, FCDO Services has been developing the Government Secure Application Environment (GSAE) on a secure
cloud computing
platform to support UK government organisations.
[56]
It also manages the UK National Authority for Counter Eavesdropping (UK NACE) which helps protect UK assets from physical, electronic and
cyber attack
.
[57]
FCDO Services is a public sector organisation, it is not funded by the public and has to rely on the income it produces to meet its costs, by providing services on a commercial basis to customers both in the UK and throughout the world. Its accounting officer and chief executive is accountable to the secretary of state for foreign, Commonwealth and development affairs and to Parliament, for the organisation's performance and conduct.
Global Response Office
[
edit
]
The FCDO Global Response Office is based in an undisclosed location. It operates 24/7, every day of the year. It takes calls from British Nationals overseas, usually in emergency situations such as lost passports, hospitalisations, deaths and arrests.
[58]
Buildings
[
edit
]
As well as embassies abroad, the FCDO has premises within the UK:
- Foreign and Commonwealth Office Main Building,
Whitehall
, King Charles St, London (abbreviated to KCS by FCDO staff)
- Abercrombie House,
East Kilbride
[59]
(abbreviated to AH by FCDO staff)
- Hanslope Park
,
Hanslope
,
Milton Keynes
(abbreviated to HSP by FCDO staff). Location of
FCDO Services
,
HMGCC
and Technical Security Department of the UK
Secret Intelligence Service
)
- Lancaster House
,
St James's
, London. A mansion in the St James's district in the West End of London which the Foreign Office holds on lease from the Crown. It is used primarily for hospitality, entertaining foreign dignitaries and housing the
Government Wine Cellar
.
The FCO formerly also used the following building:
Main Building
[
edit
]
The Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office occupies a building which originally provided premises for four separate government departments: the Foreign Office, the India Office, the Colonial Office, and the Home Office. Construction on the building began in 1861 and finished in 1868, on the plot of land bounded by Whitehall, King Charles Street, Horse Guards Road and
Downing Street
. The building was designed by the architect
George Gilbert Scott
.
[60]
Its architecture is in the
Italianate
style; Scott had initially envisaged a
Gothic
design, but
Lord Palmerston
, then prime minister, insisted on a classical style.
[60]
The English sculptors
Henry Hugh Armstead
and
John Birnie Philip
produced a number of allegorical figures ("Art", "Law", "Commerce", etc.) for the exterior.
In 1925 the Foreign Office played host to the signing of the
Locarno Treaties
, aimed at reducing tension in Europe. The ceremony took place in a suite of rooms that had been designed for banqueting, which subsequently became known as the Locarno Suite.
[61]
During the Second World War, the Locarno Suite's fine furnishings were removed or covered up, and it became home to a Foreign Office code-breaking department.
[61]
Due to increasing numbers of staff, the offices became increasingly cramped and much of the fine
Victorian
interior was covered over?especially after the
Second World War
. In the 1960s, demolition was proposed, as part of major redevelopment plan for the area drawn up by the architect
Leslie Martin
.
[60]
A subsequent public outcry prevented these proposals from ever being implemented. Instead, the Foreign Office became a Grade I
listed building
in 1970.
[60]
In 1978, the Home Office moved to a new building, easing overcrowding.
With a new sense of the building's historical value, it underwent a 17-year, £100 million restoration process, completed in 1997.
[60]
The Locarno Suite, used as offices and storage since the Second World War, was fully restored for use in international conferences. The building is now open to the public each year over
Open House Weekend
.
In 2014 refurbishment to accommodate all Foreign and Commonwealth Office employees into one building was started by
Mace
.
[62]
Devolution
[
edit
]
International relations
are handled centrally from Whitehall on behalf of the whole of the United Kingdom and its dependencies. However, the devolved administrations also maintain an overseas presence in the European Union, the U.S. and China alongside British diplomatic missions. These offices aim to promote their own economies and ensure that devolved interests are taken into account in
British foreign policy
. Ministers from devolved administrations can attend international negotiations when agreed with the British Government, e.g. EU fisheries negotiations.
[63]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Foreign Office Settlement
. London:
HM Treasury
. 2015
. Retrieved
20 May
2016
.
- ^
"FCDO Board Non-executive Director"
.
UK Government
. Archived from
the original
on 20 July 2020.
- ^
"Foreign Affairs Committee"
.
UK Parliament
. Retrieved
4 September
2021
.
The Foreign Affairs Committee examines the expenditure, administration and policy of the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) and other bodies associated with the Foreign Office
- ^
a
b
c
d
"About us"
.
Foreign and Commonwealth Office
.
Archived
from the original on 30 August 2020
. Retrieved
22 June
2020
.
- ^
Foreign & Commonwealth Office (June 2012).
The Overseas Territories: Security, Success and Sustainability
(PDF)
. The Stationery Office.
ISBN
9780101837422
.
- ^
"Oral evidence: Future of the UK Overseas Territories"
.
House of Commons
. 5 December 2018.
- ^
"Global Britain and the British Overseas Territories: Resetting the relationship"
.
publications.parliament.uk
.
- ^
This article incorporates text published under the British
Open Government Licence
:
"Our ministers"
.
GOV.UK
. Foreign Commonwealth & Development Office
. Retrieved
24 December
2021
.
- ^
"His Majesty's Official Opposition"
.
UK Parliament
. Retrieved
17 October
2017
.
- ^
A brief history of the FCO
Foreign and Commonwealth Office
- ^
Weller, Toni (June 2010).
"The Victorian information age: nineteenth century answers to today's information policy questions?"
.
History & Policy
.
United Kingdom
. Archived from
the original
on 3 March 2012
. Retrieved
9 December
2010
.
- ^
Berridge, G. R.
"A Diplomatic Whistleblower in the Victorian Era"
(PDF)
.
grberridge.diplomacy.edu
. Retrieved
5 June
2017
.
- ^
"Women and the Foreign Office"
.
Issu.com
. Foreign and Commonwealth Office
. Retrieved
23 October
2018
.
- ^
"The Foreign and Commonwealth Ministries merge"
.
The Glasgow Herald
. 17 October 1968. p. 1
. Retrieved
28 October
2017
.
- ^
The National Archives.
"The National Archives ? Homepage"
.
labs.nationalarchives.gov.uk
.
- ^
"Foreign Office management damned"
.
BBC News
. 4 August 2005
. Retrieved
25 May
2021
.
- ^
Clary, David (16 September 2013).
"A Scientist in the Foreign Office"
.
Science & Diplomacy
.
2
(3).
- ^
"Apology over Pope 'condom' memo"
. BBC News. 25 April 2010.
- ^
"Investigate UK funding of Palestinian NGOs"
.
thejc.com
.
- ^
Gaspers, Jan (November 2012).
"At the Helm of a New Commonwealth Diplomatic Network: In the United Kingdom's Interest?"
. Retrieved
26 November
2012
.
- ^
Laws, David
(2016).
Coalition: The Inside Story of the Conservative-Liberal Democrat Coalition Government
. Biteback Publishing.
ISBN
9781849549660
.
- ^
"Looking after our own: strengthening Britain's consular diplomacy"
.
UK Government
. 4 April 2012.
- ^
"William Hague: Britain will have a global diplomatic network and the best diplomatic service in the world"
.
ConservativeHome
. 19 April 2012.
- ^
"International development and Foreign Office to merge"
. BBC News. 16 June 2020
. Retrieved
16 June
2020
.
- ^
"Joint ministerial team at Foreign Office and DfID reignites merger rumours"
.
Civil Service World
. 17 February 2020
. Retrieved
16 June
2020
.
- ^
"Foreign Office and International Development merger will curb 'giant cashpoint' of UK aid, PM pledges"
.
Sky News
. 16 June 2020
. Retrieved
16 June
2020
.
- ^
"Prime Minister announces merger of Department for International Development and Foreign Office"
.
GOV.UK
. 17 June 2020
. Retrieved
19 June
2020
.
- ^
a
b
Stewart, Heather;
Wintour, Patrick
(16 June 2020).
"Three ex-PMs attack plan to merge DfID with Foreign Office"
.
The Guardian
.
ISSN
0261-3077
. Retrieved
19 June
2020
.
- ^
Syal, Rajeev (30 November 2021).
"FCDO racially discriminated against black civil servant, tribunal rules 30 November 2021"
.
Guardian
. Retrieved
1 December
2021
.
- ^
"UK boosts access to finance for women-owned businesses and clean energy projects in Nigeria"
.
GOV.UK
. Retrieved
21 February
2022
.
- ^
Syal, Rajeev (3 July 2022).
"Foreign Office to pay £423,000 to whistleblowing lawyer who lost job"
.
theguardian.com
. Guardian
. Retrieved
5 July
2022
.
- ^
a
b
c
"Opening of new Diplomatic Academy"
.
Foreign and Commonwealth Office
. 9 February 2015
. Retrieved
25 May
2021
.
- ^
"About us"
.
UK Government
.
Conflict, Stability and Security Fund
.
- ^
"Cross-Government Prosperity Fund"
.
UK Government
. 22 December 2015.
- ^
"Global Innovation Fund"
.
UK Government
. 14 October 2014.
- ^
"Chevening"
.
Chevening Awards are supported by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office
- ^
"Who we are"
.
Marshal Scholarships
.
Marshall Scholarships are mainly funded by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office
- ^
"Forced marriage"
.
UK Government
. Foreign and Commonwealth Office;
Home Office
. 20 March 2013.
The Forced Marriage Unit (FMU) is a joint Foreign and Commonwealth Office and Home Office unit
- ^
"Darwin Plus: environment funding for the UK Overseas Territories"
.
UK Government
. Foreign and Commonwealth Office;
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
. 22 May 2014.
UK Government policy advisers from... Foreign and Commonwealth Office
- ^
"UK Science and Innovation Network"
.
UK Government
.
Part of: Foreign & Commonwealth Office
- ^
"Government wins vote to lock in cuts to overseas aid"
.
BBC News
. 13 July 2021
. Retrieved
9 October
2021
.
- ^
"What Does UK Law Say on Aid?: How New Development Secretary Mordaunt Can Meet her Aid Effectiveness Pledge"
.
Center For Global Development
. 23 January 2018
. Retrieved
17 May
2021
.
- ^
"Foreign aid: Government decision to cut budget 'unlawful', says peer"
. BBC News. 21 March 2021
. Retrieved
17 May
2021
.
- ^
a
b
"Britain's aid cuts: what's been announced so far"
.
The Guardian
. 30 April 2021
. Retrieved
17 May
2021
.
- ^
Hatch, Jonathan (7 May 2021).
"UK aid cuts: reactions from the UK and beyond"
.
Bond
. Retrieved
17 May
2021
.
- ^
"Tracking the UK's controversial aid cuts"
.
Devex
. Retrieved
17 May
2021
.
- ^
"Charity warns UK aid priorities to see 63% cut in funding"
. BBC News. 30 March 2021
. Retrieved
17 May
2021
.
- ^
"An Overview of the Impact of Proposed Cuts to UK Aid"
.
Center For Global Development
. Retrieved
17 May
2021
.
- ^
"Global Innovation Fund announces first round of investments under its 'Innovating for Climate Resilience' fund"
.
MaxiNews
. 8 June 2022
. Retrieved
8 June
2022
.
- ^
"Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs"
.
Hansard
. March 2006.
- ^
"The FCO Services Trading Fund Order 2008"
.
UK Legislation
. National Archives
. Retrieved
1 May
2012
.
- ^
"FCDO Services board"
.
FCDO Services
. Retrieved
30 May
2024
.
- ^
"About us"
.
FCDO Services
. Retrieved
30 May
2024
.
- ^
"What we offer"
.
FCDO Services
. Retrieved
30 May
2024
.
- ^
"Who we are"
. FCO Services. 24 May 2011. Archived from
the original
on 22 February 2013
. Retrieved
18 June
2011
.
- ^
Say, Mark (21 July 2011).
"FCO Services pushes secure cloud platform"
.
Guardian Government Computing
. Retrieved
1 May
2012
.
- ^
"UK NACE ? The UK National Authority for Counter-Eavesdropping"
.
FCDO Services
. Retrieved
3 August
2021
.
- ^
Travel, FCDO (6 March 2013).
"Switching night and day ? life in the Global Response Centre | Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office Blogs"
. Retrieved
12 September
2022
.
- ^
"About us"
.
GOV.UK
. Retrieved
9 October
2021
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
"Foreign & Commonwealth Office History"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 24 September 2012.
- ^
a
b
"Foreign & Commonwealth Office: Route"
(PDF)
. FCO. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 24 September 2012.
- ^
"Mace wins £20m Whitehall Foreign Office refit"
.
constructionenquirer.com
.
- ^
"Scottish gains at Euro fish talks"
.
Scottish Government
. 16 December 2009.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Allen, David; Oliver, Tim (2006).
The Foreign and Commonwealth Office
(PDF)
. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 52?66.
- Clarke, Michael (1992).
British External Policy-Making in the 1990s
. London: Macmillan for the Royal Institute of International Affairs.
- Dickie, John (1992).
Inside the Foreign Office
. London: Chapmans.
- Edwards, Ruth Dudley
(1994).
True Brits: Inside the British Foreign Office
. London: BBC Books.
- Feske, Victor H. (2019).
The Road To Suez: The British Foreign Office and the Quai D'Orsay, 1951?1957
. pp. 167?200.
doi
:
10.2307/j.ctv8pz9nc.11
.
S2CID
188825766
.
- Hall, Ian (2013).
"
'Building the Global Network?' The Reform of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office under New Labour"
.
British Journal of Politics and International Relations
.
15
(2): 228?245.
doi
:
10.1111/j.1467-856X.2012.00533.x
.
S2CID
154455569
.
- Kettle, Louise (2020).
"The Role of the Policy Planning Staff in British Foreign Policy: Historical Lessons and Contemporary Insight"
.
Diplomacy & Statecraft
.
31
(3): 487?508.
doi
:
10.1080/09592296.2020.1782675
.
S2CID
218821102
.
- Jenkins, Simon; Sloman, Anne (1985).
With Respect, Ambassador: An inquiry into the Foreign Office
. London: BBC.
- Martin, Laurence; Garnett, John (1997).
British Foreign Policy; Challenges and Choices for the 21st Century
. London: Royal Institute for International Affairs/Pinter.
- Mawdsley, Emma (2017).
"National interests and the paradox of foreign aid under austerity: Conservative governments and the domestic politics of international development since 2010"
(PDF)
.
Geographical Journal
.
183
(3): 223?232.
doi
:
10.1111/geoj.12219
.
- Steiner, Zara (2004). "The Foreign and Commonwealth Office: Resistance and adaptation to changing times".
Contemporary British History
.
18
(3): 13?30.
doi
:
10.1080/1361946042000259288
.
S2CID
153756859
.
- Tribe, Keith (2018). "The Colonial Office and British Development Economics, 1940?60".
History of Political Economy
.
50
(S1): 97?113.
doi
:
10.1215/00182702-7033872
.
- Wallace, William, ed. (1975).
The Foreign Policy Process in Britain
. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs.
External links
[
edit
]
Links to related articles
|
---|
|
---|
Ministerial
| |
---|
Non-ministerial
| |
---|
|
|
---|
Africa
| |
---|
Americas
| |
---|
Asia
| |
---|
Europe
| |
---|
Oceania
| |
---|
Former
| |
---|
|
|
---|
International
| |
---|
National
| |
---|
Academics
| |
---|
Artists
| |
---|
People
| |
---|
Other
| |
---|