Species of flowering plant
Elaeagnus angustifolia
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Scientific classification
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Kingdom:
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Plantae
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Clade
:
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Tracheophytes
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Clade
:
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Angiosperms
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Clade
:
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Eudicots
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Clade
:
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Rosids
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Order:
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Rosales
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Family:
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Elaeagnaceae
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Genus:
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Elaeagnus
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Species:
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E. angustifolia
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Binomial name
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Elaeagnus angustifolia
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Synonyms
[1]
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-
- Elaeagnus argentea
Moench (1794)
- Elaeagnus caspica
(Sosn.) Grossh. (1949)
- Elaeagnus dactyliformis
Schltdl. (1857)
- Elaeagnus erivanensis
Fisch. ex Schltdl. (1857)
- Elaeagnus hortensis
M.Bieb. (1808)
- Elaeagnus igda
(Servett.) Tzvelev (2002)
- Elaeagnus iliensis
(Musch.) Musch. (1966)
- Elaeagnus incana
Lam. (1779)
- Elaeagnus inermis
Mill. (1756)
- Elaeagnus litoralis
(Servett.) Kozlowsk. (1958)
- Elaeagnus moorcroftii
Wall. ex Schltdl. (1860)
- Elaeagnus orientalis
L. (1767)
- Elaeagnus oxycarpa
Schltdl. (1860)
- Elaeagnus songarica
(Bernh. ex Schltdl.) Schltdl. (1860)
- Elaeagnus spinosa
L. (1756)
- Elaeagnus tifliensis
Vis. (1842)
- Elaeagnus tomentosa
Moench (1794)
- Elaeagnus turcomanica
Kozlowsk. (1954)
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Elaeagnus angustifolia
, commonly called
Russian olive
,
[2]
silver berry
,
[3]
oleaster
,
[3]
or
wild olive
,
[3]
is a species of
Elaeagnus
, native to Asia and limited areas of eastern Europe. It is widely established in
North America
as an
introduced species
.
[4]
[5]
Description
[
edit
]
Elaeagnus angustifolia
is a thorny
tree
growing to 35 feet (11 metres) in height.
[6]
Its stems, buds, and leaves have a dense covering of silvery to rusty scales. The
leaves
are alternate, lanceolate,
4?9 centimetres (
1
+
1
⁄
2
?
3
+
1
⁄
2
inches) long and
1?2.5 cm (
3
⁄
8
?1 in) broad, with a smooth margin. The plants begin to flower and fruit from 3 years old. The highly aromatic
flowers
, produced in clusters of one to three, are 1 cm long with a four-lobed creamy yellow calyx; they appear in early summer and are followed by clusters of
fruit
, a small cherry-like
drupe
1?1.7 cm (
3
⁄
8
?
5
⁄
8
in) long, orange-red covered in silvery scales. The fruits are about 1 cm wide
[7]
and sweet, though with a dryish, mealy texture.
[8]
[9]
[10]
The species is established and reproduced primarily by seed, with some
vegetative propagation
also occurring.
[11]
The branches have thorns that can be
2?7 cm (
3
⁄
4
?
2
+
3
⁄
4
in) long.
Taxonomy
[
edit
]
The first scientific description of
Elaeagnus angustifolia
was by
Carl Linnaeus
under its present name in 1753.
[1]
Its common name comes from its similarity in appearance to the
olive
(
Olea europaea
), in a different botanical
family
, the
Oleaceae
.
Range
[
edit
]
The native range of oleaster trees is from Ukraine and Turkey in the west and then eastwards through southern Russia and
Central Asia
into China. In the eastern Mediterranean this includes the East
Aegean Islands
, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, and Israel. Further east in Asia the native range stretches into Afghanistan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and the nations of the
Caucasus
. In India they are found in the western
Himalayas
. There is a
disjunct population
in Myanmar and
Assam
in eastern India. They grow natively in Mongolia and in China they are found in the north-central, southeast,
Inner Mongolia
,
Manchuria
,
Qinghai
, and
Xinjiang
.
[1]
Ecology
[
edit
]
The shrub can
fix nitrogen
in its roots,
[12]
enabling it to grow on bare mineral substrates.
The caterpillars of the high altitude alpine moth
Lachana alpherakii
use it as a
host plant
.
[13]
The fruit is readily eaten and the seeds disseminated by many species of birds.
Invasive behavior
[
edit
]
The species was introduced into North America by the late 19th century, and was both planted and spread through the consumption of its fruits (which seldom ripen in
England
),
[14]
by birds, which disperse the
seeds
.
[11]
Russian olive is considered to be an
invasive species
in many places in the
United States
because it thrives on poor soil, has high seedling survival rates, matures in a few years, and out-competes the native vegetation. It often invades riparian habitats where the canopy of
cottonwood
trees has died. Its quick-spreading root system can make it
pest
-like.
Uses
[
edit
]
It is widely grown across southern and central Europe as a drought and cold-resistant
ornamental plant
for its scented flowers, edible fruit,
[7]
attractive yellow foliage and black bark.
[11]
It was grown in England by
John Parkinson
no later than 1633.
[15]
In Iran, the dried powder of the fruit is used mixed with milk for rheumatoid arthritis and joint pains. There is evidence supporting beneficial effects of aqueous extract of Persian olive in reducing the symptoms of
osteoarthritis
with an efficacy comparable to that of
acetaminophen
and
ibuprofen
.
[16]
It is one of the seven items used in
Haft-sin
, a traditional table setting of
Nowruz
, the traditional Persian spring celebration. The
dried fruit
, known locally as
senjed
, is one of seven served in its own
syrup
in a
fruit salad
called
haft m?wa
eaten during
Nowruz in Afghanistan
.
[17]
[18]
Chemistry
[
edit
]
E. angustifolia
contains the alkaloids
harmine
,
harmane
, and
harmol
in the roots and shoot, as well as
calligonine
in the bark.
[19]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
"
Elaeagnus angustifolia
L."
Plants of the World Online
.
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
. Retrieved
30 April
2024
.
- ^
"Russian Olive Species Profile"
. USDA
. Retrieved
2016-01-10
.
- ^
a
b
c
Bailey, L. H.; Bailey, E. Z.; the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium (1976).
Hortus third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada
. New York: Macmillan.
ISBN
978-0-02-505470-7
.
- ^
Sullivan, Steven. K. (2020).
"
Elaeagnus angustifolia
"
.
Wildflower Search
. Retrieved
2020-09-22
.
- ^
USDA, NRCS. (2020).
"
Elaeagnus angustifolia
"
.
The PLANTS Database
. National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA
. Retrieved
2020-09-22
.
- ^
"USDA Plants Database"
.
- ^
a
b
Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) [1977].
Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees
(field guide ed.). Seattle:
Mountaineers Books
. pp. 287?288.
ISBN
978-1-68051-329-5
.
OCLC
1141235469
.
- ^
Klinkenberg, Brian, ed. (2020).
"
Elaeagnus angustifolia
"
.
E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]
. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
. Retrieved
2020-09-22
.
[
permanent dead link
]
- ^
Giblin, David, ed. (2020).
"
Elaeagnus angustifolia
"
.
WTU Herbarium Image Collection
. Burke Museum, University of Washington
. Retrieved
2020-09-22
.
- ^
"Elaeagnus angustifolia"
.
in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora
. Jepson Herbarium; University of California, Berkeley. 2020
. Retrieved
2020-09-22
.
- ^
a
b
c
Little, Elbert L. (1994) [1980].
The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region
(Chanticleer Press ed.). Knopf. p. 566.
ISBN
0-394-50761-4
.
- ^
"Forest Service Fire Ecology"
.
Archived
from the original on 2008-04-05
. Retrieved
2008-01-15
.
- ^
Trofimova, Tatyana A. (January 2008).
"Systematic notes on
Dasorgyia
Staudinger, 1881,
Dicallomera
Butler, 1881, and
Lachana
Moore, 1888 (Lymantriidae)"
(PDF)
.
Nota Lepidopterologica
.
31
(2): 273?291.
ISSN
0342-7536
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 23 April 2012
. Retrieved
26 November
2019
.
- ^
Parkinson noted that it rarely perfected its fruit (noted by Coats 1992).
- ^
Coats, Alice M.; Creech, John L. (1992).
Garden Shrubs and Their Histories
(1st US ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 75.
ISBN
978-0-671-74733-6
. Retrieved
2 May
2024
.
- ^
Panahi, Y.; Alishiri, G. H.; Bayat, N.; Hosseini, S. M.; Sahebkar, A. (2016).
"Efficacy of Elaeagnus Angustifolia extract in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial"
.
Excli Journal
.
15
: 203?210.
PMC
4908661
.
PMID
27330526
.
- ^
Sethi, Simran (2022-03-21).
"Nowruz is banned in Afghanistan, but families continue to celebrate"
.
NPR
. Retrieved
2022-04-29
.
- ^
Deravian, Naz (2022-03-14).
"For Afghans Abroad, Nowruz Is a Chance to Reflect"
.
The New York Times
.
ISSN
0362-4331
. Retrieved
2022-04-29
.
- ^
"Elaeagnus angustifolia | Plant | Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases"
.
phytochem.nal.usda.gov
. Retrieved
2024-01-21
.
External links
[
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]