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11th-13th century Hebrew language writings in England
Jewish writers in England during the pre-expulsion period of
the eleventh through the thirteenth centuries
produced different kinds of writing in
Hebrew
. Many were
Tosafists
; others wrote legal material, and some wrote
liturgical poetry
and literary texts.
Jewish writers
[
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According to
Joseph Jacobs
, Jewish literary and scholarly culture received its prime impetus during the time of
Angevin England
from France. Jacobs sees Simeon Chasid of Treves as the first such writer; he lived in England between 1106 and 1146. Subsequent important Jewish English writers came from
Orleans
, including
Jacob of Orleans
, who was murdered during the
anti-Jewish violence during the coronation of Richard I
in 1189, and possibly
Abraham ben Joseph of Orleans
.
[1]
12th century
[
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- Jacob of Orleans (died 1189) was an often-quoted
Tosafist
.
[2]
- Abraham ben Joseph (born
c.
1140
) was a Tosafist, and may have been the Chief Rabbi of London in 1186.
[3]
- Judah ben Isaac Messer Leon
(1166?1224), a Tosafist, married a daughter an Abraham ben Joseph.
[4]
- Yom Tov of Joigny
(died 1190), French-born rabbi, Tosafist, and liturgical poet who lived in
York
, and died in the 1190
pogrom
at
York Castle
.
[5]
- Moses ben Isaac ben ha-Nessiah
,
grammarian
and
lexicographer
.
[6]
- Berechiah ha-Nakdan
,
exegete
, grammarian, and translation who likely lived in England in the late 12th century.
[7]
13th century
[
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]
Effects of restrictions
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]
The increasing degradation of the political status of the Jews in the thirteenth century is paralleled by the scarcity of their literary output compared with that of the twelfth. In the earlier century, for example, there were eminent authorities such as
Abraham ibn Ezra
,
Judah Sir Leon of Paris
,
Yom Tov of Joigny
, and
Jacob of Orleans
, in addition to a school of
grammarians
which appears to have existed, including Moses ben Yom-
?
ob and
Moses ben Isaac
. In England
Berechiah ha-Nakdan
produced his
Fox Fables
?one of the most remarkable literary productions of the Middle Ages.
Some early works of the 13th century
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]
In the thirteenth century, however, only a few authorities, like
Moses of London
,
Berechiah de Nicole
,
Aaron of Canterbury
, and
Elias of London
, are known, together with
Jacob ben Judah of London
, author of a work on the ritual,
Etz Chaim
, and
Meir of Norwich
, a liturgical poet. Throughout they were a branch of the French Jewry, speaking French and writing French glosses, and almost up to the eve of the expulsion they wrote French in ordinary correspondence.
See also
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References
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External links
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