Modern Greek language variety spoken by Greek Cypriots
Cypriot Greek
(
Greek
:
κυπριακ? ελληνικ?
locally
[cipria?ci
elːini?ci]
or
κυπριακ?
[cipria?ka]
) is the
variety of Modern Greek
that is spoken by the majority of the
Cypriot
populace and
Greek Cypriot diaspora
. It is considered a divergent dialect as it differs from
Standard Modern Greek
[note 2]
in various aspects of its
lexicon
,
phonetics
,
phonology
,
morphology
,
syntax
and even
pragmatics
,
not only for historical reasons but also because of geographical isolation, and extensive contact with
typologically distinct
languages.
Classification
[
edit
]
Cypriot Greek is not an evolution of ancient
Arcadocypriot Greek
, but derives from Byzantine
Medieval Greek
.
It has traditionally been placed in the
southeastern group of Modern Greek varieties
, along with the dialects of the
Dodecanese
and
Chios
(with which it shares several phonological phenomena).
Though Cypriot Greek tends to be regarded as a
dialect
by its speakers, it is unintelligible to speakers of Standard Modern Greek without adequate prior exposure.
Greek-speaking Cypriot society is
diglossic
, with
vernacular
Cypriot Greek (the "low" variety) and Standard Modern Greek (the "high" variety).
Cypriot Greek is itself a
dialect continuum
with an emerging
koine
.
Davy, Ioannou & Panayotou (1996) have argued that diglossia has given way to a "post-diglossic [dialectal] continuum [...] a quasi-continuous spread of overlapping varieties".
History
[
edit
]
Cyprus was cut off from the rest of the Greek-speaking world from the 7th to the 10th century AD due to Arab attacks. It was reintegrated in the
Byzantine Empire
in 962 to be isolated again in 1191 when it fell to the hands of the
Crusaders
. These periods of isolation led to the development of various linguistic characteristics distinct from
Byzantine Greek
.
The oldest surviving written works in Cypriot date back to the
Medieval period
. Some of these are: the legal code of the
Kingdom of Cyprus
, the
Assizes of Jerusalem
; the chronicles of
Leontios Machairas
and
Georgios Boustronios
; and a collection of sonnets in the manner of
Francesco Petrarca
. In the past hundred years, the dialect has been used in poetry (with major poets being
Vasilis Michaelides
and
Dimitris Lipertis
). It is also traditionally used in folk songs and
τσιαττιστ?
(
tsiattista
, battle poetry, a form of playing
the Dozens
) and the tradition of
ποιητ?ρηε?
(
poiitaries
, bards).
Cypriot Greek had been historically used by some members of the
Turkish Cypriot community
, especially after the end of
Ottoman control
and consequent
British administration of the island
. In 1960, it was reported that 38% of the Turkish Cypriots were able to speak Greek along with
Cypriot Turkish
. Some Turkish Cypriots of Nicosia and
Paphos
were also speaking Cypriot Greek as their
mother tongue
according to early 20th century population records.
[11]
In the late 1970s, Minister of Education
Chrysostomos A. Sofianos
upgraded the status of Cypriot by introducing it in education. More recently, it has been used in
music
, e.g. in reggae by Hadji Mike and in rap by several Cypriot hip hop groups, such as
Dimiourgoi Neas Antilipsis
(DNA). Locally produced television shows, usually comedies or soap operas, make use of the dialect, for example with
Vourate Geitonoi
(
βουρ?τε
instead of
τρ?ξτε
) or
Oi Takkoi
(
Τ?κκο?
being a uniquely Cypriot name). The 2006 feature film
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
features actor Jimmy Roussounis arguing in Cypriot with another crew member speaking
Kibrizlija
(Cypriot Turkish) about a captain's hat they find in the sea.
Peter Polycarpou
routinely spoke in Cypriot in his role as Chris Theodopolopoudos in the British television comedy series
Birds of a Feather
. In a July 2014 episode of the American TV series
The Leftovers
, Alex Malaos's character uses the dialect saying "
Εκατ?λαβα σε
" ('I understood'). In the American
mockumentary
comedy horror
television series
What We Do in the Shadows
, actress
Natasia Demetriou
, as the vampiric character Nadja, occasionally exclaims phrases in Cypriot.
Today, Cypriot Greek is the other only variety of Modern Greek apart from
Standard Modern Greek
[note 3]
with a significant presence of spontaneous use online, including
blogs
and
internet forums
, and there exists a variant of
Greeklish
that reflects its distinct
phonology
.
Phonology
[
edit
]
Studies of the phonology of Cypriot Greek are few and tend to examine very specific phenomena, e.g.
gemination
, "glide hardening". A general overview of the phonology of Cypriot Greek has ever been attempted only once, by
Newton 1972
, but parts of it are now contested.
Consonants
[
edit
]
Cypriot Greek has geminate and
palato-alveolar consonants
, which Standard Modern Greek lacks, as well as a contrast between
[?]
and
[r]
, which Standard Modern Greek also lacks.
The table below, adapted from
Arvaniti 2010
, p. 4, depicts the consonantal inventory of Cypriot Greek.
Stops
/p
t
c
k/
and affricate
/t??/
are
unaspirated
and may be pronounced weakly
voiced
in fast speech.
/p?ː
t?ː
c?ː
k?ː/
are always heavily
aspirated
and they are never preceded by nasals,
with the exception of some
loans
, e.g.
/?am?p?ːu/
"shampoo".
/t??/
and
/t???ː/
are
laminal
post-alveolars.
/t?s/
is pronounced similarly to
/t???ː/
, in terms of closure duration and aspiration.
Voiced fricatives
/v
ð
?/
are often pronounced as
approximants
and they are regularly
elided
when
intervocalic
.
/?/
is similarly often realised as an approximant
[j]
in weak positions.
The palatal lateral approximant
[?]
is most often realised as a singleton or geminate lateral
[?(ː)]
or a singleton or geminate fricative
[?(ː)]
, and sometimes as a glide
[j]
(
cf.
yeismo
).
The circumstances under which all the different variants surface are not very well understood, but
[?(ː)]
appear to be favoured in stressed syllables and word-finally, and before
/a
e/
.
Pappas 2009
identifies the following phonological and non-phonological influencing factors: stress, preceding vowel, following vowel, position inside word; and sex, education, region, and time spent living in Greece (where
[?]
is standard).
Arvaniti 2010
notes that speakers of some local varieties, notably that of
Larnaca
, "substitute" the geminate fricative for
/?/
,
but
Pappas 2009
contests this, saying that, "
[?(ː)]
is robustly present in the three urban areas of Lefkosia, Lemesos and Larnaka as well as the rural Kokinohoria region, especially among teenaged speakers ... the innovative pronunciation
[?(ː)]
is not a feature of any local
patois
, but rather a supra-local feature."
The palatal nasal
[?]
is produced somewhat longer than other single nasals, though not as long as geminates.
/z/
is similarly "rather long".
The alveolar trill
/r/
is the geminate counterpart of the tap
/?/
.
Palatalisation and glide hardening
[
edit
]
In analyses that posit a phonemic (but not phonetic)
glide
/j/
, palatals and postalveolars arise from
CJV
(consonant?glide?vowel) clusters, namely:
- /mj
V
/
→
[m?
V
]
- /nj
V
/
→
[?ː
V
]
- /lj
V
/
→
[?ː
V
]
or
[?ː
V
]
- /kj
V
/
→
[t??
V
]
or
[c
V
]
- /xj
V
/
→
[?
V
]
or
[c
V
]
- /?j
V
/
→
[?
V
]
- /zj
V
/
→
[?ː
V
]
- /t?sj
V
/
→
[t???ː
V
]
- /sj
V
/
→
[?ː
V
]
The glide is not assimilated, but hardens to an
obstruent
[c]
after
/p
t
f
v
θ
ð/
and to
[k]
after
/?/
.
At any rate, velar stops and fricatives are in
complementary distribution
with palatals and postalveolars before front vowels
/e
i/
;
that is to say, broadly,
/k
k?ː/
are
palatalised
to either
[c
c?ː]
or
[t??
t???ː]
;
/x
xː/
to
[
c
cː]
or
[?
?ː]
; and
/?/
to
[?]
.
Geminates
[
edit
]
There is considerable disagreement on how to classify Cypriot Greek geminates, though they are now generally understood to be "geminates proper" (rather than clusters of identical phonemes or "
fortis
" consonants).
Geminates are 1.5 to 2 times longer than singletons, depending, primarily, on position and stress.
Geminates occur both word-initially and word-medially. Word-initial geminates tend to be somewhat longer.
Tserdanelis & Arvaniti 2001
have found that "for stops, in particular, this lengthening affects both closure duration and
VOT
",
but
Davy & Panayotou 2003
claim that stops contrast only in aspiration, and not duration.
Armosti 2010
undertook a perceptual study with thirty native speakers of Cypriot Greek,
and has found that both closure duration and (the duration and properties of) aspiration provide important cues in distinguishing between the two kinds of stops, but aspiration is slightly more significant.
Assimilatory processes
[
edit
]
Word-final
/n/
assimilates
with succeeding consonants?other than stops and affricates?at word boundaries producing post-lexical geminates.
Consequently, geminate voiced fricatives, though generally not phonemic, do occur as allophones. Below are some examples of geminates to arise from
sandhi
.
- /ton
?luka/
→
[to??l?uka]
τον Λο?κα
"Lucas" (acc.)
- /en
?ða/
→
[e??ðːa]
εν δα
"[s/he] is here"
- /pu
tin
??iza/
→
[pu
ti??riza]
που την ρ?ζα
"from the root"
In contrast, singleton stops and affricates do not undergo gemination, but become fully voiced when preceded by a nasal, with the nasal becoming
homorganic
.
This process is not restricted to terminal nasals; singleton stops and affricates always become voiced following a nasal.
- /ka?pnizumen
?pu?a/
→
[ka?pnizumem??bu?a]
καπν?ζουμεν πο?ρα
"[we] smoke cigars"
- /an
?t??e/
→
[an??d??e]
αν τζ?αι
"even though"
- /tin
ci?i.a?cin/
→
[ti???ir?.a?cin]
την Κυριακ?ν
"on Sunday"
Word-final
/n/
is altogether
elided
before geminate stops and consonant clusters:
- /e?piasamen
?fco?a/
→
[e?pcasame??fco?a]
επι?σαμεν φκι?ρα
"[we] bought flowers"
- /?pa?stin
c?ːe?lːe/
→
[?pa?sti?c?ːe?lːe]
πα' στην κκελλ?
"on the head"
Like with
/n/
, word-final
/s/
assimilates to following
[s]
and
[?]
producing geminates:
- /as
?o?nisi/
→
[a??ːo?nisi]
α? σ?ον?σει
"let it snow"
Lastly, word-final
/s/
becomes voiced when followed by a voiced consonant belonging to the same phrase, like in Standard Greek:
- /tis
?maltas/
→
[tiz??maltas]
τη? Μ?λτα?
"of
Malta
"
- /a??onas
?ðromu/
→
[a??onaz??ðromu]
αγ?να? δρ?μου
"race"
Vowels
[
edit
]
Cypriot Greek has a five-vowel system
/
i
,
u
,
e
,
o
,
a
/
that is nearly identical to that of Standard Modern Greek.
[note 4]
Close vowels
/i
u/
following
/t/
at the end of an utterance are regularly reduced (50% of all cases presented in study) to "fricated vowels" (40% of all cases, cf. Slavic
yers
), and are sometimes
elided
altogether (5% of all cases).
In glide-less analyses,
/i/
may alternate with
[k]
or
[c]
,
e.g.
[kluvi]
"cage" →
[klufca]
"cages", or
[kulːu?i]
"
koulouri
" →
[kulːu??ka]
"koulouria"; and, like in Standard Modern Greek, it is pronounced
[?]
when found between
/m/
and another vowel that belongs to the same syllable,
e.g.
[m?a]
"one" (f.).
Stress
[
edit
]
Cypriot Greek has
"dynamic" stress
.
Both consonants and vowels are longer in stressed than in unstressed syllables, and the effect is stronger word-initially.
There is only one stress per word, and it can fall on any of the last four syllables. Stress on the fourth-last syllable in a word is rare and normally limited to certain verb forms. Because of that possibility, however, when words with antepenultimate stress are followed by an enclitic in Cypriot Greek, no extra stress is added unlike Standard Modern Greek in which stress falls only on one of the last three syllables),
e.g. Cypriot Greek
το ποδ?λατον μου
[to
po?ðilato?mːu]
, Standard Modern Greek
το ποδ?λατ? μου
[to
po?ðila?to?mu]
"my bicycle".
Grammar
[
edit
]
An overview of syntactic and morphological differences between Standard Modern Greek and Cypriot Greek can be found in
Hadjioannou, Tsiplakou & Kappler 2011
, pp. 568?9.
Vocabulary
[
edit
]
More loanwords are in everyday use than in Standard Modern Greek.
These come from
Old French
,
Italian
,
Occitan
,
Turkish
and, increasingly, from
English
. There are also Arabic expressions (via Turkish) like
μ?σ?σ?αλλα
[?ma?ːalːa]
"
mashallah
" and
?σ?σ?αλλα
[?i?ːalːa]
"
inshallah
". Much of the Cypriot core vocabulary is different from the modern standard's, e.g.
συντυχ?ννω
[sindi?xanːo]
in addition to
μιλ?
"I talk",
θωρ?
[θο??o]
instead of
βλ?πω
"I look", etc. A historically interesting example is the occasional use of archaic
π?θεν
instead of
απ? πο?
for the interrogative "from where?" which makes its closest translation to the English "whence" which is also archaic in most of the English speaking world.
Ethnologue
reports that the
lexical similarity
between Cypriot Greek and
Demotic Greek
is in the range of 84?93%.
[39]
Orthography
[
edit
]
There is no established orthography for Cypriot Greek.
Efforts have been made to introduce
diacritics
to the
Greek alphabet
to represent
palato-alveolar consonants
found in Cypriot, but not in Standard Modern Greek, e.g. the
combining caron
⟨ˇ⟩
, by the authors of the
"Syntychies" lexicographic database
Archived
2021-04-13 at the
Wayback Machine
at the
University of Cyprus
.
When diacritics are not used, an epenthetic
⟨ι⟩
?often accompanied by the systematic substitution of the preceding consonant letter?may be used to the same effect (as in
Polish
), e.g. Standard Modern Greek
παντζ?ρι
[pa?(n)d?za?i]
→ Cypriot Greek
ππαντζ
ι
?ρι
[p?ːa?nd??a?i]
, Standard Modern Greek
χ?ρι
[?ce?i]
→ Cypriot Greek
σι
?ρι
[??e?i]
.
Geminates
(and
aspirates
) are represented by two of the same letter, e.g.
σ?
μμ
ερα
[?simːe?a]
"today", though this may not be done in cases where the spelling would not coincide with Standard Modern Greek's, e.g.
σ?μμερα
would still be spelt
σ?μερα
.
[note 5]
Despite the centuries-long existence of Greek Cypriot literature, the dialect wasn't widely written until the rise of
computer-mediated communication
in the 2000s. Online and in
text messaging
, Cypriot Greek, like Standard Modern Greek, is commonly written in the
Latin script
,
and English spelling conventions may be adopted for shared sounds,
e.g.
⟨sh⟩
for
/?/
(and
/?ː/
).
Some comparisons between Cypriot Greek and Standard Greek
[
edit
]
Cypriot Greek demonstrates a prevalence of archaic elements. The following comparisons provide a visual representation of this phenomenon.
The tables below do not imply that they were written down the same in Attic Greek but it's simply using the modern Greek alphabet's pronunciation system applied on attic Greek for comparison purposes.
The
classical attic Greek
X was pronounced as an aspirated Κ similar to the English K. Θ = aspirated Τ, Γ = ΓΚ/ΓΓ and Β = ΜΠ. In classical attic Greek Η was pronounced a long Ε and not like the modern Greek I, Y
[45]
[46]
Consonant pronunciation
[47]
Standard
[46]
|
Cypriot
|
Classical Attic
pronunciation
[45]
[46]
|
?ργησα
|
?ρκησα
|
?ργκησα
|
?ρχισα
|
?ρκεψα
|
?ρk?ισα
|
?ρχομαι
|
?ρκομαι
?ρκουμαι
|
?ρk?ομαι
|
ευχαριστ?
|
ευκαριστ?
|
ευk?αριστ?
|
π?σχα
|
π?σκαν
|
π?σk?αν
|
ερθ?
|
?ρτω
|
?ρt?ω
|
βλ?πω
|
ημπλ?πω
|
μπλ?πω
|
ε?δα
|
?μπλεψα/?μπλεψα
|
?μπλεψα
|
αγρ?ζω
|
αγκρ?ζω
|
αγκρ?ζω
|
ποτ?
|
ποt??
|
ποτ?
|
αγκρ?ζω is often confused for an English loan word but it's actually derived from the ancient αγρ?ζω, from ?γριο?.
Some vowel comparisons
[47]
Standard
[46]
|
Cypriot
|
Classical Attic
pronunciation
[45]
[46]
|
σκληρ?
|
σκλερ?
|
σκλεερ?
|
μην
|
μεν
|
μεεν
|
Extra words:
Standard
[46]
|
Cypriot
|
Classical Attic
[45]
[46]
|
αρ?σει
|
αρ?σκει
|
αρ?σκει
|
κ?νω
|
κ?μνω
|
κ?μνω
|
κ?νουν
|
κ?μνουσιν
|
κ?μνουσιν
|
απ? που
|
π?θεν
|
π?t?εν
|
Verbs
Standard
[46]
|
Cypriot
|
Classical Attic
[45]
[46]
|
Translation
|
κ?νω
|
κ?μνω
|
κ?μνω
|
I'm doing
|
?κανε?
|
?καμε?
|
?καμε
|
You did
|
?κανε?
|
?καμνε?
|
?καμνε?
|
You were doing
|
?κανε
|
?καμεν
|
?καμεν
|
He did
|
?κανε
|
?καμνεν
|
?καμνεν
|
He was doing
|
κ?νουν
|
κ?μνουσιν
|
κ?μνουσιν
|
They are doing
|
κ?νουμε
|
κ?μνουμεν
|
κ?μνομεν
|
We are doing
|
κ?νετε
|
κ?μνετε
|
κ?μνετε
|
You are doing (plural)
|
κ?νετε
|
κ?μετε
|
κ?μετε
|
Do it (plural)
|
κ?νατε
|
εκ?ματε
|
εκ?ματε
|
You did (plrural)
|
κ?νουμε
|
κ?μνουμεν
|
κ?μνομεν
|
We are doing
|
το κ?νει?
|
κ?μνειστο
|
κ?μνει? α?τ?
|
You are doing it
|
το κ?νει
|
κ?μνειτο
|
κ?μνει α?τ?
|
He is doing it
|
Example texts of the dialect
[
edit
]
Η 9η Ιουλ?ου του 1821 (Written around 1884-1895)
[48]
|
18 ≪Η Ρωμιοσ?νη εν φυλ? συν?τζαιρη του κ?σμου,
καν?να? δεν εβρ?θηκεν για να την ι-ξηλε?ψη,
καν?να?, γιατ? σι?πει την που τα 'ψη ο Θε?? μου.
Η Ρωμιοσ?νη εν να χαθ?, ?ντε? ο κ?σμο? λε?ψει!
19 Σφ?ξε μα? ο?λου? τζι α? γενε? το γα?μαν μα? αυλ?τζιν,
κ?με τον κ?σμον ματζιελλει?ν τζαι του? Ρωμιο?? ταο?λλια,
αμμ? ξ?ρε πω? ?λαντρον ?ντε? κοπε? καβ?τζιν
τριγ?ρου του πετ?σσουνται τρακ?σια παραπο?λια.
Το 'νιν αντ?ν να τρ?' την γην, τρ?ει την γην θαρκ?ται
μα π?ντα τζιε?νον τρ?εται τζαι τζιε?νον καταλυ?ται.
Ε?σαι πολλ? πικρ?ντερο?, ?μω? αν θεν να σφ?ξη?,
σφ?ξε του? λα? που πολεμο?ν αλλο? αρματωμ?νοι.
Εμ?? με σι?ρκα ?φκαιρα γιατ? να μα? πειρ?ξει?,
πο? 'μαστον δ?χω? ?ρματα, τζι ε?μαστον νεπαμ?ν
8 Η ν?χτα πκιον αρκ?νησεν περ?του ν' αναρκ?νη,
εγ?νην η ανατολ? κροκ?τσιηνη περ?του,
?ρτζιεψεν πκιον το Σ?ββατον να πικροξημερ?ννη
τζι ακο?στηκεν του ξ?λενου σημ?ντρου η φων? του.
Εξ?βην ο Τζιυπριαν?? με τζιε?νον τον καμ?ν του,
τζι επ?εν ει? την εκκλησ'ι?ν τζαι β?λλει τον σταυρ?ν του
τζι ?τουν ?σον τζι εκ?μασιν αρκ?ν τη? λειτουργ?α?,
τζι εστ?θηκεν περ?λυπο? τζαι σγιαν να δκιαλο?στην,
τζι επ?εν τζι εγον?τισεν ομπρ?? τη? Πανα?α?
τζαι κ?τι εψουψο?ρισεν τζι ευτ?? εκλαμουρ?στην.
27 ≪Εγι?, αφ?ντη, μανιχ? ?κουσα να λαλο?σιν,
πω? ?ρτεν ?να? τοπκιαν?? καλ?ηρο? που π?ρα
τζι ?φερεν κ?μποσα χαρκι? πο τζιει που πολεμο?σιν
τζι ?δωκεν τα τζαι χ?θηκεν, δεν ?μεινεν με μ?ραν,
τζαι τζιε?να ο?λλα τα χαρκι? πω? ?ταν του πολ?μου.
Τα ?λλα ο?λλα που λαλε?? εν τ?κουσα ποττ? μου.≫
≪Ε?ντα μα? περιπα?ζει?, βρε, ε?μαστον μισταρκο? σου;
Ε?πε? το με το στ?μαν σου μεσ' σ' τ?σον πανα?ριν,
πε το, γιατ? σκοτ?ννω σε, κ?βκω την τζιεφαλ?ν σου.
Φ?ρτε μου τον τζιελλ?ττην δα, ναν δαχαμα? χαζ?ριν!≫
30 Τ?τε? πκιον εσυντ?χασιν ο?λοι κ?μποσην ?ραν,
για τζιε?νου? πων να κ?ψουσιν τζι αννο?ξαν το δεφτ?ριν
τζι ε?δασιν π?σοι εν π' αλλο? τζιαι π?σοι που την Χ?ραν
τζιαι π?σοι για συρτοθηλει?ν τζιαι π?σοι για μασια?ριν.
τζι ε?σιεν πεντ' ?ξι πο?πασιν πω? εν πολλο? τζι εν κρ?μαν,
τζι ο Μουσελλ?μη? ε?πεν του?: ≪Εν ο?λλοι για το μν?μαν≫!
Ο ?λιο? πκιον εστ?λλωσεν, εγ?νην μεσομ?ριν
τζι ακο?στην ει? τον μιναρ?ν ο χ?τζ'α? να φων?ζη
τζι επ?ψασιν την συντυσι?ν τζι αφ?καν το δεφτ?ριν
τζι εσηκωθ?καν ο?λοι του? τζι επ?αν στο ναμ?ζι.
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See also
[
edit
]
Explanatory notes
- ^
This number includes speakers of all Greek varieties in Cyprus.
- ^
Standard Modern Greek is the variety based on
Demotic
(but with elements of
Katharevousa
) that became the official language of
Greece
in 1976. See also:
Greek language question
.
- ^
Standard Modern Greek is the variety based on
Demotic
(but with elements of
Katharevousa
) that became the official language of
Greece
in 1976. See also:
Greek language question
.
- ^
For an acoustic comparison of the two vowel systems see
Themistocleous 2017a
and
Themistocleous 2017b
.
- ^
Geminates are present in Cypriot Greek and were present (and distinct) in Ancient and earlier Koine, but they are not in Standard Modern Greek. Late twentieth-century spelling reforms in Greece were not indiscriminate, i.e. some words are still spelt with two consecutive consonant letters, but are not pronounced that way. In addition, Cypriot Greek has developed geminates in words where they were not previously found.
Citations
Bibliography
[
edit
]
- Ammon, Ulrich, ed. (2006).
Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik 3: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society/Ein Internationales Handbuch Zur Wissenschaft Von Sprache und Gesellschaft
(2 ed.). Walter de Gruyter.
ISBN
9783110184181
.
- Armosti, Spyros (11?14 June 2009). "The perception of plosive gemination in Cypriot Greek".
On-line Proceedings of the 4th International Conference of Modern Greek Dialects and Linguistic Theory
. Chios, Greece (published 2010). pp. 33?53.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link
)
- Armosti, Spyros (2011).
"Fricative and sonorant super-geminates in Cypriot Greek: a perceptual study"
.
Studies in Modern Greek Dialects and Linguistic Theory
. Nicosia: Research Centre of Kykkos Monastery. pp. 97?112.
- Arvaniti, Amalia (1999).
"Cypriot Greek"
.
Journal of the International Phonetic Association
.
29
(2): 173?178.
doi
:
10.1017/S002510030000654X
.
S2CID
163926812
.
- Arvaniti, Amalia (2006).
"Erasure as a means of maintaining diglossia in Cyprus"
.
San Diego Linguistic Papers
(2).
- Arvaniti, Amalia (2010).
"A (brief) review of Cypriot Phonetics and Phonology"
(PDF)
.
The Greek Language in Cyprus from Antiquity to the Present Day
. University of Athens. pp. 107?124. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2016-01-23.
- Davy, Jim; Ioannou, Yannis; Panayotou, Anna (1994).
"French and English loans in Cypriot diglossia"
.
Travaux de la Maison de l'Orient mediterraneen
. Chypre hier et aujourd’hui entre Orient et Occident. Vol. 25. Nicosia, Cyprus: Universite de Chypre et Universite Lumiere Lyon 2 (published 1996). pp. 127?136.
- Davy, Jim; Panayotou, Anna (8?21 September 2003).
Phonological constraint on the phonetics of Cypriot Greek: does Cypriot Greek have geminate stops?
(PDF)
. Proceedings of 6th International Conference of Greek Linguistics. Rethymno, Greece. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 4 October 2018
. Retrieved
11 February
2013
.
- Eftychiou, Eftychia (6?10 August 2007).
"Stop-vowel coarticulation in Cypriot Greek"
(PDF)
.
Proceedings of the International Congress of Phonetic Sciences XVI
. Saarbrucken, Germany. pp. 517?520.
- Georgiou, Georgios (2018). "Discrimination of L2 Greek vowel contrasts: Evidence from learners with Arabic L1 background".
Speech Communication
.
102
: 68?77.
doi
:
10.1016/j.specom.2018.07.003
.
S2CID
52297330
.
- Georgiou, Georgios (2019). "Bit and beat are heard as the same: Mapping the vowel perceptual patterns of Greek-English bilingual children".
Language Sciences
.
72
: 1?12.
doi
:
10.1016/j.langsci.2018.12.001
.
S2CID
150229377
.
- Grohmann, Kleanthes K.; Papadopoulou, Elena; Themistocleous, Charalambos (2017).
"Acquiring Clitic Placement in Bilectal Settings: Interactions between Social Factors"
.
Frontiers in Communication
.
2
(5).
doi
:
10.3389/fcomm.2017.00005
.
- Hadjioannou, Xenia; Tsiplakou, Stavroula; Kappler, Matthias (2011). "Language policy and language planning in Cyprus".
Current Issues in Language Planning
.
12
(4): 503?569.
doi
:
10.1080/14664208.2011.629113
.
hdl
:
10278/29371
.
S2CID
143966308
.
- Joseph, Brian D. (2010). "Greek, Modern". In Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.).
Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
. Elsevier. pp. 464?467.
ISBN
9780080877754
.
- Joseph, Brian D.; Tserdanelis, Georgios (2003). "Modern Greek". In Roelcke, Thorsten (ed.).
Variationstypologie. Ein sprachtypologisches Handbuch zu den europaischen Sprachen in Geschichte und Gegenwart / Variation Typology. A Typological Handbook of European Languages
. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 823?836.
- Nevins, Andrew Ira; Chirotan, Ioana (2008).
"Phonological Representations and the Variable Patterning of Glides"
(PDF)
.
Lingua
.
118
(12): 1979?1997.
doi
:
10.1016/j.lingua.2007.10.006
.
S2CID
59373528
.
- Newton, Brian (1972).
Cypriot Greek: Its phonology and inflections
. The Hague: Mouton.
- Pappas, Panayiotis (11?14 June 2009).
"A new sociolinguistic variable in Cypriot Greek"
(PDF)
.
On-line Proceedings of the 4th International Conference of Modern Greek Dialects and Linguistic Theory
. Chios, Greece. pp. 305?314. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 24 May 2013.
- Themistocleous, Charalambos; Tsiplakou, Stavroula (2013). "High Rising Terminals In Cypriot Greek: Charting `Urban' Intonation". In Auer, Peter; Reina, Javier Caro; Kaufmann, Goz (eds.).
Language Variation - European Perspectives IV: Selected papers from the Sixth International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 6), Freiburg, June 2011
. Amsterdam: John Benjamin's. pp. 159?172.
- Themistocleous, Charalambos; Logotheti, Angeliki (2016). "Standard Modern Greek and Cypriot Greek vowels: a sociophonetic study". In Ralli, Angela; Koutsoukos, Nikos; Bompolas, Stavros (eds.).
6th International Conference on Modern Greek Dialects and Linguistic Theory (MGDLT6), September 25-28, 2014
. University of Patras. pp. 177?183.
- Themistocleous, Charalambos (2014). "Edge-Tone Effects and Prosodic Domain Effects on Final Lengthening".
Linguistic Variation
.
14
(1): 129?160.
doi
:
10.1075/lv.14.1.06the
.
- Themistocleous, Charalambos (2016). "Seeking an Anchorage. Stability and Variability in Tonal Alignment of Rising Prenuclear Pitch Accents in Cypriot Greek".
Language and Speech
.
59
(4): 433?461.
doi
:
10.1177/0023830915614602
.
PMID
28008803
.
S2CID
24397973
.
- Themistocleous, Charalambos (2016).
"The bursts of stops can convey dialectal information"
.
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
.
140
(4): EL334?EL339.
Bibcode
:
2016ASAJ..140L.334T
.
doi
:
10.1121/1.4964818
.
PMID
27794314
.
- Themistocleous, Charalambos; Savva, Angelandria; Aristodemou, Andrie (2016). "Effects of stress on fricatives: Evidence from Standard Modern Greek".
Interspeech 2016
. pp. 1?4.
- Themistocleous, Charalambos (2017a). "Dialect classification using vowel acoustic parameters".
Speech Communication
.
92
: 13?22.
doi
:
10.1016/j.specom.2017.05.003
.
- Themistocleous, Charalambos (2017b). "The Nature of Phonetic Gradience across a Dialect Continuum: Evidence from Modern Greek Vowels".
Phonetica
.
74
(3): 157?172.
doi
:
10.1159/000450554
.
PMID
28268213
.
S2CID
7596117
.
- Themistocleous, Charalambos; Katsoyannou, Marianna; Armosti, Spyros; Christodoulou, Kyriaci (7?11 August 2012).
Cypriot Greek Lexicography: A Reverse Dictionary of Cypriot Greek
(PDF)
. 15th European Association for Lexicography (EURALEX) Conference. Oslo, Norway. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 6 August 2016
. Retrieved
12 February
2013
.
- Themistocleous, Christiana (2010).
"Writing in a non-standard Greek variety: Romanized Cypriot Greek in online chat"
.
Writing Systems Research
. 2.
2
(2): 155?168.
doi
:
10.1093/wsr/wsq008
.
- Tserdanelis, Giorgos; Arvaniti, Amalia (2001).
"The acoustic characteristics of geminate consonants in Cypriot Greek"
(PDF)
.
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Greek Linguistics
. Thessaloniki, Greece: University Studio Press. pp. 29?36. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2010-06-16
. Retrieved
2019-07-13
.
- Tsiplakou, Stravoula (21?24 August 2012).
Charting Nicosian: properties and perceptions of an emergent urban dialect variety
. Sociolinguistics Symposium 19. Berlin, Germany.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Armosti, Spyros (6?10 August 2007).
The perception of Cypriot Greek 'super-geminates'
(PDF)
. Proceedings of the International Congress of Phonetic Sciences XVI. Saarbrucken, Germany. pp. 761?764.
- Armosti, Spyros (1?4 September 2011). "An articulatory study of word-initial stop gemination in Cypriot Greek".
Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of Greek Linguistics
(PDF)
. Komotini, Greece (published 2012). pp. 122?133.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link
)
- Arvaniti, Amalia (1998). "Phrase accents revisited: comparative evidence from Standard and Cypriot Greek".
Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing
(PDF)
. Vol. 7. Sydney. pp. 2883?2886. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2012-03-11
. Retrieved
2013-05-27
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link
)
- Arvaniti, Amalia (2001). "Comparing the phonetics of single and geminate consonants in Cypriot and Standard Greek.".
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Greek Linguistics
(PDF)
. Thessaloniki, Greece: University Studio Press. pp. 37?44.
[
permanent dead link
]
- Eklund, Robert (2008). "Pulmonic ingressive phonation: Diachronic and synchronic characteristics, distribution and function in animal and human sound production and in human speech".
Journal of the International Phonetic Association
.
38
(3): 235?324.
doi
:
10.1017/S0025100308003563
.
S2CID
146616135
.
- Gil, David (2011). "Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks". In Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.).
The World Atlas of Language Structures Online
. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library.
- Petinou, Kakia; Okalidou, Areti (2006). "Speech patterns in Cypriot-Greek late talkers".
Applied Psycholinguistics
.
27
(3): 335?353.
doi
:
10.1017/S0142716406060309
.
S2CID
145326236
.
- Payne, Elinor; Eftychiou, Eftychia (2006). "Prosodic shaping of consonant gemination in Cypriot Greek".
Phonetica
.
63
(2?3): 175?198.
doi
:
10.1159/000095307
.
PMID
17028461
.
S2CID
26027083
.
- Rowe, Charley; Grohmann, Kleanthes K. (November 2013). "Discrete bilectalism: towards co-overt prestige and diglossic shift in Cyprus".
International Journal of the Sociology of Language
.
2013
(224): 119?142.
doi
:
10.1515/ijsl-2013-0058
.
S2CID
144677707
.
- Bernardi, Jean-Philippe; Themistocleous, Charalambos (2017). "Modelling prosodic structure using Artificial Neural Networks".
Experimental Linguistics 2017
: 17?20.
arXiv
:
1706.03952
.
- Botinis, Antonis; Christofi, Marios; Themistocleous, Charalambos; Kyprianou, Aggeliki (2004). "Duration correlates of stop consonants in Cypriot Greek". In Branderud, Peter; Engstrand, Olle; Traunmuller, Hartmut (eds.).
FONETIK 2004
. Stockholm: Dept. of Linguistics, Stockholm University. pp. 140?143.
- Melissaropoulou, Dimitra; Themistocleous, Charalambos; Tsiplakou, Stavroula; Tsolakidis, Symeon (2013). "The Present Perfect in Cypriot Greek revisited". In Auer, Peter; Reina, Javier Caro; Kaufmann, Goz (eds.).
Language Variation -- European Perspectives IV
. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamin's.
- Themistocleous, Charalambos (2011).
Prosody and Information Structure in Greek (Prosodia kai plirophoriaki domi stin Ellinici)
(Ph.D.).
- Themistocleous, Charalambos (2014). "Modern Greek Prosody. Using speech melody in communication (Prosodia tis Neas Ellinikis. I axiopoiisi tis melodias tis fonis stin epikoinonia)".
Stasinos
.
6
: 319?344.
- Themistocleous, Charalambos (2011). "Nuclear Accents in Athenian and Cypriot Greek (ta pirinika tonika ipsi tis kipriakis ellinikis)". In Gavriilidou, Zoe; Efthymiou, Angeliki; Thomadaki, Evangelia; Kambakis-Vougiouklis, Penelope (eds.).
10th International Conference of Greek Linguistics
. Democritus University of Thrace. pp. 796?805.
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