Form of the Latin language used since the 19th century
Contemporary Latin
is the form of the Literary Latin used since the end of the 19th century. Various kinds of contemporary Latin can be distinguished, including the use of
Neo-Latin
words in
taxonomy
and in
science
generally, and the fuller
ecclesiastical use
in the Catholic Church ? but Living or Spoken Latin (the use of Latin as a language in its own right as a full-fledged means of expression) is the primary subject of this article.
Token Latin
[
edit
]
Latin is still present in words or phrases used in many languages around the world, as a relic of the great importance of
Neo-Latin
, which was the formerly dominant international
lingua franca
down to the 19th century in a great number of fields. Some minor communities also use Latin in their speech.
Mottos
[
edit
]
The official use of Latin in previous eras has survived at a symbolic level in many mottos that are still being used and even coined in Latin to this day. Old mottos like
E pluribus unum
, found in 1776 on the
Seal of the United States
, along with
Annuit cœptis
and
Novus ordo seclorum
, and adopted by an Act of Congress in 1782, are still in use. Similarly, current
pound sterling
coins are minted with the Latin inscription
CHARLES III·D·G·REX·F·D
(
Dei Gratia Rex Fidei Defensor
, i.e. By the Grace of God, King, Defender of the Faith). Monarchs before Elizabeth II used a Latin form of their names on currency, e.g. Georgius and Edwardus for George and Edward respectively.
[1]
The official motto of the multilingual European Union, adopted as recently as 2000, is the Latin
In varietate concordia
. Similarly, in officially bilingual Canada the motto on the
Canadian Victoria Cross
is
Pro Valore
.
Fixed phrases
[
edit
]
Some common phrases that are still in use in many languages have remained fixed in Latin, like the well-known
dramatis personae
,
habeas corpus
or
casus belli
.
In science
[
edit
]
Example of a Russian medical prescription, written in Latin with a Russian signature
In fields as varied as mathematics, physics, astronomy, medicine, pharmacy, biology, and philosophy,
[2]
Latin still provides internationally accepted names of concepts, forces, objects, and organisms in the natural world.
The most prominent retention of Latin occurs in the classification of living organisms and the
binomial nomenclature
devised by
Carl Linnaeus
, although the
rules of nomenclature
used today allow the construction of names which may deviate considerably from historical norms. Botanical descriptions were mandated to be written entirely in
Botanical Latin
from 1935 to 2012 and are still allowed to be written so.
Another continuation is the use of Latin names for the constellations and celestial objects (used in the
Bayer designations
of stars), as well as
planets
and satellites, whose surface features have been given Latin
selenographic
toponyms since the 17th century.
Symbols for many of those
chemical elements
known in ancient times reflect and echo their Latin names, like Au for
aurum
(
gold
) and Fe for
ferrum
(
iron
).
Latin abbreviations are widely used in
medical prescriptions
. In some countries, medical prescriptions are still written entirely in Latin, except for the signature (inscription directed towards the patient).
Vernacular vocabulary
[
edit
]
Latin has also contributed a vocabulary for specialised fields such as anatomy and
law
which has become part of the normal, non-technical vocabulary of various European languages. Latin continues to be used to form
international scientific vocabulary
and
classical compounds
. Separately, more than 56% of the vocabulary used in English today derives ultimately from Latin, either directly (28.24%) or through French (28.30%).
[3]
Latin uses and composition from 1900 to the present day
[
edit
]
Ecclesiastical Latin
[
edit
]
The
Catholic Church
has continued to use Latin. Two main areas can be distinguished. One is its use for the official version of all documents issued by the
Holy See
, which has remained intact to the present. Although documents are first drafted in various vernaculars (mostly Italian), the official version is written in Latin by the
Latin Letters Office
. The other is its use for the liturgy, which has diminished after the
Second Vatican Council
of 1962?1965, but to some degree resurged half a century later when
Pope Benedict XVI
[4]
encouraged the
Latin Mass
.
The
Church of England
permits some services to be conducted in Latin
[5]
at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. Most recently a Latin edition of the 1979 USA Anglican Book of Common Prayer has been produced.
[6]
Latin in Central Europe
[
edit
]
In parts of Central Europe, composition of serious Latin poetry continued, such as those by
Antonius Smerdel
and
Jan Novak
. In Smerdel's case, his
free verse
written in Latin has modernist as well as classical and Christian elements. His choice of Latin as a medium reflects both the relative local relevance of Latin, which had a strong poetic tradition into the late nineteenth century, and a means to evade the attention of political censors.
[7]
Latin in classical music
[
edit
]
Some Latin texts were written for specific musical cases, for instance classical music pieces, such as Stravinsky's 1927 opera
Oedipus Rex
.
[8]
Academic Latin
[
edit
]
Latin has also survived to some extent in the context of
classical scholarship
. Some classical periodicals, like the German
Hermes
, to this day accept articles in Latin for publication;
Mnemosyne
did so at least until 2017.
[9]
Latin is used in most of the introductions to the critical editions of ancient authors in the
Oxford Classical Texts
series, and it is also nearly always used for the
apparatus criticus
of Ancient Greek and Latin texts.
The scientific journal
Theoretica Chemica Acta
accepted articles written in Latin until 1998.
The University Orator at the
University of Cambridge
makes a speech in Latin marking the achievements of each of the honorands at the annual Honorary Degree Congregations, as does the Public Orator at the
Encaenia
ceremony at the
University of Oxford
.
Harvard
and
Princeton
also have
Latin Salutatory
commencement addresses every year.
[10]
The
Charles University in Prague
[11]
and many other universities around the world conduct the awarding of their
doctoral
degrees in Latin. Other universities and other schools issue diplomas written in Latin.
Brown
,
Sewanee
, and
Bard College
also hold a portion of their graduation ceremonies in Latin. The song
Gaudeamus igitur
is sung at university opening or graduation ceremonies throughout Europe.
[
citation needed
]
Living Latin
[
edit
]
De Viro Optimo; a short clip from a Latin podcast
Living Latin
(
Latinitas viva
in Latin itself), also known as
Spoken Latin
, is an effort to revive Latin as a spoken language and as the vehicle for contemporary communication and publication. Involvement in this Latin revival can be a mere hobby or extend to more serious projects for restoring its former role as an
international auxiliary language
.
Origins
[
edit
]
After the decline of Latin at the end of the
Neo-Latin
era started to be perceived, there were attempts to counteract the decline and to revitalize the use of Latin for international communication.
In 1815, Miguel Olmo wrote a booklet proposing Latin as the common language for Europe, with the title
Otia Villaudricensia ad octo magnos principes qui Vindobonæ anno MDCCCXV pacem orbis sanxerunt, de lingua Latina et civitate Latina fundanda liber singularis
("
Leisure
[
citation needed
]
of
Villaudric
to the eight great princes who ordained world peace at Vienna in 1815, an extraordinary book about the Latin language and a Latin state to be founded").
[12]
In the late 19th century, Latin periodicals advocating the revived use of Latin as an international language started to appear. Between 1889 and 1895,
Karl Heinrich Ulrichs
published in Italy his
Alaudæ
.
[13]
This publication was followed by the
Vox Urbis: de litteris et bonis artibus commentarius
,
[14]
published by the architect and engineer
Aristide Leonori
from 1898, twice a month, until 1913, one year before the outbreak of
World War I
.
The early 20th century, marked by tremendous technological progress, as well as drastic social changes, saw few advances in the use of Latin outside academia. Following the beginnings of the
re-integration of postwar Europe
, however, Latin revivalism gained some ground.
One of its main promoters was the former dean of the
University of Nancy
(France), Prof.
Jean Capelle
, who in 1952 published a cornerstone article called "Latin or Babel"
[15]
in which he proposed Latin as an international spoken language.
Capelle was called "the soul of the movement" when in 1956 the first International Conference for Living Latin (
Congres international pour le Latin vivant
) took place in
Avignon
,
[16]
marking the beginning of a new era of the active use of Latin. About 200 participants from 22 different countries took part in that foundational conference.
Pronunciation
[
edit
]
The essentials of the classical pronunciation had been defined since the early 19th century (e.g. in K.L. Schneider's
Elementarlehre der Lateinischen Sprache
, 1819) but, in many countries, there was strong resistance to adopting it in instruction. In English-speaking countries, where the
traditional academic pronunciation
diverged most markedly from the restored classical model, the struggle between the two pronunciations lasted the entire 19th century.
[17]
In 1907, the "new pronunciation" was officially recommended by the
Board of Education
for adoption in schools in England.
[18]
[19]
Although the older pronunciation, as found in the nomenclature and terminology of various professions, continued to be used for several decades, and in some spheres prevails to the present day, contemporary Latin as used by the living Latin community has generally adopted the classical pronunciation of Latin as restored by specialists in Latin historical phonology.
[20]
Aims
[
edit
]
Many users of Contemporary Latin promote its use as a spoken language, a movement that dubs itself "Living Latin". Two main aims can be distinguished in this movement:
For Latin instruction
[
edit
]
Among the proponents of spoken Latin, some promote the active use of the language to make learning Latin both more enjoyable and more efficient, drawing upon the
methodologies
of instructors of modern languages.
In the United Kingdom, the
Association for the Reform of Latin Teaching
(ARLT, still in existence as the Association for Latin Teaching) was founded in 1913 by the classical scholar
W. H. D. Rouse
. It arose from summer schools which Rouse organised to train Latin teachers in the
direct method of language teaching
, which entailed using the language in everyday situations rather than merely learning
grammar
and
syntax
by rote. The
Classical Association
also encourages this approach. The
Cambridge University Press
has now published a series of school textbooks based on the adventures of a mouse called
Minimus
, designed to help children of primary school age to learn the language, as well as its well-known
Cambridge Latin Course
(CLC) to teach the language to secondary school students, all of which include extensive use of dialogue and an approach to language teaching mirroring that now used for most modern languages, which have brought many of the principles espoused by Rouse and the ARLT into the mainstream of Latin teaching.
Outside Great Britain, one of the most accomplished handbooks that fully adopts the direct method for Latin is the well-known
Lingua Latina per se illustrata
by the Danish linguist
Hans Henning Ørberg
. It was first published in 1955 and improved in 1990. It is composed fully in Latin and requires no other language of instruction, thus it can be used to teach students of many different languages.
For contemporary communication
[
edit
]
Others support the
revival
of Latin as a language of international communication in academic, scientific, or diplomatic spheres (as it was in Europe and European colonies through the Middle Ages until the mid-18th century) or as an
international auxiliary language
to be used by anyone. However, as a language native to no people, this movement has not received support from any government, national or supranational.
Supporting institutions and publications
[
edit
]
Latin-titled publications in a store in
Warsaw
, Poland.
A substantial group of institutions (particularly in Europe, but also in North and South America) has emerged to support the use of Latin as a spoken language.
[21]
The foundational first International Conference for living Latin (
Congres international pour le Latin vivant
) that took place in
Avignon
was followed by at least five others.
[22]
As a result of those first conferences, the
Academia Latinitati Fovendae
(ALF) was then created in Rome. Among its most prominent members are well-known
classicists
from all over the world,
[23]
like Prof.
Michael von Albrecht
or Prof.
Kurt Smolak
[
de
]
. The ALF held its first international conference in Rome in 1966 bringing together about 500 participants. From then on conferences have taken place every four or five years, in
Bucharest
, Malta,
Dakar
,
Erfurt
, Berlin, Madrid, and many other places. The official language of the ALF is Latin and all acts and proceedings take place in Latin.
Also in the year 1966, Clement Desessard published a method with tapes within the series
sans peine
of the French company
Assimil
. Desessard's work aimed at teaching contemporary Latin for use in an everyday context, although the audio was often criticized for being recorded with a thick French accent. Assimil took this out of print at the end of 2007 and published another Latin method which focused on the classical idiom only. However, in 2015 Assimil re-published Desessard's edition with new audio CDs in restored classical Latin pronunciation. Desessard's method is still used for living Latin instruction at the
Schola Latina Universalis
.
In 1986 the Belgian
radiologist
Gaius Licoppe, who had discovered the contemporary use of Latin and learnt how to speak it thanks to Desessard's method, founded in Brussels the
Fundatio Melissa
for the promotion of Latin teaching and use for communication.
[24]
In Germany, Marius Alexa and Inga Pessarra-Grimm founded in September 1987 the
Latinitati Vivæ Provehendæ Associatio
(LVPA, or Association for the Promotion of Living Latin).
[25]
The first
Septimana Latina Amoeneburgensis
(Amoneburg Latin Week) was organized in 1989 at Amoneburg, near Marburg in Germany, by
Mechtild Hofmann
and Robertus Maier. Since then the Latin Weeks were offered every year. In addition, members of the supporting association
Septimanae Latinae Europaeae
(
European Latin Weeks
) published a text book named
Piper Salve
that contains dialogues in modern everyday Latin.
[26]
At the
Accademia Vivarium Novum
located in Rome, Italy, all classes are taught by faculty fluent in Latin or Ancient Greek, and resident students speak in Latin or Greek at all times outside class. Most students are supported by scholarships from the Mnemosyne foundation and spend one or two years in residence to acquire fluency in Latin.
[27]
The living Latin movement eventually crossed the Atlantic, where it continues to grow. In the summer of 1996, at the
University of Kentucky
, Prof.
Terence Tunberg
established the first Conventiculum, an immersion conference in which participants from all over the world meet annually to exercise the active use of Latin to discuss books and literature, and topics related to everyday life.
[28]
The success of the Conventiculum Lexintoniense has inspired similar conferences throughout the United States.
In October 1996, the
Septentrionale Americanum Latinitatis Vivæ Institutum
(SALVI, or North American Institute for Living Latin Studies) was founded in Los Angeles, by a group of professors and students of Latin literature concerned about the long-term future of classical studies in the US.
[29]
In the
University of Kentucky
, Prof.
Terence Tunberg
founded the
Institutum Studiis Latinis Provehendis
(known in English as the Institute of Latin Studies), which awards Graduate Certificates in Latin Studies addressed at those with a special interest gaining "a thorough command of the Latin language in reading, writing and speaking, along with a wide exposure to the cultural riches of the Latin tradition in its totality".
[30]
This is the only degree-conferring program in the world with courses taught entirely in Latin.
There is also a proliferation of Latin-speaking institutions, groups and conferences in the
Iberian Peninsula
and in Latin America. Some prominent examples of this tendency towards the active use of Latin within Spanish and Portuguese-speaking countries are the annual conferences called Jornadas de Culturaclasica.com, held in different cities of southern Spain, as well as the CAELVM (
Cursus Aestivus Latinitatis Vivae Matritensis
), a Latin summer program in Madrid. In 2012, the
Studium Angelopolitanum
was founded in Puebla, Mexico, by Prof.
Alexis Hellmer
, in order to promote the study of Latin in that country, where only one university grants a degree in Classics.
Most of these groups and institutions organise seminars and conferences where Latin is used as a spoken language, both throughout the year and over the summer, in Europe and in America.
[31]
Less academic summer encounters wholly carried out in Latin are the ones known as
Septimanæ Latinæ Europææ
(European Latin Weeks), celebrated in Germany and attracting people of various ages from all over Europe.
[26]
At the present time, several periodicals and social networking web sites are published in Latin. In France, immediately after the conference at Avignon, the publisher
Theodore Aubanel
launched the magazine
Vita Latina
, which still exists, associated to the CERCAM (
Centre d'Etude et de Recherche sur les Civilisations Antiques de la Mediterranee
) of the
Paul Valery University, Montpellier III
. Until very recently, it was published in Latin in its entirety.
[32]
In Germany, the magazine
Vox Latina
was founded in 1965 by Caelestis Eichenseer (1924?2008) and is to this day published wholly in Latin four times a year in the
University of Saarbrucken
.
[33]
In Belgium, the magazine
Melissa
created in 1984 by Gaius Licoppe is still published six times a year completely in Latin.
[34]
Hebdomada aenigmatum
[35]
is a free online magazine of crosswords, quizzes, and other games in Latin language. It is published by the Italian cultural Association Leonardo in collaboration with the online Latin news magazine
Ephemeris
[36]
and with ELI publishing house.
From 1989 until 2019, Finnish radio station
YLE
Radio 1 broadcast a weekly review of world news called
Nuntii Latini
completely in Latin.
[37]
The German
Radio Bremen
also had regular broadcasts in Latin until December 2017.
[38]
Other attempts have been less successful.
[39]
Beginning from July 2015 Radio F.R.E.I. from
Erfurt
(Germany) broadcasts in Latin once a week on Wednesdays for 15 minutes; the broadcast is called
Erfordia Latina
.
[40]
In 2015, the Italian startup
pptArt
launched its catalogue (
Catalogus
)
[41]
and its registration form for artists (
Specimen ad nomina signanda
)
[42]
in Latin and English.
In 2016, ACEM (
Enel
executives' cultural association) organized with
Luca Desiata
and Daniel Gallagher the first Business Latin course for managers (
Congressus studiorum ? Lingua Latina mercatoria
).
[43]
[44]
The government of
Finland
, during its presidencies of the
European Union
, issued official newsletters in Latin on top of the official languages of the Union.
[45]
In public spaces
[
edit
]
The ATM with Latin instructions
The signs at
Wallsend Metro station
are in English and Latin as a tribute to Wallsend's role as one of the outposts of the Roman empire.
Although less so than in previous eras, contemporary Latin has also been used for public notices in public spaces:
The
Wallsend Metro station
of the
Tyne and Wear Metro
has signs in Latin.
The
Vatican City
has an
automated teller machine
with instructions in Latin.
[46]
Original production
[
edit
]
Some contemporary works have been produced originally in Latin, most overwhelmingly poetry,
[47]
but also prose, as well as music or cinema. They include:
Poetry
[
edit
]
- 1924.
Carminum libri quattuor
by Tomas Vinas.
[48]
- 1946.
Carmina Latina
by A. Pinto de Carvalho.
[49]
- 1954.
Vox Humana
by Johannes Alexander Gaertner.
[50]
- 1962.
Pegasus Tolutarius
by Henry C. Snurr, pen name
Arrius Nurus.
[
la
]
- 1966.
Suaviloquia
by
Jan Novak
.
- 1966.
Cantus Firmus
by Johannes Alexander Gaertner.
[50]
- 1972.
Carmina
by
Traian L?z?rescu
[51]
- 1991.
Periegesis Amatoria
by
Genevieve Imme.
[
la
]
- 1992.
Harmonica vitrea
by
Anna Elissa Radke.
[
la
]
Prose
[
edit
]
Music
[
edit
]
Cinema
[
edit
]
Television
[
edit
]
- 1990.
Mr. Bean
, title sequences.
- 2008.
O Tempora!
by the
Kulturzeit
team (37:44min special broadcast, 22 August 2008) of the German public channel
3sat
.
[
clarification needed
]
[66]
[67]
- 2020?present.
Barbarians
A Netflix TV series using German and Latin dialogue; mostly in German but extensive Latin scenes.
Blogs
[
edit
]
Translations
[
edit
]
Various texts?usually children's books?have been translated into Latin since the beginning of the living Latin movement in the early fifties for various purposes, including use as a teaching tool or simply to demonstrate the capability of Latin as a means of expression in a popular context. They include:
Dictionaries, glossaries, and phrase books for contemporary Latin
[
edit
]
- 1990.
Latin for All Occasions
, a book by
Henry Beard
, attempts to find Latin equivalents for contemporary
catchphrases
.
- 1992?97.
Neues Latein Lexicon
/
Lexicon recentis Latinitatis
by Karl Egger, containing more than 15,000 words for contemporary everyday life.
- 1998.
Imaginum vocabularium Latinum
by Sigrid Albert.
- 1999.
Piper Salve
by Robert Maier, Mechtild Hofmann, Klaus Sallmann, Sabine Mahr, Sascha Trageser, Dominika Rauscher, Thomas Golzhauser.
- 2010.
Visuelles Worterbuch Latein-Deutsch
by
Dorling Kindersley
, translated by Robert Maier.
- 2012.
Septimana Latina
vol. 1+2 edited by Mechtild Hofmann and Robert Maier (based on
Piper Salve
).
See also
[
edit
]
Notes and references
[
edit
]
- ^
Kevin Peachey (30 September 2022).
"King Charles: New coins featuring monarch's portrait unveiled"
.
BBC News
.
- ^
Yancey, P.H. (March 1944). "Introduction to Biological Latin and Greek".
BIOS
.
15
(1): 3?14.
JSTOR
4604798
.
- ^
According to the computerised survey of about 80,000 words in the old Shorter Oxford Dictionary (3rd ed.) published in
Ordered Profusion
by Thomas Finkenstaedt and Dieter Wolff,
Latin influence in English
.
- ^
"Latin Mass resurgent 50 years after Vatican II"
.
USA TODAY
. Retrieved
5 April
2019
.
- ^
"Liber Precum Publicarum ? The Book of Common Prayer in Latin (1560)"
. Society of Archbishop Justus
. Retrieved
10 July
2017
.
- ^
"Liber Precum Publicarum: the 1979 US Book of Common Prayer in Latin"
. Society of Archbishop Justus
. Retrieved
10 July
2017
.
- ^
Jovanovi?, Neven
Croatian Neo?Latin Literature and Its Uses
in LaCourse Munteanu et al (2017)
- ^
White, Eric Walter (1979).
Stravinsky: The Composer and His Works
(2nd ed.). Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 329.
ISBN
9780520039858
.
- ^
See
Almazova, Nina (2017). "De tibicine Pythico ludisque Nemeis".
Mnemosyne
, 4th ser
.
70
(1): 150?158.
As of 2024,
Mnemosyne
no longer accepts articles in Latin.
"Mnemosyne: A Journal of Classical Studies: Instructions for Authors"
(PDF)
.
brill.com
. Retrieved
12 May
2024
.
- ^
"Harvard's Latin Salutatory Address 2007"
. YouTube. 12 June 2007.
Archived
from the original on 15 December 2021
. Retrieved
10 July
2017
.
- ^
"Leka?ska fakulta - Sponse doktorska"
. Archived from
the original
on 30 July 2012
. Retrieved
19 November
2009
.
- ^
IJsewijn, Jozef,
Companion to Neo-Latin Studies. Part I. History and Diffusion of Neo-Latin Literature
, Leuven University Press, 1990, p. 112s.
- ^
Cf. Wilfried Stroh (ed.),
Alaudæ.
Eine lateinische Zeitschrift 1889?1895 herausgegeben von
Karl Heinrich Ulrichs
. Nachdruck mit einer Einleitung von Wilfried Stroh
, Hamburg, MannerschwarmSkript Verlag, 2004.
- ^
Cf.
Volfgangus Jenniges, "
Vox Urbis
(1898?1913) quid sibi proposuerit"
,
Melissa
, 139 (2007) 8?11.
- ^
Published on 23 October 1952 in the French
Bulletin de l'Education Nationale
, an English version of the same was published in
The Classical Journal
and signed by himself and Thomas H. Quigley (
The Classical Journal
, Vol. 49, No. 1, October 1953, pp. 37?40
)
- ^
Goodwin B. Beach, "
The Congress for Living Latin: Another View
",
The Classical Journal
, Vol. 53, No. 3, December 1957, pp. 119?122:
- ^
F. Brittain (1934).
Latin in Church
(first ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 60.
ISBN
9781107675230
.
- ^
"Recommendations of the Classical Association on the Teaching of Latin"
.
Forgottenbooks.com
. Archived from
the original
on 4 March 2016
. Retrieved
1 October
2015
.
- ^
The School World: A Monthly Magazine of Educational Work and Progress
. Vol. 9. Macmillan & Co. 1907.
- ^
E.g. Prof. Edgar H. Sturtevant (
The Pronunciation of Greek and Latin
, Chicago Ares Publishers Inc. 1940) and Prof.
W. Sidney Allen
(
Vox Latina
, A Guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Latin
, Cambridge University Press 1965), who followed in the tradition of previous pronunciation reformers; cf.
Erasmus
's
De recta Latini Græcique sermonis pronuntiatione dialogus
and even
Alcuin
's
De orthographia
.
- ^
"Vincula ? Circulus Latinus Londiniensis"
.
Circuluslatinuslondiniensis.co.uk
. 28 February 2016
. Retrieved
10 July
2017
.
- ^
The fifth conference took place in Pau, France, from the 1st to 5 April 1975.
- ^
"Academia Latinitati Fovendae - SODALES"
. 11 October 2006. Archived from
the original
on 11 October 2006
. Retrieved
9 October
2018
.
- ^
"MELISSA sodalitas perenni Latinitati dicata"
.
Fundatiomelissa.org
. Retrieved
10 July
2017
.
- ^
"Pagina domestica"
.
Latinitati Vivae Provehendae Associatio e.V. (L.V.P.A. e.V)
. Retrieved
10 July
2017
.
- ^
a
b
Robert Maier.
"Septimanae Latinae Europaeae"
.
Septimanalatina.org
. Retrieved
10 July
2017
.
- ^
"Home page"
.
Accademia Vivarium Novum
. Archived from
the original
on 16 November 2011
. Retrieved
16 November
2011
.
- ^
"Conventiculum Latinum | Modern & Classical Languages, Literatures & Cultures"
.
Mcl.as.uky.edu
. Retrieved
10 July
2017
.
- ^
"About Us | SALVI: Septentrionale Americanum Latinitatis Vivae Institutum"
.
Latin.org
. Retrieved
30 November
2023
.
- ^
"Graduate Certificate in Latin Studies ? Institute for Latin Studies | Modern & Classical Languages, Literatures & Cultures"
.
Mcl.as.uky.edu
. Retrieved
10 July
2017
.
- ^
"Annus Latinus"
.
Latinitati Vivae Provehendae Associatio e.V. (L.V.P.A. e.V.)
. Archived from
the original
on 1 January 2009
. Retrieved
21 January
2010
.
- ^
"UPVM | Accueil"
.
Recherche.univ-montp3.fr
(in French). Archived from
the original
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Further reading
[
edit
]
English
[
edit
]
- Jozef IJzewijn,
A companion to neo-Latin studies
, 1977.
- W. H. S. Jones, M.A.
Via Nova or The Application of the Direct Method to Latin and Greek
, Cambridge University Press 1915.
- Robin Meyer, "Curtain Call for Latin" in
The Linguist
vol. 59 no. 1 (2020) pp. 22?23
Spanish
[
edit
]
- Jose Juan del Col
,
¿Latin hoy?
, published by the Instituto Superior Juan XXIII, Bahia Blanca, Argentina, 1998 (
"Microsoft Word - LATINHOY.doc"
(PDF)
.
Juan23.edu.ar
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 5 February 2009
. Retrieved
10 July
2017
.
)
French
[
edit
]
- Guy Licoppe
,
Pourquoi le latin aujourd'hui ?
: (
Cur adhuc discenda sit lingua Latina
)
, s.l., 1989
- Francoise Waquet
,
Le latin ou l'empire d'un signe, XVI
e
?XX
e
siecle
, Paris, Albin Michel, 1998.
- Guy Licoppe
,
Le latin et le politique: les avatars du latin a travers les ages
, Brussels, 2003.
German
[
edit
]
- Wilfried Stroh
,
Latein ist tot, es lebe Latein!: Kleine Geschichte einer großen Sprache
(
ISBN
9783471788295
)