City in Grand Est, France
Prefecture and commune in Grand Est, France
Colmar
(
French
:
Colmar
,
pronounced
[k?lma?]
;
Alsatian
:
Colmer
[?kolm??]
;
German
:
Kolmar
) is a city and
commune
in the
Haut-Rhin
department
and
Grand Est
region
of north-eastern
France
. The third-largest commune in
Alsace
(after
Strasbourg
and
Mulhouse
), it is the seat of the
prefecture
of the Haut-Rhin department and of the
subprefecture
of the
Colmar-Ribeauville
arrondissement
.
The city is renowned for its well-preserved old town, its numerous architectural landmarks and its museums, among which is the
Unterlinden Museum
, which houses the
Isenheim Altarpiece
.
Colmar is located on the
Alsatian Wine Route
and considers itself to be the capital of Alsatian wine (
capitale des vins d'Alsace
).
History
[
edit
]
Imperial City of Colmar
Ville imperiale de Colmar
(
French
)
Reichsstadt Colmer
(
German
)
|
---|
|
Status
| Imperial City
|
---|
Capital
| Colmar
|
---|
Common languages
| Alsatian
|
---|
Government
| City-state
|
---|
Historical era
| Middle Ages
|
---|
|
| 1226
|
---|
| 1354
|
---|
| 1673
|
---|
| 1679
|
---|
|
|
Colmar was first mentioned by
Charlemagne
in his chronicle about Saxon wars.
[3]
This was the location where the
Carolingian
Emperor
Charles the Fat
held a
diet
in 884.
[4]
Colmar was granted the status of a
free imperial city
by Emperor
Frederick II
in 1226.
[3]
In 1354 it joined the
Decapole
city league.
[5]
The city adopted the
Protestant Reformation
in 1575, long after the northern neighbours of
Strasbourg
and
Selestat
.
[6]
During the
Thirty Years' War
, it was taken by the
Swedish
army in 1632, which held it for two years. In 1634, the Schoeman family arrived and started the first town library. In 1635, the city's harvest was spoiled by Imperialist forces while the residents shot at them from the walls.
[7]
The city was conquered by France under King
Louis XIV
in 1673 and officially ceded by the 1679
Treaties of Nijmegen
.
[8]
In 1854 a
cholera
epidemic killed many in the city.
[6]
With the rest of Alsace, Colmar was annexed by the newly formed
German Empire
in 1871 as a result of the
Franco-Prussian War
and incorporated into the
Alsace-Lorraine
province.
[9]
It returned to France after
World War I
according to the 1919
Treaty of Versailles
,
[10]
was annexed by
Nazi Germany
in 1940, and then reverted to French control after the battle of the "
Colmar Pocket
" in 1945.
[11]
Colmar has been continuously governed by conservative parties since 1947, the
Popular Republican Movement
(1947?1977), the
Union for French Democracy
(1977?1995) and the
Union for a Popular Movement
(since 1995), and has had only three mayors during that time.
[12]
The
Colmar Treasure
, a hoard of precious objects hidden by Jews during the
Black Death
, was discovered here in 1863.
[13]
Geography
[
edit
]
Colmar is 64 kilometres (40 mi) south-southwest of
Strasbourg
, at 48.08°N, 7.36°E, on the River Lauch, a tributary of the
Ill
. It is located immediately to the east of the
Vosges
and connected to the
Rhine
in the east by a
canal
.
In 2017 the city had a population of 69,105,
[14]
and the
metropolitan area
of Colmar had a population of 199,234 in 2018.
[15]
Colmar is the centre of the
arrondissement of Colmar-Ribeauville
, which had 211,312 inhabitants in 2017.
[14]
Climate
[
edit
]
Colmar has an
oceanic climate
(
Koppen
:
Cfb
) but it is significantly modified by the city's location far inland, with cold, dry winters and warm to hot, wetter summers.
The city has a sunny
microclimate
and is one of the driest cities in France, with an annual precipitation of just 607 mm (23.9 in), making it ideal for
Alsace wine
. It is considered the capital of the Alsatian wine region.
The dryness results from the town's location next to mountains, which forces clouds arriving from the west to rise and much of their moisture to condense and fall over the higher ground, leaving the air warmed and dried by the time it reaches Colmar.
The city therefore has more of a continental climate and winter and summer temperatures can sometimes be the lowest or highest in France.
Comparison of local Meteorological data with other cities in France
[16]
Town
|
Sunshine
(hours/yr)
|
Rain
(mm/yr)
|
Snow
(days/yr)
|
Storm
(days/yr)
|
Fog
(days/yr)
|
National average
|
1,973
|
770
|
14
|
22
|
40
|
Colmar
|
1,780.7
|
606.6
|
25.7
|
24.8
|
55.4
[17]
|
Paris
|
1,661
|
637
|
12
|
18
|
10
|
Nice
|
2,724
|
767
|
1
|
29
|
1
|
Strasbourg
|
1,693
|
665
|
29
|
29
|
56
|
Brest
|
1,605
|
1,211
|
7
|
12
|
75
|
Climate data for Colmar (1981?2010 averages, extremes 1957?present)
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Record high °C (°F)
|
18.5
(65.3)
|
22.7
(72.9)
|
27.3
(81.1)
|
29.7
(85.5)
|
34.7
(94.5)
|
38.6
(101.5)
|
38.7
(101.7)
|
40.9
(105.6)
|
33.7
(92.7)
|
30.7
(87.3)
|
24.0
(75.2)
|
20.3
(68.5)
|
40.9
(105.6)
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
4.8
(40.6)
|
6.8
(44.2)
|
11.9
(53.4)
|
16.0
(60.8)
|
20.4
(68.7)
|
23.7
(74.7)
|
26.1
(79.0)
|
25.8
(78.4)
|
21.4
(70.5)
|
15.8
(60.4)
|
9.2
(48.6)
|
5.5
(41.9)
|
15.7
(60.3)
|
Daily mean °C (°F)
|
1.7
(35.1)
|
2.8
(37.0)
|
6.9
(44.4)
|
10.4
(50.7)
|
14.9
(58.8)
|
18.0
(64.4)
|
20.2
(68.4)
|
19.7
(67.5)
|
15.8
(60.4)
|
11.3
(52.3)
|
5.7
(42.3)
|
2.7
(36.9)
|
10.9
(51.6)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
?1.4
(29.5)
|
?1.2
(29.8)
|
2.0
(35.6)
|
4.8
(40.6)
|
9.3
(48.7)
|
12.3
(54.1)
|
14.2
(57.6)
|
13.7
(56.7)
|
10.2
(50.4)
|
6.8
(44.2)
|
2.2
(36.0)
|
?0.2
(31.6)
|
6.1
(43.0)
|
Record low °C (°F)
|
?22.0
(?7.6)
|
?24.8
(?12.6)
|
?16.0
(3.2)
|
?7.3
(18.9)
|
?3.1
(26.4)
|
2.1
(35.8)
|
4.0
(39.2)
|
3.2
(37.8)
|
?1.0
(30.2)
|
?7.6
(18.3)
|
?13.1
(8.4)
|
?19.0
(?2.2)
|
?24.8
(?12.6)
|
Average
precipitation
mm (inches)
|
31.7
(1.25)
|
28.8
(1.13)
|
37.4
(1.47)
|
44.7
(1.76)
|
74.2
(2.92)
|
64.2
(2.53)
|
66.8
(2.63)
|
57.0
(2.24)
|
57.8
(2.28)
|
56.9
(2.24)
|
40.1
(1.58)
|
47.7
(1.88)
|
607.3
(23.91)
|
Average precipitation days
(≥ 1 mm)
|
7.1
|
7.0
|
8.5
|
8.9
|
11.2
|
9.6
|
9.4
|
9.1
|
7.9
|
9.3
|
7.3
|
8.5
|
103.9
|
Average snowy days
|
7.0
|
6.2
|
3.6
|
1.1
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
2.7
|
5.1
|
25.7
|
Average
relative humidity
(%)
|
87
|
82
|
76
|
74
|
75
|
72
|
69
|
72
|
76
|
83
|
87
|
88
|
78.4
|
Mean monthly
sunshine hours
|
71.8
|
97.0
|
144.7
|
180.2
|
201.5
|
225.5
|
239.2
|
223.6
|
170.7
|
116.9
|
70.5
|
57.5
|
1,799
|
Source 1: Meteo France
[18]
[19]
[20]
|
Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity and snowy days, 1961?1990)
[21]
|
Population
[
edit
]
Historical population
Year
| Pop.
| ±% p.a.
|
---|
1793
| 13,000
| ?
|
---|
1800
| 11,933
| ?1.22%
|
---|
1806
| 14,465
| +3.26%
|
---|
1821
| 14,300
| ?0.08%
|
---|
1831
| 15,442
| +0.77%
|
---|
1836
| 15,958
| +0.66%
|
---|
1841
| 19,908
| +4.52%
|
---|
1846
| 20,050
| +0.14%
|
---|
1851
| 21,348
| +1.26%
|
---|
1856
| 21,284
| ?0.06%
|
---|
1861
| 22,629
| +1.23%
|
---|
1866
| 23,669
| +0.90%
|
---|
1871
| 23,311
| ?0.30%
|
---|
1875
| 23,990
| +0.72%
|
---|
1880
| 26,106
| +1.70%
|
---|
1885
| 26,537
| +0.33%
|
---|
1890
| 30,399
| +2.75%
|
---|
1895
| 33,146
| +1.75%
|
---|
| Year
| Pop.
| ±% p.a.
|
---|
1900
| 36,844
| +2.14%
|
---|
1905
| 41,791
| +2.55%
|
---|
1910
| 43,808
| +0.95%
|
---|
1921
| 42,255
| ?0.33%
|
---|
1926
| 43,167
| +0.43%
|
---|
1931
| 46,518
| +1.51%
|
---|
1936
| 49,448
| +1.23%
|
---|
1946
| 46,124
| ?0.69%
|
---|
1954
| 47,305
| +0.32%
|
---|
1962
| 52,355
| +1.28%
|
---|
1968
| 59,550
| +2.17%
|
---|
1975
| 64,771
| +1.21%
|
---|
1982
| 62,483
| ?0.51%
|
---|
1990
| 63,498
| +0.20%
|
---|
1999
| 65,136
| +0.28%
|
---|
2007
| 66,560
| +0.27%
|
---|
2012
| 67,257
| +0.21%
|
---|
2017
| 69,105
| +0.54%
|
---|
|
|
Source: EHESS
[22]
and INSEE (1968-2017)
[23]
|
Main sights
[
edit
]
Mostly spared from the destructions of the
French Revolution
and the wars of
1870?1871
,
1914?1918
and
1939?1945
, the cityscape of old-town Colmar is homogenous and renowned among tourists. An area that is crossed by canals of the river Lauch (which formerly served as the butcher's, tanner's and fishmonger's quarter) is now called "little
Venice
" (
la Petite Venise
).
Architectural landmarks
[
edit
]
Colmar's secular and religious architectural landmarks reflect eight centuries of Germanic and French architecture and the adaptation of their respective stylistic language to the local customs and building materials (pink and yellow
Vosges
sandstone
,
timber framing
).
Secular buildings
[
edit
]
- Maison Adolph ? 14th century (German
Gothic
)
- Koifhus, also known as Ancienne Douane
? 1480 (German Gothic)
- Maison Pfister ? 1537 (German
Renaissance
).
- Ancien Corps de garde ? 1575 (German Renaissance)
- Maison des Chevaliers de Saint-Jean ? 1608 (German Renaissance)
- Maison des Tetes ? 1609 (German Renaissance)
- Poele des laboureurs ? 1626 (German
Baroque
)
- Ancien Hopital ? 1736?1744 (French
Classicism
)
- Tribunal de grande instance ? 1771 (French Classicism)
- Hotel de ville ? 1790 (French Classicism)
- Colmar prison
? 1791, formerly a convent built in 1316.
- Cour d'Assises ? 1840 (French
Neoclassicism
)
- Theatre municipal
? 1849 (French Neoclassicism)
- Marche couvert ? 1865 (French
Neo-Baroque
). The city's covered market, built in stone, bricks and cast iron, still serves today.
- Prefecture ? 1866 (French Neo-Baroque)
- Water tower ? 1886. Oldest still preserved
water tower
in Alsace. Out of use since 1984.
- Gare SNCF ? 1905 (German Neo-Baroque)
- Cour d'appel ? 1906 (German Neo-Baroque)
Religious buildings
[
edit
]
- Eglise Saint-Martin
? 1234?1365. The largest church of Colmar and one of the largest in Haut-Rhin. Displays some early stained glass windows, several Gothic and Renaissance sculptures and altars, a grand Baroque organ case. The choir is surrounded by an ambulatory opening on a series of Gothic chapels, a unique feature in Alsatian churches.
- Eglise des
Dominicains
? 1289?1364. Now disaffected as a church, displays
Martin Schongauer
's masterwork
Madonna of the Rose Bower
as well as 14th century stained glass windows and baroque choir stalls. The adjacent
convent
buildings house a section of the municipal library.
- Eglise Saint-Matthieu
? 13th century. Gothic and Renaissance stained glass windows and mural paintings, as well as a wooden and painted ceiling.
- Couvent des
Antonins
? 13th century. Disaffected church and convent buildings notable for a richly ornate cloister. Now housing the Unterlinden Museum (see below).
- Eglise Sainte-Catherine
? 1371. Disaffected church and convent buildings now used as an assembly hall and festival venue (
Salle des
Catherinettes
).
- Chapelle Saint-Pierre
? 1742?1750. Classicist chapel of a former
Jesuit
college.
- Synagogue ? 1843 (Neoclassicism)
Fountains
[
edit
]
- Fontaine de l'Amiral Bruat
? 1864 (Statue by
Bartholdi
)
- Fontaine Roeselmann
? 1888 (Statue by Bartholdi)
- Fontaine Schwendi
? 1898 (Statue by Bartholdi)
Monuments
[
edit
]
- Monument du General Rapp
? 1856 (first shown 1855 in Paris. Statue by Bartholdi, his earliest major work)
- Monument Hirn
? 1894 (Statue by Bartholdi)
- Statue
Les grands soutiens du monde
? 1902 (in the courtyard of the Bartholdi Museum)
- Statue of Liberty
(
Liberty Enlightening the World
) replica
Museums
[
edit
]
- Unterlinden Museum
? one of the main museums in Alsace. Displays the
Isenheim Altarpiece
, a large collection of medieval, Renaissance and baroque
Upper-Rhenish
paintings and sculptures, archaeological artefacts, design and international modern art.
- Musee Bartholdi
? the birthplace of
Frederic Auguste Bartholdi
shows his life and work through paintings, drawings, family objects and furniture as well as numerous plaster, metal and stone sculptures. A section of the museum is further dedicated to the
local Jewish community's heritage
.
[24]
- Musee d'histoire naturelle et d'ethnographie
? the zoological and ethnographic museum of Colmar was founded in 1859. Besides a large collection of taxidermied animals, and artefacts from former French and German colonies in Africa and
Polynesia
, it also houses a collection of ancient
Egyptian
items.
- Musee du jouet
? the town's toy museum, founded 1993.
- Musee des usines municipales
? industrial and technological museum in a former factory, dedicated to the history of everyday technology.
- Choco-Story Colmar - museum presenting the history of chocolate, with regional history displays, the ability to taste different chocolates and artworks made of chocolate
[25]
[26]
Library
[
edit
]
The Municipal Library of Colmar (
Bibliotheque municipale de Colmar
) owns one of the richest collections of
incunabula
in France, with more than 2,300 volumes.
[27]
This is quite an exceptional number for a city that is neither the main seat of a university, nor of a college, and has its explanation in the dissolution of local
monasteries
,
abbeys
and
convents
during the
French Revolution
and the subsequent gift of their collections to the town.
Transport
[
edit
]
The small regional
Colmar Airport
serves Colmar.
The railway station
Gare de Colmar
offers connections to Strasbourg, Mulhouse, Besancon, Zurich and several regional destinations. Colmar was also once linked to
Freiburg im Breisgau
, in Germany and on the other side of the
Rhine
, by the
Freiburg?Colmar international railway
. However the railway bridge over the Rhine between
Breisach
and
Neuf-Brisach
was destroyed in 1945 and never replaced.
Education
[
edit
]
| This section
needs expansion
. You can help by
adding to it
.
(
April 2015
)
|
Senior high schools in Colmar include:
Colmar shares the
Universite de Haute-Alsace
(
Upper Alsace University
) with the neighbouring, larger city of
Mulhouse
. Of the approximately 8,000 students of the UHA, around 1,500 study at the
Institut universitaire de technologie
(IUT) Colmar, at the Colmar branch of the
Faculte des Sciences et Techniques
and at the
Unite de Formation et de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire d'Enseignement Professionalise Superieur
(UFR PEPS).
The
Ecole Complementaire Pour L'Enseignement Japonaise a Colmar
(コルマ?ル補習授業校
Korum?ru Hosh? Jugy? K?
), a
part-time supplementary Japanese school
, is held in Colmar.
[28]
At one time classes were held at the
Centre Cultural de Seijo
.
[29]
Music
[
edit
]
Since 1980, Colmar is home to an
international summer festival of classical music
Festival de Colmar
(also known as
Festival international de musique classique de Colmar
). In its first version (1980 to 1989), it was placed under the artistic direction of the German conductor
Karl Munchinger
. Since 1989, it is helmed by the Russian violinist and conductor
Vladimir Spivakov
.
Economy
[
edit
]
Colmar is an affluent city whose primary economic strength lies in the flourishing tourist industry. But it is also the seat of several large companies:
Timken
(European seat),
Liebherr
(French seat),
Leitz
(French seat), Capsugel France (A division of
Pfizer
).
Every year since 1947, Colmar is host to what is now considered as the biggest annual commercial event as well as the largest festival in Alsace,
[30]
the
Foire aux vins d'Alsace
(Alsacian wine fair).
When
Air Alsace
existed, its head office was on the grounds of
Colmar Airport
.
[31]
Parks and recreation
[
edit
]
By 1991
Lycee Seijo
, a Japanese boarding high school in
Kientzheim
, had established a Japanese cultural center. It housed books and printed materials in Japan and hosted lectures and film screenings.
[32]
Notable people
[
edit
]
- Caspar Isenmann
(1410? ? 1484?), painter
- Martin Schongauer
(1450?1491), painter and engraver
- Georg Wickram
(1502?1562), poet and novelist
- Jean-Francois Rewbell
(1747?1807), diplomat and revolutionist
- Jean Rapp
(1771?1821), lieutenant general
- Conrad Berg
(1785?1852), composer
- Charles Xavier Thomas
(1785?1870), inventor
- Marie Bigot
(1786?1820), musician, pianist and composer, friend of
Haydn
and
Beethoven
- Armand Joseph Bruat
(1796?1855), admiral
- Georges-Charles de Heeckeren d'Anthes
(1812?1895), politician, killer of
Alexander Pushkin
in a duel
- Auguste Nefftzer
(1820?1876), journalist
- Frederic Auguste Bartholdi
(1834?1904), sculptor. He created
Liberty Enlightening the World
(the
Statue of Liberty
).
- Camille See
, (1847?1919), politician
- Jean-Baptiste Lemire
(1867?1945), composer
- Jean-Jacques Waltz
(1873?1951), drawer and caricaturist
- Ernst Stadler
(1883?1914), Alsatian poet
- Paul Wormser
(1905?1944), Olympic epee fencer
- Hans Loewald
(1906?1993), psychoanalyst and theorist
- Jean-Pierre Muller
(1924?2008), Olympic epee fencer
- Bernard Schmitt (economist)
(1929?2014), economist and founder of the "Quantum Economics"
- Christian de Cherge
(1937-1996),
Trappist
monk and one of the
Tibhirine monks
- Guy Roux
(born 1938), football coach
- Pierre Moerlen
(1952?2005), musician, drummer and composer
- Pierre Herme
(born 1961), confectioner, entrepreneur and pastry chef
- Thomas Bloch
(born 1962), musician
- Eric Straumann
(born 1964), politician
- Pascal Elbe
(born 1967), actor, director and screenwriter
- Marc Keller
(born 1968), football player
- Cendrine Wolf
(born 1969), children's author
- Pascal Johansen
(born 1979), football player
- Nicolas Armindo
(born 1982), racing driver
- Amaury Bischoff
(born 1987), football player
- Fabien Schmidt
(born 1989), professional cyclist
- Ryad Boudebouz
(born 1990), Algerian-French footballer
International relations
[
edit
]
Twin towns ? sister cities
[
edit
]
Colmar is
twinned
with:
[33]
Replicas of historical buildings in Malaysia
[
edit
]
Bukit Tinggi Resort
Colmar Tropicale
which is situated in
Bentong
district, State of
Pahang
,
Malaysia
is a resort-theme historical village inspires from the original Colmar commune in France. Colmar Tropicale located 60 km north-east of
Kuala Lumpur
.
North of it, a rebuild of
Chateau du Haut-Kœnigsbourg
is in the Berjaya Hills, hosting an organic resort hotel.
[34]
In popular culture
[
edit
]
Colmar's cityscape (and that of neighbouring
Riquewihr
) served as inspiration for the design of the Japanese animated film
Howl's Moving Castle
. Scenes in the anime
Is the Order a Rabbit?
are also based on this location.
[35]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Repertoire national des elus: les maires"
(in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des donnees publiques francaises. 13 September 2022.
- ^
"Populations legales 2021"
.
The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies
. 28 December 2023.
- ^
a
b
"Colmar"
. Encyclopaedia Britannica
. Retrieved
24 June
2019
.
- ^
BRAEUNER, Gabriel (2005).
Colmar "Un Itineraire a travers l'Histoire"
. p. 60.
ISBN
9782913302563
.
- ^
G. Kobler,
Historisches Lexikon der deutschen Lander
, 7th edition, C.H. Beck, Munich, 2007.
- ^
a
b
"The History of Colmar in 20 key dates"
. Retrieved
25 June
2019
.
- ^
Helfferich, Tryntje, The Thirty Years War: A Documentary History (Cambridge, 2009), pp. 290.
- ^
Nathan Prefer (2015).
Eisenhower's Thorn on the Rhine: The Battles for the Colmar Pocket, 1944-45
. Casemate. p. 18.
- ^
Dan P. Silverman (1971). "The Economic Consequences of Annexation: Alsace-Lorraine and Imperial Germany, 1871-1918".
Central European History
.
4
(1). Cambridge University Press: 34?53.
doi
:
10.1017/S0008938900000431
.
JSTOR
4545591
.
S2CID
146411340
.
- ^
H. Patrick Glenn (1974). "The Local Law of Alsace-Lorraine: A Half Century of Survival".
The International and Comparative Law Quarterly
.
23
(4). Cambridge University Press: 769?790.
doi
:
10.1093/iclqaj/23.4.769
.
JSTOR
758414
.
- ^
"From 1918 to 1945 - The inter-war period and hardships time"
. Retrieved
25 June
2019
.
- ^
"Les maires de Colmar depuis la Revolution francaise"
.
etienne.biellmann.free.fr
. Retrieved
24 September
2019
.
- ^
Campbell Marian, "Treasures of the plague", September 2007
- ^
a
b
"Populations legales en vigueur a compter du 1er janvier 2020"
(PDF)
.
INSEE
. Retrieved
2 January
2020
.
- ^
"Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Colmar (058)"
.
INSEE
. Retrieved
16 June
2022
.
- ^
Paris
,
Nice
,
Strasbourg
,
Brest
- ^
"Normales climatiques 1981-2010 : Colmar"
.
www.lameteo.org
. Retrieved
15 June
2022
.
- ^
"Donnees climatiques de la station de Colmar"
(in French). Meteo France
. Retrieved
28 December
2015
.
- ^
"Climat Alsace"
(in French). Meteo France
. Retrieved
28 December
2015
.
- ^
"climate of Colmar 1981-2010"
(PDF)
(in French).
Meteo-France
. Retrieved
15 June
2022
.
- ^
"Normes et records 1961-1990: Colmar-Meyenheim (68) - altitude 207m"
(in French). Infoclimat
. Retrieved
28 December
2015
.
- ^
Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui
:
Commune data sheet Colmar
,
EHESS
(in French)
.
- ^
Population en historique depuis 1968
, INSEE
- ^
"Un fonds d'art juif trop meconnu"
. dna.fr
. Retrieved
18 August
2016
.
- ^
"Choco Story Colmar"
. Retrieved
20 February
2024
.
- ^
"Chocolate museum of Colmar ? My opinion on Choco Story"
.
My Weekend in Alsace
. Archived from
the original
on 20 February 2024
. Retrieved
20 February
2024
.
- ^
"Welcome to nginx"
. Archived from
the original
on 20 July 2011
. Retrieved
16 November
2009
.
- ^
"
?州の補習授業校一?(平成25年4月15日現在)
" ().
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
(MEXT). Retrieved on 10 May 2014. "Chateau Kiener 24, rue de Verdun, 68000 Colmar, FRANCE"
- ^
"
?州の補習授業校一?
" ().
MEXT
. 2 January 2003. Retrieved on 7 April 2015. "(?校所在地) Centre Cultural de Seijo 28 rue Schulumberger 68000 COLMAR, FRANCE"
- ^
"History of the Wine fair"
. Archived from
the original
on 13 October 2008.
- ^
"World Airline Directory."
Flight International
. 13 February 1975.
247
.
- ^
Iwasaki, Toshio. "Japanese Schools Take Root Overseas."
Journal of Japanese Trade & Industry
.
Japan Economic Foundation
(JEF,
Kokusai Keizai K?ry? Zaidan
), No. 5, 1991. Contributed to
Google Books
by the JEF. p. 25. "Seijo Gakuen has established a cultural center in the nearby city of Colmar which is used to hold lectures introducing aspects of Japan, to show movies, and to keep books and printed materials oii Japan."
- ^
"Colmar et les villes jumelees"
.
colmar.fr
(in French). Colmar
. Retrieved
28 March
2021
.
- ^
"Schloss-Double : China hat jetzt ein Schlosshotel Neuschwanstein - WELT"
.
DIE WELT
. 26 September 2014
. Retrieved
22 February
2017
.
- ^
"Colmar, France: Home of Gochuumon wa Usagi Desu Ka?"
. 1 November 2015.
External links
[
edit
]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Colmar
.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for
Colmar
.
|
---|
|
Founding cities
| | |
---|
Other cities
| |
---|
|
|
---|
International
| |
---|
National
| |
---|
Geographic
| |
---|
Other
| |
---|