Vowel sound represented by ??? in IPA
The
close central rounded vowel
, or
high central rounded vowel
,
[1]
is a type of
vowel
sound used in some spoken
languages
. The symbol in the
International Phonetic Alphabet
that represents this sound is ⟨
?
⟩, and the equivalent
X-SAMPA
symbol is
}
. The sound is also commonly referred to by the name of
its symbol
, "barred u".
The close central rounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the rare
labialized post-palatal approximant
[?]
.
[2]
In most languages this rounded vowel is pronounced with
protruded lips
(
endolabial
). However, in a few cases the lips are compressed (
exolabial
).
Some languages feature the
near-close central rounded vowel
(
listen
ⓘ
), which is slightly lower. It is most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨
??
⟩, ⟨
??
⟩ and ⟨
??
⟩, but ⟨
??
⟩ is also a possible transcription. The symbol ⟨
?
⟩, a conflation of ⟨
?
⟩ and ⟨
?
⟩, is used as an unofficial extension of the IPA to represent this sound by a number of publications, such as
Accents of English
by
John C. Wells
. In the third edition of the
Oxford English Dictionary
, ⟨
?
⟩ represents
free variation
between
/?/
and
/?/
.
Close central protruded vowel
[
edit
]
The
close central protruded vowel
is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨
?
⟩, and that is the convention used in this article. As there is no dedicated
diacritic
for protrusion in the IPA, symbol for the close central rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨
?
⟩, can be used as an
ad hoc
symbol ⟨
??
⟩ for the close central protruded vowel. Another possible transcription is ⟨
??
⟩ or ⟨
??
⟩ (a close central vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.
Features
[
edit
]
- Its
vowel height
is
close
, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a
consonant
.
- Its
vowel backness
is
central
, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a
front vowel
and a
back vowel
.
- Its
roundedness
is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence
[
edit
]
Because central rounded vowels are assumed to have protrusion, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have compression.
Close central compressed vowel
[
edit
]
Close central compressed vowel
|
---|
|
|
|
As there is no official diacritic for compression in the IPA, the centering diacritic is used with the front rounded vowel
[y]
, which is normally compressed. Other possible transcriptions are ⟨
??β?
⟩ (simultaneous
[?]
and labial compression) and ⟨
??
⟩ (
[?]
modified with labial compression
[38]
).
Features
[
edit
]
- Its
vowel height
is
close
, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a
consonant
.
- Its
vowel backness
is
central
, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a
front vowel
and a
back vowel
.
- Its
roundedness
is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.
Occurrence
[
edit
]
This vowel is typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨
?
⟩. It occurs in some dialects of
Swedish
, but see also
close front compressed vowel
. The close back vowels of Norwegian and Swedish are also compressed. See
close back compressed vowel
. It also occurs in
Japanese
as an
allophone
.
Medumba
has a compressed central vowel
[??]
where the corners of the mouth are not drawn together.
[39]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
While the
International Phonetic Association
prefers the terms "close" and "open" for
vowel height
, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^
Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar".
- ^
a
b
Collins & Mees (2003
:128, 131). The source describes the Standard Dutch vowel as front-central
[
??
]
, but more sources (e.g.
van Heuven & Genet (2002)
and
Verhoeven (2005)
) describe it as central
[
?
]
. As far as the raised varieties of this vowel are concerned, Collins and Mees do not describe their exact backness.
- ^
a
b
Watson, Kevin (2007),
"Liverpool English"
(PDF)
,
Journal of the International Phonetic Association
,
37
(3): 351?360,
doi
:
10.1017/s0025100307003180
,
S2CID
232345844
- ^
a
b
Jilka, Matthias.
"Irish English and Ulster English"
(PDF)
. Stuttgart: Institut fur Linguistik/Anglistik, University of Stuttgart. p. 6. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 21 April 2014.
- ^
e.g. in Flemming (2002)
Auditory representations in phonology
, p. 83.
- ^
Olson, Kenneth; Meynadier, Yohann (2015).
"ON MEDUMBA BILABIAL TRILLS AND VOWELS"
.
18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences
: USBkey#0522
. Retrieved
20 November
2021
.
- ^
Labrune, Laurence (2012).
The Phonology of Japanese
. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 25.
ISBN
978-0-19-954583-4
.
- ^
Strandskogen (1979)
, pp. 15, 21.
References
[
edit
]
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A Reference Grammar of Tamazight
, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan
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(2003).
The Dravidian Languages (Cambridge Language Surveys)
. Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press.
ISBN
0-521-77111-0
.
[
permanent dead link
]
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Ladefoged, Peter
; Bhaskararao, Peri; Chase, Nichumeno (1993),
"Phonetic structures of Khonoma Angami"
, in
Maddieson, Ian
(ed.),
Fieldwork studies of targeted languages
, vol. 84, Los Angeles: The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group, pp. 127?141
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,
43
(1): 75?86,
doi
:
10.1017/S0025100312000242
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The Phonetics of English and Dutch
(5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers,
ISBN
9004103406
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ISBN
9781444183092
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Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian
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,
22
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:
10.1017/S002510030000459X
,
S2CID
243772965
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(PDF)
,
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,
29
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:
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,
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Wat is de beste transcriptie voor het Nederlands?
(PDF)
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archived
(PDF)
from the original on 25 March 2017
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(PDF)
,
Australian Journal of Linguistics
,
17
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:
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(PDF)
,
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,
28
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:
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,
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, Acta Iranica,
ISBN
9042909188
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,
34
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doi
:
10.1017/S0025100304001549
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(PDF)
,
Journal of the International Phonetic Association
,
43
(2): 231?241,
doi
:
10.1017/S0025100313000145
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ISBN
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A Critical Introduction to Phonetics
, Continuum International Publishing Group,
ISBN
978-0-8264-8873-2
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A handbook of varieties of English
, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 35?46,
ISBN
3-11-017532-0
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(PDF)
,
Dialectologia
,
9
: 69?94,
ISSN
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Handbook of the International Phonetic Association
, Cambridge University Press, pp. 111?16,
ISBN
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"Japanese"
, in International Phonetic Association (ed.),
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117?119,
ISBN
978-0-52163751-0
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(in Irish), Dublin: Institiuid Teangeolaiochta Eireann,
ISBN
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,
36
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:
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ISBN
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,
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Wat is het beste IPA-symbool voor de
u
van
put
?
. Dag van de Fonetiek. Utrecht.
A summary of the presentation can be found
here
Archived
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.
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,
35
(2): 245,
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:
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,
37
(2): 219?225,
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:
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"Liverpool English"
(PDF)
,
Journal of the International Phonetic Association
,
37
(3): 351?360,
doi
:
10.1017/s0025100307003180
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(1982).
Accents of English
. Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i?xx, 467?674). Cambridge University Press.
doi
:
10.1017/CBO9780511611766
.
ISBN
0-52128541-0
.
External links
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]
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