Style of synthesized electronic music
Chiptune
|
---|
A musician's chiptune setup, involving
Game Boy
consoles
|
Other names
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Stylistic origins
| |
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Cultural origins
| Late 1970s ? early 1980s, Japan
|
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Derivative forms
| |
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|
Bitpop
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Artists
|
Chiptune
is a style of
electronic music
made using the
programmable sound generator
(PSG) sound chips or synthesizers in vintage
arcade machines
,
computers
and
video game consoles
.
[10]
The term is commonly used to refer to
tracker format music
using extremely basic and small samples that an old computer or console could produce (this is the original meaning of the term), as well as music that combines PSG sounds with modern musical styles.
[11]
[12]
[13]
It has been described as "an interpretation of many genres" since any existing song can be arranged in a chiptune style defined more by choice of instrument and
timbre
than specific style elements.
[14]
Technology
[
edit
]
A
waveform generator
is a fundamental module in a sound synthesis system. A waveform generator usually produces a basic geometrical waveform with a fixed or variable
timbre
and variable pitch. Common waveform generator configurations usually included two or three simple waveforms and often a single
pseudo-random-noise
generator (PRNG). Available
waveforms
often included
pulse wave
(whose
timbre
can be varied by modifying the
duty cycle
),
square wave
(a symmetrical pulse wave producing only odd overtones),
triangle wave
(which has a fixed timbre containing only odd
harmonics
but is softer than a square wave), and
sawtooth wave
(which has a bright raspy timbre and contains odd and even harmonics). Two notable examples of systems employing this technology were the
Nintendo Game Boy
portable game console and the
Commodore 64
personal computer. The Game Boy uses two pulse channels (switchable between 12.5%, 25%, 50% and 75% wave duty cycle), a channel for 4-bit
pulse-code modulation
(PCM) playback, and a pseudo-random-noise generator. The Commodore 64 however used the
MOS Technology SID
chip which offered 3 channels, each switchable between pulse, saw-tooth, triangle, and noise. Unlike the Game Boy, the pulse channels on the Commodore 64 allowed full control over wave duty cycles. The SID was a very technically advanced chip, offering many other features including ring modulation and adjustable resonance filters.
[15]
Due to the limited number of voices in early sound chips, one of the main challenges is to produce rich
polyphonic
music with them. The usual method to emulate it is via quick
arpeggios
, which is one of the most relevant features of chiptune music (along with its electronic timbres).
[16]
Some older systems featured a simple
beeper
as their only sound output, as the original
ZX Spectrum
and
IBM PC
; despite this, many skilled programmers were able to produce unexpectedly rich music with this bare hardware, where the sound is fully generated by the system's
CPU
by direct control of the beeper.
History
[
edit
]
1951?1979: Precursors
[
edit
]
The earliest precursors to chip music can be found in the early history of
computer music
. In 1951, the computers
CSIRAC
and
Ferranti Mark 1
were used to perform real-time synthesized digital music in public.
[17]
One of the earliest commercial computer music albums came from the First Philadelphia Computer Music Festival, held August 25, 1978, as part of the Personal Computing '78 show. The First Philadelphia Computer Music Festival recordings were published by Creative Computing in 1979.
[18]
The
Global TV
program
Science International
(1976?1979) credited a
PDP-11/10
for the music.
[19]
Mid-1970s?1980s: Video game origins
[
edit
]
Chiptune music began to appear with the
video game music
produced during the
golden age of video arcade games
. An early example was the opening tune in
Tomohiro Nishikado
's
arcade game
Gun Fight
(1975). The first video game to use a continuous background soundtrack was Tomohiro Nishikado's 1978 release
Space Invaders
, which had four simple
chromatic
descending
bass notes
repeating in
a loop
, though it was dynamic and interacted with the player, increasing pace as the enemies descended on the player.
[20]
The first video game to feature continuous melodic
background music
was
Rally-X
, an arcade game released by
Namco
in 1980, featuring a simple tune that repeats continuously during
gameplay
.
[21]
It was also one of the earliest games to use a
digital-to-analog converter
to produce
sampled
sounds.
[22]
That same year, the first video game to feature
speech synthesis
was also released,
Sunsoft
's
shoot 'em up
arcade game
Stratovox
.
[21]
In the late 1970s, the pioneering
synth-pop
/
electronic dance music
group
Yellow Magic Orchestra
(YMO) were using computers to produce synthesized music.
[23]
Some of their early music, including their 1978 self-titled
debut album
, were
sampling
sounds from popular arcade games such as
Space Invaders
[24]
and
Gun Fight
. In addition to incorporating sounds from contemporary video games into their music, the band would later have a major influence on much of the video game and chiptune music produced during the
8-bit
and
16-bit eras
.
[25]
[26]
Sega
's 1982 arcade game
Super Locomotive
for example featured a chiptune
cover version
of YMO's "
Rydeen
" (1979);
[27]
several later
computer games
also covered the song, such as
Trooper Truck
(1983) by
Rabbit Software
as well as
Daley Thompson's Decathlon
(1984) and
Stryker's Run
(1986) arranged by
Martin Galway
.
By 1983,
Konami
's arcade game
Gyruss
utilized five sound chips along with a digital-to-analog converter, which were partly used to create an electronic rendition of
J. S. Bach's
Toccata and Fugue in D minor
.
[28]
In 1984, former YMO member
Haruomi Hosono
released an album produced entirely from Namco arcade game samples entitled
Video Game Music
, an early example of a chiptune record
[29]
and the first video game music album.
[30]
The record featured the work of Namco's chiptune composers: Toshio Kai (
Pac-Man
in 1980), Nobuyuki Ohnogi (
Galaga
,
New Rally-X
and
Bosconian
in 1981, and
Pole Position
in 1982), and Yuriko Keino (
Dig Dug
and
Xevious
in 1982).
[31]
Early 1980s?1994: FM synthesis
[
edit
]
A major advance for chip music was the introduction of
frequency modulation synthesis
(FM synthesis), first commercially released by
Yamaha
for their
digital synthesizers
and FM
sound chips
, which began appearing in arcade machines from the early 1980s.
[32]
[33]
Arcade game composers utilizing FM synthesis at the time included Konami's
Miki Higashino
(
Gradius
,
Yie-Ar Kung Fu
,
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
) and
Sega
's
Hiroshi Kawaguchi
(
Space Harrier
,
Hang-On
,
Out Run
).
By the early 1980s, significant improvements to
personal computer game
music were made possible with the introduction of
digital
FM synthesis sound.
Yamaha
began manufacturing FM
synth boards
for Japanese computers such as the
NEC PC-8801
and
PC-9801
in the early 1980s, and by the mid-1980s, the PC-8801 and
FM-7
had built-in FM sound. This allowed computer game music to have greater complexity than the simplistic
beeps
from internal speakers. These FM synth boards produced a "warm and pleasant sound" that musicians such as
Yuzo Koshiro
and
Takeshi Abo
utilized to produce music that is still highly regarded within the chiptune community.
[34]
In the early 1980s, Japanese
personal computers
such as the NEC PC-88 and PC-98 featured
audio programming languages
such as
Music Macro Language
(MML) and
MIDI
interfaces, which were most often used to produce video game music.
[35]
Fujitsu
also released the
FM Sound Editor
software for the FM-7 in 1985, providing users with a user-friendly interface to create and edit synthesized music.
[36]
In 1987, FM synthesis became available for Western computers when Canadian company
Ad Lib
released the AdLib Music Synthesizer Card for the
IBM Personal Computer
,
[37]
while Singapore-based
Creative Labs
incorporated the AdLib card's sound chip into its
Sound Blaster
card in 1989.
[38]
Both cards were widely supported by
MS-DOS
game developers in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
The widespread adoption of FM synthesis by consoles would later be one of the major advances of the
16-bit era
, by which time 16-bit arcade machines were using multiple FM synthesis chips.
[32]
A major chiptune composer during this period was
Yuzo Koshiro
.
[39]
Despite later advances in audio technology, he would continue to use older PC-8801 hardware to produce chiptune soundtracks for series such as
Streets of Rage
(1991?1994) and
Etrian Odyssey
(2007?present).
[34]
His soundtrack to
The Revenge of Shinobi
(1989) featured
house
[40]
[41]
and
progressive
techno
compositions
[39]
that fused
electronic dance music
with traditional
Japanese music
.
[42]
The soundtrack
for
Streets of Rage 2
(1992) is considered "revolutionary" and "ahead of its time" for its "
blend of
swaggering house
synths
,
dirty
electro-funk
and
trancey
electronic textures that would feel as comfortable in a
nightclub
as a video game."
[43]
For the soundtrack to
Streets of Rage 3
(1994), Koshiro created a new composition method called the "Automated Composing System" to produce "fast-beat techno like
jungle
",
[44]
resulting in innovative and
experimental sounds
generated automatically.
[45]
Koshiro also composed chiptune soundtracks for series such as
Dragon Slayer
,
Ys
,
Shinobi
, and
ActRaiser
. Another important FM synth composer was the late
Ryu Umemoto
, who composed chiptune soundtracks for various
visual novel
and
shoot 'em up
games.
[46]
1986?present: SID music culture
[
edit
]
Later on, several demo groups moved to using their own music instead of ripped game music. In 1986, Jeroen "Red" Kimmel studied Rob Hubbard's player routine and used it for original demo songs
[47]
before writing a routine of his own in 1987. Hobbyists were also writing their own dedicated music editor software, such as
Chris Hulsbeck
's
Soundmonitor
which was released as a type-in listing in a 1986 issue of the German C-64 magazine
64'er
.
[48]
The practice of SID music composition has continued seamlessly until this day in conjunction with the
Commodore 64
demoscene.
The High Voltage SID Collection
, a comprehensive archive of SID music, contains over 55,000 pieces of SID music.
[49]
Mainstream popularity
[
edit
]
The heyday of chiptune music was the 1980s.
[50]
The earliest commercial chiptune records produced entirely from
sampling
arcade game
sounds have existed since the mid-1980s, an early example being
Haruomi Hosono
's
Video Game Music
in 1984.
[29]
Though entirely chiptune records were uncommon at the time, many mainstream musicians in the
pop rock
,
[51]
hip hop
[52]
and
electronic music
[53]
genres were sampling arcade game sounds and
bleeps
during the
golden age of video arcade games
(late 1970s to mid-1980s), as early as
Yellow Magic Orchestra
's "
Computer Game
" in 1978.
[24]
Buckner & Garcia
's "
Pac-Man Fever
" and the
album of the same name
were major hits in 1982.
[51]
Arcade game sounds were one of the foundational elements of the
electro music
genre, which in turn inspired many other
electronic dance music
genres such as
techno
and
house music
, which were sometimes referred to as "
bleep music
".
[24]
Space Invaders
inspired
Player One's "Space Invaders" (1979)
, which in turn provided the
bassline
for
Jesse Saunders
' "On and On" (1984),
[54]
[55]
the first
Chicago house
track.
[56]
Warp
's record "
Testone
" (1990) by
Sweet Exorcist
sampled video game sounds from Yellow Magic Orchestra's "Computer Game" and defined Sheffield's
bleep techno
scene in the early 1990s.
[57]
After the 1980s, however, chiptune music began declining in popularity.
[50]
Since then, up until the 2000s, chip music was rarely performed live and the songs were nearly exclusively spread as executable programs and other computer file formats. Some of the earliest examples of record label releases of pure chip music can be found in the late 1990s.
[58]
Chiptune music began gaining popularity again towards the end of the 1990s. The first
electroclash
record,
I-F
's "Space Invaders Are Smoking Grass" (1997), has been described as "burbling electro in a vocodered homage to
Atari-era
hi-jinks".
[59]
By the mid-2000s, 8-bit chip music began making a comeback in mainstream pop music, when it was used by acts such as
Beck
(for example, the 2005 song "
Girl
"),
The Killers
(for example, the 2004 song "
On Top
"),
No Doubt
with the song "
Running
", and particularly
The Postal Service
in many of their songs. The low-quality digital
PCM
styling of early game music composers such as Hiroshi Kawaguchi also began gaining popularity.
[60]
In 2003, the
J-pop
girl group
Perfume
,
[61]
[62]
along with producer
Yasutaka Nakata
, began producing music combining chiptunes with
synth-pop
and
electro house
;
[62]
their breakthrough came in 2007 with
Game
, which led to other Japanese female artists using a similar electronic style, including
Aira Mitsuki
,
immi
,
Mizca
,
SAWA
,
Saori@destiny
, and
Sweet Vacation
.
[63]
Electro house producer
Deadmau5
started his career in the late 1990s, with a chiptune and demoscene movements-influenced sound. Three self-released compilations,
Project 56
,
deadmau5 Circa 1998?2002
and
A Little Oblique
, were finished in 2006.
[64]
In 2007, the entirely chiptune album
8-Bit Operators: The Music of Kraftwerk
was released on major mainstream label
Astralwerks
/
EMI
Records, which included several prominent and noted chipmusicians, including Nanoloop
[65]
creator Oliver Wittchow, and LittleSoundDJ
[66]
creator Johan Kotlinski who appears as the artist
Role Model
.
Kraftwerk
founding member
Ralf Hutter
personally selected the tracks.
[67]
A vinyl 12-inch single version was released on February 24, 2007 as a precursor to the full-length CD, and reached as high as number 17
[68]
on the
Billboard
magazine Hot Dance Singles Sales Chart. In March 2007, the CD release reached as high as number 1 on the
CMJ
RPM
(North American college Electronic) charts.
[69]
[70]
Edinburgh-born electronic musician
Unicorn Kid
has helped further popularize chiptune, especially with the song "True Love Fantasy" and other songs from the EP "Tidal Rave" being played on late night radio, including on
BBC Radio 1
, where he played live on the Festive Festival 2011. In Canada,
Eightcubed
and
Crystal Castles
helped the popularity further via the Toronto underground club scene and created a lasting impression with the music video "Heart Invaders" debuting on
MuchMusic
in 2008
[71]
and the single "
Alice Practice
" hitting 29th on
NME
"150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years".
[72]
During the late 2000s, a new wave of chiptune culture took place, boosted by the release of software such as LittleSoundDJ for the
Game Boy
. This new culture has much more emphasis on live performances and record releases than the demoscene and tracker culture, of which the new artists are often only distantly aware.
[73]
In recent years, 8-bit chiptune sounds, or "video game beats", have been used by a number of mainstream pop artists. Examples include artists such as
Kesha
[74]
(most notably in "
Tik Tok
",
[75]
the
best-selling single
of 2010
[76]
),
50 Cent
with the hit single "Ayo Technology",
Robyn
,
Snoop Dogg
,
[75]
Eminem
(for example, "Hellbound"),
Nelly Furtado
, and
Timbaland
(see
Timbaland plagiarism controversy
). The influence of video game sounds can also be heard in contemporary British
electronica
music by artists such as
Dizzee Rascal
and
Kieran Hebden
,
[77]
as well as in
heavy metal
bands such as
DragonForce
.
Grime
music in particular samples sawtooth wave sounds from video games which were popular in
East London
.
[78]
Some
dubstep
producers have also been influenced by video game chiptunes, particularly the work of
Yuzo Koshiro
.
[79]
[80]
[81]
In 2010, a
BBC
article stated that the "sights and sounds of
old-school games
" (naming
Frogger
and
Donkey Kong
as examples) are "now becoming a part of mainstream music and culture."
[50]
Complextro
pioneer
Porter Robinson
has also cited video game sounds, or chiptunes, as an influence on his style of music along with 1980s
analog synth
music.
[82]
Tracker chiptunes
[
edit
]
The
Commodore Amiga
(1985) with its sample-based sound generation distanced the concept of microcomputer music away from plain chip-synthesized sounds. Amiga
tracker music software
, beginning from Karsten Obarski's
Ultimate Soundtracker
(1987), inspired great numbers of computer enthusiasts to create computer music. As an offshoot of the burgeoning tracker music culture, a type of tracker music reminiscent of Commodore 64 SID music was born, that utilized simple waveforms instead of digitized samples. This type of music came to be called "chiptunes", referring to the sound of early video game console and home computer sound chips.
Earliest examples of tracker chiptunes date back to 1989 and are attributed to the
demoscene
musicians
4mat
, Baroque,
TDK
, Turtle and Duz. Tracker chiptunes are based on very short looped waveforms which are modulated by tracker effects such as
arpeggio
,
vibrato
, and
portamento
. A very common loop length is 128 samples, which at an approximate sample rate of 17 kHz misses a C note by a few
cents
.
There is at least one commercial game for the Amiga, Nebulus II, that used chiptune style music, although with some conventional sampled instrument sounds as well as speech. The game apparently was initially planned for release for the C64 but was canceled.
The small amount of sample data made tracker chiptunes far more space-efficient than most other types of tracker music, which made them appealing to size-limited demoscene demos and
crack intros
. Tracker chiptunes have also been commonly used in other
warez scene
executables such as
keygens
.
Nowadays the term "chiptune" is also used to cover chip music using actual chip-based synthesis, but some sources such as the Amiga Music Preservation project still define a chiptune specifically as a small
tracker module
.
[83]
Modern trackers used today include OpenMPT, Famitracker, Furnace and Goattracker.
Contemporary chiptune music
[
edit
]
These are examples of modern-day chiptune tracks distributed as stand-alone music files without being a part of a video game soundtrack.
The chip
scene
has become relevant thanks to "
compos
" being held, groups releasing
music disks
and with the
cracktro
/demo scene. New
tracker
tools are used for making chip sounds available to less tech-savvy musicians. The
NES
platform has the MidiNES, a cartridge that turns the system into a full blown hardware MIDI controlled synthesizer. Around 2007, the Mssiah was released for the
Commodore 64
, which is very similar to the MidiNES, but with greater parameter controls, sequencing, analog drum emulation, and limited sample playback. The
Commodore PET
has the
open-source
PetSynth
software, which uses the PET's
6522
chip for sound, allows the computer to be played like a piano keyboard, and features many effects. On the
DOS
platform,
Fast Tracker
is one of the most famous chiptune makers because of the ability to create hand-drawn samples with the mouse. Chiptune artist
Pixelh8
has also designed music software such as Music Tech
[84]
for the Game Boy and the Pro Performer
[85]
for the
Game Boy Advance
and
Nintendo DS
which turn both machines into real time synthesizers.
There have been a number of television segments featuring chiptunes and chip music artists in the past few years. On April 11, 2005,
8 Bit Weapon
played their songs "Bombs Away" and "Gameboy Rocker" on
G4
's
Attack of the Show
live broadcast Episode #5058.
[86]
[87]
In 2008, as a parody of
Masterpiece Theatre
, the first four episodes of
Boing Boing Video
'
s
SPAMasterpiece Theater
opened with a chiptune remix of
Jean-Joseph Mouret
's "
Rondeau: Fanfare
" (1735) by Hamhocks Buttermilk Johnson.
[88]
Another chipmusic feature included little-scale, Dot.AY,
Ten Thousand Free Men & Their Families
and Jim Cuomo on the Australian
ABC2
's television series
Good Game
in 2009.
[89]
The
Electronic Frontier Foundation
in December 2010 used a faux 8-bit game with an 8-bit sound track by crashfaster to demonstrate its notable legal achievements for that year.
[90]
In March 2012, the
Smithsonian American Art Museum
's "The Art of Video Games" exhibit opened featuring a chipmusic soundtrack at the entrance by artists
8 Bit Weapon
&
ComputeHer
. 8 Bit Weapon also created a track called "The art of Video Games Anthem" for the exhibit.
[91]
In September 2015, the first music compilation based on
Domo (NHK)
, Domo Loves Chiptune, was released on iTunes, Amazon, and all major music streaming services.
[92]
[93]
The compilation features top artists in the Chiptune genre such
Anamanaguchi
and
Disasterpeace
. Domo Loves Chiptune also features the first Chiptune remix of the Domo theme song by Mystery Mansion. The New York City chiptune scene was also the subject of a documentary called
Reformat the Planet
by
2 Player Productions
. This film was an official selection at the 2008
South by Southwest
.
[94]
Chip music has returned to 21st-century gaming, either in full-chip music style or using chip samples in the music. Popular games that feature chiptune elements in their soundtracks include
Shovel Knight
[95]
and
Undertale
.
[96]
Events
[
edit
]
Events take place all around the world that focus around the celebration and recognition of chiptune music.
Blip Festival
[
edit
]
MAGFest's Chipspace
[
edit
]
In the United States, during
Super MAGFest
?a yearly convention that hosts a variety of video game-related events?popular chiptune artists such as
goto80
and
Chipzel
have previously performed on the Concert Hall mainstage. A chiptune-focused mainstage show (aptly named "Chip Rave") typically occurs on the third day of the convention within the concert hall and has featured countless prominent faces in the chiptune community.
Super MAGFest also holds a continuous venue called Chipspace, a place where participants in the chiptune community go on-stage and perform their music through an open mic system.
[97]
Originally started by Chiptunes=WIN
[98]
founder Brandon L. Hood and maintained by geekbeatradio,
[99]
Chipspace has evolved over the course of MAGFest's lifespan to bring chiptune fans closer together.
[100]
Among these daily performances are showcases, which are curated by chiptune
netlabels
such as Chiptunes = WIN, geekbeatradio, and more.
[101]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
"How 8-bit music, or chiptune, moved from illicit origins to mainstream popularity"
. Australia: ABC News. August 9, 2019.
Archived
from the original on February 11, 2021
. Retrieved
February 15,
2021
.
- ^
Limer, Eric (November 15, 2016).
"Quit Wasting Time on Phone Games and Write Chiptunes Instead"
.
Popular Mechanics
.
Archived
from the original on December 6, 2022
. Retrieved
April 11,
2024
.
- ^
Silver, Curtis (July 24, 2012).
"Professor Shyguy Gives a Lesson in Chiptunes Pop Rock With Geekotica"
.
Wired
.
Archived
from the original on March 22, 2023
. Retrieved
April 11,
2024
.
- ^
DJ Zobe (January 7, 2014).
"The Asian Electronic Music Connection: Germany had Kraftwerk, Japan had Yellow Magic Orchestra"
.
The Microscopic Giant
.
Archived
from the original on May 26, 2021
. Retrieved
May 26,
2021
.
- ^
Enis, Eli (October 27, 2020).
"This is Hyperpop: A Genre Tag for Genre-less Music"
.
Vice
.
Archived
from the original on October 29, 2021
. Retrieved
January 4,
2021
.
The PC Music sound is an undeniable influence on hyperpop, but the style also pulls heavily from rap of the cloud, emo and lo-fi trap variety, as well as flamboyant electronic genres like trance, dubstep and chiptune.
- ^
"Future Bass Music Gets a Kawaii Makeover"
.
Anime News Network
.
Archived
from the original on August 28, 2022
. Retrieved
May 4,
2021
.
Last year's slowalk finds them shifting into more reflective territory, combining Books-style sampling with an assortment of bells, 8-bit blurps, and more sounds straight from the playroom.
- ^
Reformat the Planet
(Motion picture). 2 Player Productions. March 2008.
- ^
Carnes, Aaron (December 12, 2016).
"LA's Chiptune Scene Is More Than Just Nerds with Game Boys"
.
Vice
.
Archived
from the original on March 15, 2024
. Retrieved
March 15,
2024
.
- ^
Jackson, Nate (July 1, 2011).
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Los Angeles Times
. Retrieved
June 7,
2024
.
- ^
Kevin, Driscoll; Diaz, Joshua (2009).
"Endless loop: A brief history of chiptunes"
.
Transformative Works and Cultures
.
2
.
doi
:
10.3983/twc.2009.0096
.
Archived
from the original on May 25, 2015
. Retrieved
October 23,
2010
.
- ^
"Trackerien tarina ? modit soivat yha"
(PDF)
.
Skrolli
: 37. September 15, 2014.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on August 18, 2016
. Retrieved
August 30,
2015
.
- ^
Friedman, Ian.
"Top 5 Chiptune Artists"
. DJZ.com. Archived from
the original
on June 20, 2014
. Retrieved
March 13,
2012
.
- ^
Houston, Niamh
(November 4, 2014).
"Music Made on Game Boys Is a Much Bigger Deal Than You'd Think"
.
Archived
from the original on June 22, 2020
. Retrieved
June 22,
2020
.
- ^
Interactive Composition: Strategies Using Ableton Live and Max for Live
. Oxford University Press. 2015. p. 159.
ISBN
9780199973828
.
Archived
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. Retrieved
July 23,
2019
.
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Further reading
[
edit
]
- McAlpine, Kenneth B. (2018).
Bits and Pieces: A History of Chiptunes
. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
ISBN
978-0-19-049609-8
.
External links
[
edit
]
This audio file
was created from a revision of this article dated 19 June 2020
(
2020-06-19
)
, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
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