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Carlos I of Portugal

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Carlos I
Photograph c. 1907
King of Portugal
Reign 19 October 1889 ?
1 February 1908
Acclamation 28 December 1889
Predecessor Luis I
Successor Manuel II
Prime Ministers
See list
Born 28 September 1863
Ajuda Palace , Lisbon , Portugal
Died 1 February 1908 (aged 44)
Terreiro do Paco , Lisbon, Portugal
Burial
Pantheon of the Braganzas
Spouse
​
( m.  1886) ​
Issue
Detail
House Braganza [1]
Father Luis I
Mother Maria Pia of Savoy
Religion Roman Catholicism
Signature Carlos I's signature

Dom Carlos I ( Portuguese pronunciation: [?ka?lu?] ; Charles ; 28 September 1863 ? 1 February 1908), known as the Diplomat ( Portuguese : o Diplomata ), the Martyr ( Portuguese : o Martirizado ), and the Oceanographer ( Portuguese : o Oceanografo ), [2] among many other names, was King of Portugal from 1889 until his assassination in 1908. He was the first Portuguese king to die a violent death since King Sebastian in 1578.

Early life [ edit ]

The baptism of Dom Carlos, c.  1863
Carlos I of Portugal on a 20 Reis coin, 1891

Carlos was born in Lisbon , Portugal , the son of King Luis and Queen Maria Pia , daughter of King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy , and was a member of the House of Braganza . [1] He had a brother, Infante Afonso, Duke of Porto . He was baptised with the names Carlos Fernando Luis Maria Victor Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Xavier Francisco de Assis Jose Simao . [3] [4]

He had an intense education and was prepared to rule as a constitutional monarch. In 1883, he traveled to Italy, the United Kingdom, France and Germany, where he increased his knowledge of the modern civilization of his time. In 1883, 1886 and 1888, he ruled as Regent as his father was traveling in Europe, as had become traditional among the Portuguese constitutional kings. His father Luis I advised him to be modest and to study with focus. [ citation needed ]

His first bridal candidate was one of the daughters of German Emperor Frederick III , but the issue of religion presented an insurmountable problem, and diplomatic pressure from the British government prevented the marriage. He then met and married Princess Amelie of Orleans , eldest daughter of Philippe, comte de Paris , pretender to the throne of France. [5]

Reign [ edit ]

Photograph of Infante Carlos, c.  1886

Carlos became king on 19 October 1889. After the 1890 British Ultimatum , a series of treaties were signed with the United Kingdom . One signed in August 1890 defined colonial borders along the Zambezi and Congo rivers, whereas another signed on 14 October 1899 confirmed colonial treaties dating back to the 17th century. These treaties stabilised the political balance in Africa, ending Portuguese claims of sovereignty on the Pink Map , a geographical conception of how Portuguese colonies would appear on a map if the territory between the coastal colonies of Angola and Mozambique could be connected with territory in central Africa. These central African territories became part of the British Empire with the Portuguese concession becoming a source of national resentment in the country. [ citation needed ]

Domestically, Portugal declared bankruptcy twice ? on 14 June 1892, then again on 10 May 1902 ? causing industrial disturbances, socialist and republican antagonism and press criticism of the monarchy. Carlos responded by appointing Joao Franco as prime minister and subsequently accepting parliament's dissolution. [5]

As a patron of science and the arts, King Carlos took an active part in the celebration of the 500th anniversary of the birth of Prince Henry the Navigator in 1894. The following year he decorated the Portuguese poet Joao de Deus in a ceremony in Lisbon. [ citation needed ]

Carlos took a personal interest in deep-sea and maritime exploration and used several yachts named Amelia on his oceanographical voyages. He published an account of his own studies in this area. [5]

Assassination [ edit ]

Main article: Lisbon Regicide
Portrait of Carlos I by Alfredo Roque Gameiro , c.  1902

On 1 February 1908, the royal family was returning to Lisbon from the Ducal Palace of Vila Vicosa in Alentejo , where they had spent part of the hunting season during the winter. The royal party traveled by train to Barreiro , from there taking a steamer to cross the Tagus River and disembarking at Cais do Sodre in central Lisbon. On their way to the royal palace, the open carriage containing Carlos I and his family passed through the Terreiro do Paco fronting on the river. In spite of recent political unrest there was no military escort, except for a single mounted officer [6] riding by the carriage. [7] While the carriage was crossing the square at dusk, shots were fired from amongst the sparse crowd by two republican activists, Alfredo Luis da Costa and Manuel Buica . [8]

Buica, a former army sergeant and sharpshooter, fired five shots from a rifle hidden under his long overcoat. The king died immediately, his heir Luis Filipe was mortally wounded, and Prince Manuel was hit in the arm. The queen escaped injury. The two assassins were killed on the spot by police, and an innocent bystander, Joao da Costa, was also shot dead in the confusion. The royal carriage turned into the nearby Navy Arsenal, where, about twenty minutes later, Prince Luis Filipe died. Several days later, the younger son, Prince Manuel , was proclaimed king of Portugal. He was the last of the Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dynasty and the final king of Portugal. [9]

Marriage and children [ edit ]

Carlos I and Dona Maria Amelia with their firstborn son, 1888

Carlos I was married to Princess Amelie of Orleans in 1886. She was a daughter of Philippe, Count of Paris , and Princess Marie Isabelle of Orleans . Their children were:

Allegedly, Carlos I had several extramarital relationships, from which some bastards were born. He may have had a daughter from an American. [10] By Grimaneza Viana de Lima, a Peruvian widow of a Brazilian diplomat, he possibly had a daughter called Maria Pia, born before 1902. Grimaneza was his last great passion. [11] Allegedly, he also had, from the Brazilian Maria Amelia Laredo e Murca, another bastard daughter, born in 1907 and also called Maria Pia . [12] [13] [14] During his life, Carlos I never officially recognized the paternity of any bastard child, despite the fact that he himself was responsible for fueling suspicions about his illegitimate offspring. [15]

Honours [ edit ]

Portuguese [16]
Foreign [16]

Ancestry [ edit ]

Citations [ edit ]

  1. ^ a b "While remaining patrilineal dynasts of the duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha according to pp. 88, 116 of the 1944 Almanach de Gotha , Title 1, Chapter 1, Article 5 of the 1838 Portuguese constitution declared, with respect to Ferdinand II of Portugal 's issue by his first wife, that 'the Most Serene House of Braganza is the reigning house of Portugal and continues through the Person of the Lady Queen Maria II'. Thus their mutual descendants constitute the Coburg line of the House of Braganza"
  2. ^ Saldanha, Luiz (1997). One Hundred Years of Portuguese Oceanography: In the Footsteps of King Carlos de Braganca . Setubal: Museu Bocage, Museu Nacional de Historia Natural. p. 196.
  3. ^ "Carlos I (Rei D.)" . Centro de Estudos de Sociologia e Estetica Musical . Fundacao da Casa de Braganca . Retrieved 20 February 2022 .
  4. ^ Newton, Michael (2014). Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia . Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 73. ISBN   978-1610692861 . Retrieved 20 February 2022 .
  5. ^ a b c Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). "Carlos I."  . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  6. ^ Pinto Basto, Guilherme (1997). "The Tragedy of Lisbon" . British Historical Society of Portugal Annual Report (24) . Retrieved 29 January 2020 .
  7. ^ Newitt, Malyn (12 November 2019). The Braganzas . Reaktion Books, Limited. p. 284. ISBN   978-1-78914-125-2 .
  8. ^ de Castro, Anibal Pinto (2008). O Regicidio de 1908 . Civilizacao Editora. pp. 111 & 120. ISBN   978-972-26-2677-4 .
  9. ^ Pinto de Castro, Anibal (2008). O Regicidio de 1908 . Civilizacao Editora. pp. 132?133. ISBN   978-972-26-2677-4 .
  10. ^ Lencastre, Isabel (2012). Bastardos Reais . Oficina do Livro. pp. 211?223.
  11. ^ Count of Mafra (1994). Diario de um Monarquico 1911-1913 . Fundacao Engenheiro Antonio de Almeida. p. 189.
  12. ^ Medina, Joao (1990). Historia contemporanea de Portugal (2º Volume) ? Monarquia Constitucional: das origens do liberalismo a queda da realeza . Multilar. p. 213.
  13. ^ "Princess Maria Pia of Saxe-Coburg, Duchess of Braganza" in CHILCOTE, Ronald H.; The Portuguese Revolution: State and Class in the Transition to Democracy , page 37. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers; Reprint edition (31 August 2012).
  14. ^ "...Her Royal Highness D. Maria Pia of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Braganza, the Crown Princess of Portugal" in Jean Pailler; Maria Pia of Braganza: The Pretender . New York: ProjectedLetters, 2006;
  15. ^ Brandao, Raul (1998). Memorias, Tomo I . Relogio d´Agua. p. 168.
  16. ^ a b Albano da Silveira Pinto (1883). "Serenissima Casa de Braganca" . Resenha das Familias Titulares e Grandes des Portugal (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Lisboa F.A. da Silva. p. xv.
  17. ^ "A Szent Istvan Rend tagjai" Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ Jørgen Pedersen (2009). Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559?2009 (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 468. ISBN   978-87-7674-434-2 .
  19. ^ "Schwarzer Adler-orden" , Koniglich Preussische Ordensliste (in German), vol. 1, Berlin, 1886, p.  9 {{ citation }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link )
  20. ^ Staatshandbucher fur das Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (1890), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 43
  21. ^ "Ludewigs-orden", Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste (in German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1907, p. 7
  22. ^ Staatshandbuch fur das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach Archived 6 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine (1900), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 16
  23. ^ Sachsen (1901). "Koniglich Orden". Staatshandbuch fur den Konigreich Sachsen: 1901 . Dresden: Heinrich. p.  4 – via hathitrust.org.
  24. ^ Italia : Ministero dell'interno (1898). Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia . Unione tipografico-editrice. p.  54 .
  25. ^ a b Justus Perthes, Almanach de Gotha (1908) p. 66
  26. ^ 刑部芳則 (2017). 明治時代の?章外交儀? (PDF) (in Japanese). 明治聖?記念??紀要. p. 149.
  27. ^ "Ordinul Carol I" [Order of Carol I]. Familia Regal? a Romaniei (in Romanian). Bucharest . Retrieved 17 October 2019 .
  28. ^ "???????????????????????????????????????????? (?????????? ?? ???? ???)" (PDF) . Royal Thai Government Gazette (in Thai). 11 June 1899. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 8 May 2019 .
  29. ^ "Caballeros de la insigne orden del toison de oro" , Guia Oficial de Espana (in Spanish), 1908, p. 152 , retrieved 15 December 2019
  30. ^ "Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III" , Guia Oficial de Espana (in Spanish), 1908, p. 156 , retrieved 15 December 2019
  31. ^ Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1905, p. 440 , retrieved 6 January 2018 – via runeberg.org
  32. ^ Norges Statskalender (in Norwegian), 1890, pp. 595?596 , retrieved 6 January 2018 – via runeberg.org
  33. ^ Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England , I , London, p. 70
  34. ^ Shaw, p. 416

General references [ edit ]

  • Jean Pailler: D. Carlos I ? Rei de Portugal: Destino Maldito de um Rei Sacrificado . Bertrand, Lisbon, 2001, ISBN   978-972-25-1231-2
  • Jean Pailler: Maria Pia: A Mulher que Queria Ser Rainha de Portugal . Bertrand, Lisbon, 2006, ISBN   972-25-1467-9
  • Manuel Amaral: Portugal ? Dicionario Historico, Corografico, Heraldico, Biografico, Bibliografico, Numismatico e Artistico , Volume II, 1904?1915, pags. 759
  • Rui Ramos: D. Carlos , Temas e Debates, Lisbon, 2007.
  • New York Times: 2 February 1908 Issue https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1908/02/02/issue.html
Carlos I of Portugal
Cadet branch of the House of Aviz
Born: 28 September 1863   Died: 1 February 1908
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Portugal
19 October 1889 ? 1 February 1908 		Succeeded by
Portuguese royalty
Preceded by Prince Royal of Portugal
28 September 1863 ? 19 October 1889 		Succeeded by
Duke of Braganza
28 September 1863 ? 19 October 1889
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