City in Campeche, Mexico
San Francisco de Campeche
[2]
(
pronounced
[sa?
f?an?sisko
ðe
kam?pet?e]
;
Yucatec Maya
:
Ahk'iin Pech
,
pronounced
[aχk?iːn??
p?et?]
), 19th c., also known simply as
Campeche
, is a city in
Campeche Municipality
in the
Mexican state
of
Campeche
, on the shore of the
Bay of Campeche
in the
Gulf of Mexico
. Both the seat of the municipality and the state's capital, the city had a population of 220,389 in the 2010 census,
[3]
while the municipality had a population of 259,005.
[3]
The city was founded in 1540 by
Spanish
conquistadores
as
San Francisco de Campeche
atop the pre-existing
Maya
city of
Can Pech
. Little trace remains of the
Pre-Columbian
city.
The city retains many of the old colonial Spanish city walls and fortifications which protected the city from
pirates
and
buccaneers
. The state of preservation and quality of its architecture earned it the status of a
World Heritage Site
in 1999.
[4]
[5]
Campeche is (along with
Quebec City
) one of the only cities in North America with most of its historic old city walls intact. Originally, the Spaniards lived inside the walled city, while the
indigenous Maya people
lived in the surrounding
barrios
of San Francisco, Guadalupe, and San Roman. These barrios still retain their original churches; the one in Guadalupe is almost 500 years old.
History
[
edit
]
The modern city of San Francisco de Campeche was founded in 1540 by
Francisco de Montejo
upon the site of
Can Pech
, the former capital city of a Maya chiefdom. The city of Campeche was terrorized by pirates and marauders (such as the
1633 Sack of Campeche
and the
1663 Sack of Campeche
) until the city constructed major fortifications. The fortifications were started in 1686 and completed in 1704.
[6]
First expedition
[
edit
]
The
Hernandez de Cordoba expedition
of 1517 was the first Spanish expedition to reach Campeche, and its members were among the first Europeans to set foot on the
Yucatan Peninsula
. The expedition left the island of
Cuba
on February 8
[7]
and reached
Isla Mujeres
and
Cabo Catoche
in early March. They continued westward around the peninsula.
Bernal Diaz del Castillo
was the only member of that expedition to write an account of these events. In
his account
, he wrote that on Sunday March 22, they sighted and debarked at a village on the coast. This village was
Can Pech
, the capital of the Maya city-state of the same name.
[8]
This happened to be the day of veneration of
Saint Lazarus of Bardiaboch
,
[9]
which is why Hernandez de Cordoba baptized the place with that name.
[10]
In need of water, the Spaniards landed and supplied themselves from a well. As the Mayans approached, the Spaniards indicated by means of signs that they came in peace; the
Maya chief
asked them if they came from where the sun rises, mentioning the word "castilan". The Spaniards, surprised to hear this word, responded affirmatively, and the chief invited them to his city, where
copal
was lit. By means of signs, the
Maya chief
indicated to the expeditionaries that they should leave the city before the fire went out. Meanwhile, Mayan warriors were arriving at the place. Based on their recent experience at Cabo Catoche, the Spanish decided to leave. They would later encounter rough seas which caused them to lose the water they had just collected. This in turn forced them to land at
Chakan Putum
, where a
fierce battle
between Mayans and Spaniards took place.
[10]
Conquest
[
edit
]
After the
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
,
Francisco de Montejo
requested permission from
Charles V
to conquer the Yucatan Peninsula. In 1526, the Spanish crown granted Montejo the title of "Adelantado, governor, sheriff and captain general of Yucatan". His conquest of
Chakan Putum
and
Can Pech
were part of the
Spanish conquest of Yucatan
, which was carried out in three stages.
In the first stage (1527 to 1529), Montejo ventured along the eastern coast of the peninsula with the help of the captain
Alonso Davila
, whom he had known since Cortes' expedition, but they were repelled by the Maya.
In the second stage (1530-1535), Montejo ventured into the west, where he founded “Salamanca de Campeche” in 1531. Montejo sent Alonso Davila to cross the peninsula south, where he founded “Villa Real” in
Bacalar
, but this position soon had to be abandoned.
Montejo’s son
was defeated in battle at
Chichen Itza
towards the end of 1534, after which the Spaniards abandoned the peninsula for five years.
[11]
In the third stage (1540-1547), Montejo arrived in Ciudad Real de Chiapa (
San Cristobal de las Casas
) in 1540, where he gave instructions to Francisco Gil to be in charge of
Champoton
. In 1546, when the conquest of Yucatan seemed to be over, Montejo and his wife traveled to San Francisco de Campeche to meet with
his son
and
his nephew
. The Maya had organized in secret, and a great rebellion broke out on the night of 8 November 1546 (
5 Cimi 19 Xul
, end of the
Mesoamerican Long Count calendar
). Montejo’s son and nephew took up arms to end the rebellions the following year.
[11]
Viceroyalty period
[
edit
]
Like most cities constructed by the Spanish conquistadors, the city of Campeche was designed in a standard military fashion based on a
grid plan
,
[12]
with a
Plaza de Armas
near its center.
[13]
Around this main square were located the
Campeche Cathedral
, the
Royal Audience
and the houses of the highest-ranking officials. A
pillory
? a column that served as a symbol of Spanish power and justice ? stood in the center of the plaza. The jail, the
municipal palace
and the defense tower would be built soon after. The market was located around a smaller plaza.
The Spanish residents lived and worked near the main square, in the current neighborhood of San Roman, while the indigenous Maya people lived in the old pre-Hispanic settlements ? currently the neighborhoods of San Francisco and Siete de Agosto. The Naborios, indigenous Mexicans who arrived with the conquistadors, occupied the San Roman neighborhood, while the slaves from Africa lived in the neighborhoods of Santa Ana and Santa Lucia.
The city served as the base of operations for the conquest of the rest of Yucatan (1542?1546), beginning with the occupation of
Ti'ho
, an abandoned settlement of the Mayan
Itza people
, where the Spanish founded
Merida
, the provincial capital, in 1542.
The armed conquest was followed by an ideological conquest which consisted of the
indoctrination
of the Maya people with European cultural ideology, particularly that of the Catholic religion. The first
religious order
that arrived in Campeche was that of the
Franciscans
, who arrived in Campeche in 1535. They were soon forced to leave due to a series of difficulties raised by both indigenous and Spanish people, but they returned in 1540. That year, they began the construction of a temple and convent dedicated to
San Francisco
. The Franciscans
evangelized throughout the Yucatan Peninsula
with no competition from other
religious orders
, such as the
Jesuits
or the
Dominicans
were competing for the territory from that point forward.
[14]
In 1542, the king proclaimed the calls
New Laws
, which established the freedom of the Indians as subjects of the Crown. Slavery was legally abolished, but would continue by other means. The parcel subject a certain number of peoples to a Spaniard, to whom they had to pay in kind (wax, cotton blankets) and labor. Those who were not entrusted were under the royal jurisdiction and received the name of "peoples of the Royal Crown." The indigenous tributaries of the
encomiendas espanol
, continued to suffer a treatment that was practically slavery. The friars of the different religious orders present fought to defend the rights of the indigenous people, preserve their freedom and limit the abuses of the conquerors. Thanks to this, in 1547,
Felipe II of Spain
issued a royal identity card in favor of the personal freedom of the natives, and to make sure that their interests were fulfilled, he created a
City Hall Mayor
for the province of Yucatan.
[15]
Trade and piracy
[
edit
]
Campeche's position in the
Gulf of Mexico
made it the main port of the
Yucatan Peninsula
, standing out as a point of connection with the foreigner, which allowed the economic boom and population growth. From there, from early times, the cargoes of the so-called
palo de Campeche
, also known as "dye stick", a native product of the region that would lead to large estates, among which are counted,
Uayamon
, Xanabchakan and Mucuychacan, to mention three of them, and also of
salt
. The port of Campeche also gained fame for its
Shipyards
industry.
The commercial monopoly of
Spain
, implemented by the
House of Hiring of the Indies
to their domains, which prohibited them from trading even among themselves and with other nations, led to illegal practices such as
piracy
. One of the measures to stop them was promulgated in 1616 by the Mayor of Yucatan Luis de Cespedes y Oviedo, which involved the creation of a
license
on the cutting and trade of the Campeche stick, as well Like new taxes. This first measure was insufficient and counterproductive, because far from bringing down piracy, he encouraged it. In 1629, the
King of Spain
Felipe IV
created a
navy coast guard
to protect trade, but this measure also did not give the expected results, neither did the
military garrison
to protect the city implanted by Mayor Centeno Maldonado. The constant pressures from other European nations and the continuing uprisings in their
Dutch positions
made it impossible to adopt new measures against piracy, which remained in full swing.
[16]
Among the pirates most famous that docked at Campeche are
John Hawkins
,
Francis Drake
,
Laurens de Graaf
,
Cornelius Jol
, Jacobo Jackson,
Michel de Grandmont
, Portuguese Bartholomew, William Parker,
Jean David Nau
,
Edward Mansvelt
,
Henry Morgan
,
Lewis Scot
,
Roche Brasiliano
and
Jean Lafitte
. On January 27, 1661, a fleet of filibusters appeared in the port of San Francisco de Campeche and, although it did not disembark, looted two well-loaded commercial frigates, which barely arrived and then quietly withdrew, without being chased, because that day there was no armed ship in the bay capable of hunting him. The head of this filibuster expedition was called
Henry Morgan
.
A very feared pirate in the town of Campeche was
Laurens de Graaf or Lorencillo
, who was Dutch and had served the king of Spain fighting filibusters. But then he also dedicated himself to piracy. In 1685 he attacked and took the town of Campeche and twenty other towns in the area. He spent two months and captured so many prisoners and stole so many jewels and pieces of silver that filled the cargo of his ship. He was chased by three Spanish frigates with cannons. The pirate dodged the attacks, threw the entire load into the sea so that the ship achieved greater speed and, with wind in favor, moved away quickly.
Another pirate was El Olones whose real name was
Jean David Nau
. He committed innumerable and famous attacks against the Spanish viceregency on the mainland. In a terrible storm, he lost his ship on the coast of Campeche. All the men were saved, but, arriving on land, the Spanish pursued them, killing most of them and wounding El Olones. Needing to escape, he saved his life through a ploy: he took handfuls of sand, mixed it with the blood from his wounds and smeared his face and other parts of his body. Then, hiding with great skill among the dead, he remained motionless until the Spaniards left the battlefield. When they were gone, he retired to the forest, cleaned his wounds and took care of them until healed and then headed to the City of Campeche perfectly disguised. In the city, he spoke with certain slaves to whom he promised freedom if they obeyed him. They accepted his promises and stealing a canoe at night, threw themselves into the sea with El Olones.
Elevation to city status
[
edit
]
The
coat of arms
held by the city of San Francisco de Campeche was granted in 1777 by the
king of Spain
Carlos III
,
[17]
being elevated from the title of
villa
to that of
city
.
Before the current shield was adopted, there was a process to constitute a shield as an officer. The first project was presented in 1772 before the possible elevation to the title of city of the town of San Francisco de Campeche, when requested by the Cabildo de Campeche in a contest for the election of
shield de Armas
.
[18]
The first design was submitted by Juan Antonio Rexo and Penuelas on September 24 of that year but was rejected on October 17 for not being subject to the rules of
heraldry
. Ramon Zazo and Ortega subsequently presented three projects; the first two were rejected but finally the third was approved in
council
on November 7, 1777. The shield was approved by his majesty
Carlos III of Spain
with the certificate of: "the City Title is granted to the town of San Francisco de Campeche."
Climate
[
edit
]
Campeche has a
tropical savanna climate
, with most rain falling in the wet season from June to October.
Climate data for Campeche (1951?2010)
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Record high °C (°F)
|
38.8
(101.8)
|
39.0
(102.2)
|
41.0
(105.8)
|
44.0
(111.2)
|
45.0
(113.0)
|
43.0
(109.4)
|
40.0
(104.0)
|
40.0
(104.0)
|
39.0
(102.2)
|
40.5
(104.9)
|
38.0
(100.4)
|
40.0
(104.0)
|
45.0
(113.0)
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
29.1
(84.4)
|
30.6
(87.1)
|
32.7
(90.9)
|
35.0
(95.0)
|
35.9
(96.6)
|
34.9
(94.8)
|
34.5
(94.1)
|
34.2
(93.6)
|
33.4
(92.1)
|
32.1
(89.8)
|
30.7
(87.3)
|
29.4
(84.9)
|
32.7
(90.9)
|
Daily mean °C (°F)
|
23.7
(74.7)
|
24.7
(76.5)
|
26.5
(79.7)
|
28.5
(83.3)
|
29.6
(85.3)
|
29.2
(84.6)
|
28.7
(83.7)
|
28.5
(83.3)
|
28.2
(82.8)
|
27.0
(80.6)
|
25.4
(77.7)
|
24.0
(75.2)
|
27.0
(80.6)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
18.2
(64.8)
|
18.7
(65.7)
|
20.2
(68.4)
|
22.1
(71.8)
|
23.4
(74.1)
|
23.5
(74.3)
|
22.9
(73.2)
|
22.7
(72.9)
|
22.9
(73.2)
|
21.9
(71.4)
|
20.0
(68.0)
|
18.6
(65.5)
|
21.3
(70.3)
|
Record low °C (°F)
|
8.0
(46.4)
|
9.0
(48.2)
|
10.0
(50.0)
|
13.0
(55.4)
|
16.0
(60.8)
|
17.0
(62.6)
|
18.0
(64.4)
|
19.0
(66.2)
|
18.0
(64.4)
|
15.0
(59.0)
|
12.0
(53.6)
|
9.0
(48.2)
|
8.0
(46.4)
|
Average
precipitation
mm (inches)
|
25.8
(1.02)
|
15.8
(0.62)
|
12.4
(0.49)
|
13.0
(0.51)
|
53.9
(2.12)
|
162.0
(6.38)
|
181.3
(7.14)
|
188.2
(7.41)
|
203.1
(8.00)
|
117.9
(4.64)
|
41.0
(1.61)
|
25.0
(0.98)
|
1,039.4
(40.92)
|
Average precipitation days
(≥ 0.1 mm)
|
3.9
|
2.5
|
2.0
|
1.3
|
3.9
|
11.7
|
14.8
|
14.6
|
14.3
|
9.3
|
4.7
|
3.5
|
86.5
|
Average
relative humidity
(%)
|
74
|
71
|
68
|
66
|
64
|
68
|
74
|
76
|
78
|
77
|
77
|
75
|
72
|
Mean monthly
sunshine hours
|
216
|
200
|
264
|
267
|
254
|
237
|
241
|
236
|
202
|
208
|
194
|
177
|
2,696
|
Source 1: Servicio Meteorologico National (humidity 1981?2000)
[19]
[20]
|
Source 2:
Deutscher Wetterdienst
(sun, 1961?1990)
[21]
[a]
|
Demographics
[
edit
]
As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 259,005.
[3]
The municipal seat, and largest settlement, is the city of San Francisco de Campeche (often shortened to Campeche). As of 2010, the city had a population of 220,389.
[3]
Aside from the municipal seat, the municipality has 564 localities.
The largest localities are, (with 2010 populations in parentheses):
Lerma
(8,281),
China
(5,194), classified as urban, and
Los Laureles
(2,251),
Alfredo V. Bonfil
(2,060),
Pich
(1,756),
Tikinmul
(1,663),
Imi
(1,227),
Hampolol
(1,123),
Castamay
(1,101), and
San Francisco Koben
(1,045), classified as rural.
[3]
Economy
[
edit
]
The economy of San Francisco de Campeche is based primarily on the
services
sector: commerce, tourism, communications, public administration, public services. There are also various
maquiladoras
textiles installed in the city, and small and medium-sized enterprises generally associated with the
exploitation
of primary products, forming the secondary sector. The primary sector persists through fishing activity.
Tourism
[
edit
]
In recent years tourism has had a strong boost in the State of
Campeche
. Underpinning the tourist activity the emblematic places in the capital city are:
Downtown and historic neighborhoods
[
edit
]
The
centro historico
of Campeche is a beautiful example of a fortified urban center in the viceregal
baroque
style. It contains many examples of
Spanish Colonial architecture
, and the fortifications system of Campeche is an important example of Spanish military architecture of the 17th and 18th centuries. These qualities have earned it the designation of Cultural Heritage of Humanity by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
Its aligned streets allow us to take a tour admiring the decoration of its houses, some of them with strong Moorish and Spanish reminiscences of the 18th century and some modifications of the 19th century. The color of its facades print a vibrant sense of life in those who visit them, each street is full of stories and legends.
The
walls
around part of the city are a reminder of the viceroyalty of the 17th and 18th centuries.
Religious and civil architecture are merged with civil and military
architecture
, as modest bastions of faith that protected the population during pirate offensives; Franciscan bulrush churches and baroque altarpieces with Solomon columns leave a mark of their strong impact during Catholic evangelization in fortified American lands such as the Villa de San Francisco de Campeche. The sobriety of its facades are imposed on the faith when the protection of its faithful was pondering.
Archaeological sites
[
edit
]
There is the place known as
Acanmul
and also relatively close, the archaeological sites of Edzna and Jaina. The city can also be taken as a starting point to visit other important sites of the State of
Campeche
.
Edzna
[
edit
]
The "Casa de los Itzaes", is a place where we find about twenty monumental buildings that tell us about the concentration of political, economic and religious power that occurred in pre-Columbian times.
Due to the type of soil, the
valley
in which it is located, is flooded in the rainy season and retains high humidity almost all year. To remedy this problem, the Maya developed an advanced system of hydraulic works: a network of canals drained the valley and the water was taken to a lagoon, which was transformed into
dam
through retaining walls, while other canals were used to irrigate the fields. This led to an optimum degree of moisture in the soil for intensive cultivation while the canals provided abundant fishing, and were used as communication routes and in some cases served as a defense. The plazas had a magnificent
drain
system and the rainwater reached artificial reservoirs called chultunes.
Edzna
had numerous religious, administrative and residential buildings distributed over an area of approximately 25 square kilometers. Of particular importance on this site is the five-story building, which is built on a large platform that gives it great architectural majesty.
Jaina
[
edit
]
The "House on the sea" is one of the most interesting places in the region due mainly to its fame as a Mayan
necropolis
. A little more than a thousand human burials have been explored around the site, in which extraordinary pieces of clay have been found that were possibly deposited as mortuary offerings. At the time of their discovery, these pieces helped cultivate a new appreciation of the art
Mayan Culture
made in mud, since its quality far exceeded what had previously been found in the area.
The Petenes
[
edit
]
Part of the urban area of San Francisco de Campeche borders the
Los Petenes Biosphere Reserve
.
Curious circular forms of vegetation have been called
petenes
where the origin of a source of fresh water, in the middle of an area of salt water, promotes the development of plants less resistant to salt, leading to islets where
flora
has taken hierarchy around the origin of fresh water. It is an entire organization that allows nesting and refuge for a large number of bird and mammal species.
In the coastal
mangroves
of the reserve, there are innumerable natural paths that make up attractive routes, in them the sport of fishing
tarpon
and the observation of birds and other animal species are carried out.
The enormous natural wealth of the area, forms the ideal scenario for the development and enjoyment of various activities
ecotourism
.
Transportation
[
edit
]
The city is served with commercial airline flights at
Campeche International Airport
.
Culture
[
edit
]
The typical dress
[
edit
]
Essentially composed of three pieces, the upper part has its origin in the huipil or mestizo hipil, it differs in that it is embroidered in black and with motifs inspired by the flowers of onion and pumpkin. The suit complements an overflow of Santa Maria; The skirt is of Spanish origin and reaches the ankles is made of calico or zaraza, fine printed taffeta or Spanish brocade.
Music and dances
[
edit
]
Campechanos like music in all its forms, from romantic serenades to cheerful dances.
- 'Los pregones.'
Estampas costumbristas, which represent, in a very special way, several typical Campeche characters, offering merchandise that they sell in different neighborhoods and streets.
- 'Las chancletitas.' The agile chacleteo.
- 'The shaking.'
He is the forerunner of the Loving Pichito and other zarandangas, written in 2/4 compass of live and martial movement. Keep kinship with sounds of Mayan influence.
- 'The cutz.'
It is a turkey of beautiful plumage. According to legend, when the birds of these rainforests did their parties and danced, there was no mount turkey, which was dispossessed by nature, of its feathers. Until he was discovered by the pheasant, who invited him to the celebration, and to wrap him up, each of the attendees gave him a feather of his kind. Thus he acquired his splendid plumage. But looking so beautiful, he did not want to lose his wardrobe and fled. The pujuy, (cover roads) looks for him, stopping the flight of all the birds and in his song he says: give me back my suit, gentleman! The dancers symbolize the feathers with a ribbon of color that each one brings, and on the neck of the dancer representing the cutz, they turn them on.
- 'Jarana 6x8.'
Emerging with a history of the "first dairy", it is currently in the public domain; This version does not have more than forty years of dancing in Campeche. They combine their cheerful rhythm with a "'Guapacheo".
- 'El Gallo.'
It is an indigenous dance characteristic of the town of Lerma. It is danced on May 3, at the feast of the Holy Cross. Its purpose is to attract fertility in the fields, so they sacrifice a rooster that during the dance takes it hanging on the back, the only man who participates in it. The women are holding a jicara with corn seeds that sound like the movement of the dance steps. It is customary to wear a hat on which they place a paliacate.
- 'Son del turkey.'
(Seguidilla) is a short-lived zapateado, but very energetic and vivacious. It became widespread in the mid-19th century. They dance in pairs, caught by one arm of the waist, while the other is free and raised. The dance is characterized by its agility and joy.
- 'La Guaranducha.'
Jarana 6x8 and Habanera. You can start can jarana, but with the special mode of the tropics in the guapacheos and zapateados. Halfway through the dance, the Havana rhythm corresponding to the black influence troupe is introduced; At this time, the couples of ease come off to dance, while they chant and mark the rhythm with claps. In the end, everyone joins the dance, ending with the jarana.
- 'Creole syrup.'
The rattling of three churches of the port of Campeche calling for worship inspired the composition of this syrup. This syrup is one of the oldest that has news in Mexico.
- 'Pichito amoroso.'
It belongs to the big genus and is a Zarabanda with which the "Santaneros" began. It is one of the most cheerful tropical rhythm dances with the youthful bullanguera of Campeche. Can the arms imitates the flight of this bird that belongs to the group of thrush, so its jumps and jumps give rise to complicated figures and accompanied and beautiful auctions.
- 'La Jerengoza.'
Dance typical of the region that coincides with Las Randenas, known tonadilla in the neighborhood of Santa Ana; their music is lively and strident and the dancers, with redoubled step, take wheel positions and turn making changes towards the center and outwards, or on themselves, to finish with a very colorful finish.
- 'The cockroach.'
Dance known as "are of trouble", its execution requires ease and grace, since its rhythm coincides with those of "choteo", "correteo" and "bailoteo", when interpreting it, the man puts his hands on the woman's shoulders, leaning a little towards her, thus imitating the cockroach shell.
- 'Campechito retrechero.'
Jarana that is danced to the rhythm of six by eight; of agile zapateado, where the dancers show their grace and dexterity and, as proof of this, either in the bushel or on the table, a bottle is placed on the head, and some of them, trays with glasses and bottles, same, that despite the zapateado, when performing the dance, they remain keeping a balance that causes admiration.
- 'The flower of the malaguena.'
This number belongs to the great survival sounds in Campeche, its genre is dotted Malaguena. It is considered as
[
by whom?
]
one of the oldest. It is singled out by the cadence with solos that led to unusual dance poses, with very airy and light movements. Its structure is markedly Spanish.
- 'Creole syrup.'
His dance dates back to the end of the 18th century and is also a strong number, has diverse choreographies and some quite complicated, but the theme is in the reproduction that the dancers do together with the Charanga, of the so-called bells of the Cathedral, its end is large and studied.
- 'Campechanita Habanera.'
This dance is a classic Havana or Cuban chain. It goes back to the year of
1861
and was danced in all the salons of the time; The dance opens with the salt shaker that characterizes the campechanos and concludes with a zapateado to finish off.
- 'Syrup Gatuno.'
Piece considered to be large classic, is a cat; its importance is that only in Campeche survives in its three versions, because it was condemned to disappear for not agreeing to the customs of its time.
- 'The Fandango.'
They are large classic, based in Campeche, since the 18th century, and is still in some regions. Because of its idea of disorder and hustle and bustle, it is interpreted in very lively and cheerful ways without making a couple or defining with whom you dance, all dance and zap in confusion, marking and challenging with heel strokes who is closest indifferent to the opposite sex. It retains the Spanish style very marked, it is written in three-beat measure and there is no news of its copla.
- 'Cuban Arabic.'
This is a short but very energetic dance, it is written in six eighths and its genre is zapateado. It is danced linked by the waist and with the free hand up, it is always done in the game of two couples or in even numbers that evolve, heel and valsean with very fast turns and running almost the entire stage, it is repeated several times, it concludes with a strong blow and displace the public, asking for applause.
- 'Campechito retrechero.'
It is the diminutive affectionate together with the traditional expression that means the contagious joy and the carefree limitlessness of the Campeche spirit, given name to this typical jarana. The dancers embellish themselves with their heels and infect the spectator, with the bullanguera chant of an ancient town that has managed to project a personality across seas and continents.
- 'Baile del Almud.'
Set of mestizo sounds that naturalized in
Yucatan
and
Campeche
, acquired the name of
jarana
; The skillful heel and shot at 6x8 pace make it very lucid. When running on a bushel, its beauty becomes more significant, when the music is interrupted, the dancers continue to zap, taking turns in this fate, and demonstrating their ability.
Gastronomy
[
edit
]
Gastronomy is one of the best in Mexico. Remembering the "Cruise Poet"
Yucatecan
, Campeche's deep admirer:
"Two things have Campeche that cause admiration: His pickled branch
... And his rich Cazon Bread."
Among its dishes is the seafood cocktail, pickled fish, and Cazon bread. Other dishes include the Sierra Frita, the Pampano in Verde, as well as appetizers from region such as
panuchos
and tamales coladas, among others.
Fairs and cultural events
[
edit
]
- Bread Fair: In the month of March
- Carnival: it is celebrated in the month of February without a definite date, for more than 450 years. The oldest carnival in the country begins with the funeral walk and the burning of bad mood, represented by a rag doll.
[22]
- San Roman Fair: from September 14 to 30. It begins with the descent of the Black Christ from the Church of the homonymous neighborhood.
- San Francisco Fair: held from October 4 to 19.
- International Cervantino Festival.
- Cultural Festival of the historic center: it takes place in December
- Expoindustrial
Media
[
edit
]
Press
[
edit
]
- Tribuna de Campeche
- Novedades de Campeche
- Cronica de Campeche
- El Sur de Campeche
- El Expreso de Campeche
- Campeche Hoy
- La N de Campeche
- Semanario Horizonte
- La Opinion
- Por Esto!
Television
[
edit
]
Pay TV
- Telemar
- Telesur
- Mayavision
- TVM
City fortifications
[
edit
]
The Fort of San Miguel was built to defend the town against the attack of
pirates
during the 17th and 18th centuries.
The city of Campeche is an example of
urbanism
in a baroque colonial city, with a reticular and regular plan, its urban trace, a model of colonial port cities, reflects the main role that it played as a commercial, religious and military connection point characterized by its high level of integrity and homogeneity. More than one thousand buildings with a historic value have survived as witnesses of space and temporal superimposition of several significant historic periods of Mexico.
Campeche faced regular attacks by
Dutch
,
English
and
French
buccaneers and pirates such as
Francis Drake
,
John Hawkins
,
Laurens de Graaf
,
Cornelis Jol
, Jacobo Jackson, Jean Lafitte, Francisco de Grammont, Bartolome Portugues, William Parker, Francisco Nau,
Edward Mansvelt
,
Henry Morgan
,
Lewis Scot
,
Roche Braziliano
and
Michel de Grammont
for almost 160 years. In response, in 1686 the government started to fortify the city.
[6]
The French engineer Louis Bouchard de Becour was commissioned to unify all the defensive works that surrounded the city with a wall. At its completion, the wall surrounding the city of Campeche was 2,560 meters in length, forming an irregular hexagon around the main part of the city, with eight defensive bastions on the corners. These bulwarks now serve different functions:
- Santiago
: Used as the Botanical Garden 'Xmuch´haltun'. Reconstructed.
- San Pedro
: Former prison.
- San Francisco
: Protects the Land Gate. Houses the library of the
INAH
.
- San Juan
: Protects the Land Gate.
- Nuestra Senora de la Soledad
: Also protects the Sea Gate. It is the largest one and holds the Museum of City History.
- San Carlos
: Holds the City Museum. This fort was the first one built. Protects the Sea Gate.
- Santa Rosa
.
It also contained four gates to allow access to the main quarters. The main entrances are the
Puerta de la tierra
("Land Gate"), built in 1732, and the
Puerta del mar
("Sea Gate"). The Land Gate is kept as a tourist attraction, having a light and sound show three nights each week and keeping original supplies and items from the 17th century. The other gates were Guadalupe and San Roman, connecting to the outside
neighborhoods
.
Additionally, two main forts protected the city from two nearby hills on each side, the forts of San Jose el Alto (built in 1762) and San Miguel. These forts gave long-range
artillery
coverage and served also as look-outs. They were built before the walls of the city. The fort of San Miguel is used as a museum and houses a collection of pre-Hispanic items. The
fort
of San Jose houses a collection of boats and weapons of the period.
Twin towns ? sister cities
[
edit
]
Campeche is
twinned
with:
[23]
Gallery
[
edit
]
-
Archaeological zone of
Edzna
.
-
Colonial Spanish houses in Campeche.
-
Buildings along a street in central Campeche with typical colors.
-
The church and convent of San Francisco, 1540, one of the oldest in the
Americas
, was built on the site where officiate the first
church
on the mainland in 1517.
-
Campeche fishermen cutting up the catch on the Gulf of Mexico.
-
Shop in central Campeche selling magical adjuncts and elixirs.
-
Francisco de Paula Toro Theatre, (1832 - 1834).
-
Maya stela
at the Fort of San Miguel Museum.
-
Cathedral of the city.
-
Jardin Botanico Xmuch' Haltun.
-
City of Campeche.
Notes
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Citypopulation.de
Population of Campeche
- ^
"Constitucion Politica del Estado de Campeche (chapter 10, article 24)"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on July 25, 2011
. Retrieved
August 24,
2010
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
"Campeche"
.
Catalogo de Localidades
.
Secretaria de Desarrollo Social
(SEDESOL). Archived from
the original
on 11 September 2016
. Retrieved
23 April
2014
.
- ^
Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
"Historic Fortified Town of Campeche"
.
whc.unesco.org
.
- ^
World Heritage Site - Campeche
Archived
2010-08-21 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
a
b
Marley, David (2005)
Historic cities of the Americas: an illustrated encyclopedia, Volume 1
p.223. ABC-CLIO, 2005
- ^
Tola de Habich F (2018).
Yucatan 1517: El segundo descubrimiento de America (Hernandez de Cordoba)
. Viajeros; Coleccion sextante. Vol. 6. Merida: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. p. 93.
ISBN
978-6073010740
.
- ^
Roys, Ralph Loveland (1957).
The political geography of the Yucatan Maya
. Carnegie Institution of Washington. p. 52.
- ^
Saint Lazarus of Bardiaboch
.
- ^
a
b
"The Project Gutenberg eBook of the memoirs of the conquistador Bernal Diaz del Castillo written by himself, containing a true and full account of the discovery and conquest of Mexico and New Spain (Vol. 1 of 2)"
.
- ^
a
b
Chamberlain, Robert S. (1948).
The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517?1550
. Washington D.C.:
Carnegie Institution of Washington
. pp. 132?149.
- ^
Herzog, Lawrence A. (2001).
From Aztec to High Tech: Architecture and Landscape Across the Mexico-United States Border
(reprint ed.). JHU Press. p. 27.
ISBN
9780801866432
.
- ^
"Government of Campeche - Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan"
.
[
dead link
]
- ^
Clendinnen, Inga
(1982). "Disciplining the Indians: Franciscan Ideology and Missionary Violence in Sixteenth-Century Yucatan".
Past and Present
.
94
: 27?48.
doi
:
10.1093/past/94.1.27
.
- ^
"CAMPECHE - Ideological conquest"
.
[
dead link
]
- ^
"CAMPECHE GOVERNMENT - Commerce and Piracy"
. Archived from
the original
on January 22, 2009.
- ^
"Campeche - Symbols"
. Archived from
the original
on 2009-02-11
. Retrieved
2020-07-22
.
- ^
"The Mayan World - Campechye Tourism"
. Archived from
the original
on December 3, 2008.
- ^
"Estado de Campeche?Estacion: Campeche (DGE)"
.
NORMALES CLIMATOLOGICAS 1951?2010
(in Spanish). Servicio Meteorologico National. Archived from
the original
on 18 May 2015
. Retrieved
7 May
2015
.
- ^
"NORMALES CLIMATOLOGICAS 1981?2000"
(PDF)
(in Spanish). Servicio Meteorologico Nacional. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 25 April 2015
. Retrieved
7 May
2015
.
- ^
"Station 76695 Campeche, CAMP"
.
Global station data 1961?1990?Sunshine Duration
. Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived from
the original
on 2017-10-17
. Retrieved
7 May
2015
.
- ^
www.visitmexico.com
http://www.visitmexico.com/en/carnavales-en-mexico
. Retrieved
6 January
2017
.
[
title missing
]
- ^
"Acuerdos interinstitucionales registrados por dependencias y municipios de Campeche"
.
sre.gob.mx
(in Spanish). Secretaria de relaciones exteriores
. Retrieved
2020-06-11
.
- ^
"Economic partnership with Zhuhai, China"
(PDF)
.
halifax.ca
. Halifax Regional Council. 2018-06-05. p. 12
. Retrieved
2020-06-11
.
- ^
"Coffee & Conversation, Sister Cities 1/6"
.
icflorida.com
. WFTV. 2018-01-06
. Retrieved
2020-06-11
.
Bibliography
[
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]
External links
[
edit
]
|
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North West
| |
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North Central
| |
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West
| |
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East
| |
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South West
|
- Historic Centre of
Oaxaca
and Archaeological Site of
Monte Alban
- Prehistoric Caves of
Yagul
and
Mitla
in the Central Valley of Oaxaca
- Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of
Palenque
|
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South Central
| |
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South East
| |
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|
|
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Notable historic centers
| |
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Spanish missions
| |
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Lists of buildings
| |
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Cathedrals
| |
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Churches and monasteries
| |
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Fortifications
| |
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Bridges and roads
| |
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Other building types
| |
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Architecture types
| |
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Modern Revival styles
| |
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|
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International
| |
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National
| |
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Geographic
| |
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Other
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