American government official (1954?2022)
Ash Carter
|
---|
Official portrait, 2015
|
|
|
In office
February 17, 2015 ? January 20, 2017
|
President
| Barack Obama
|
---|
Deputy
| Robert O. Work
|
---|
Preceded by
| Chuck Hagel
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Jim Mattis
|
---|
|
In office
October 6, 2011 ? December 4, 2013
|
President
| Barack Obama
|
---|
Secretary
| |
---|
Preceded by
| William J. Lynn III
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Christine Fox
(acting)
|
---|
|
In office
April 27, 2009 ? October 5, 2011
|
President
| Barack Obama
|
---|
Preceded by
| John J. Young Jr.
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Frank Kendall III
|
---|
|
In office
June 30, 1993 ? September 14, 1996
|
President
| Bill Clinton
|
---|
Preceded by
| Stephen Hadley
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Jack Dyer Crouch II
(2001)
|
---|
|
|
Born
| Ashton Baldwin Carter
(
1954-09-24
)
September 24, 1954
Philadelphia
, Pennsylvania, U.S.
|
---|
Died
| October 24, 2022
(2022-10-24)
(aged 68)
Boston
, Massachusetts, U.S.
|
---|
Political party
| Democratic
[1]
|
---|
Spouses
| |
---|
Relations
| Cynthia DeFelice
(sister)
|
---|
Children
| 2
|
---|
Education
| |
---|
Signature
| |
---|
|
|
|
Thesis
| Hard processes in perturbative QCD
(1979)
|
---|
Doctoral advisor
| Christopher Llewellyn Smith
|
---|
|
|
Ash Carter announces the opening of all military occupations and positions to women
Recorded December 3, 2015
|
|
Ashton Baldwin Carter
(September 24, 1954 ? October 24, 2022) was an American government official and academic who served as the 25th
United States secretary of defense
from February 2015 to January 2017. He later served as director of the
Belfer Center for Science & International Affairs
at
Harvard Kennedy School
.
[3]
Carter began his career as a
physicist
. After a brief experience as an analyst for the
Congressional
Office of Technology Assessment
, he switched careers to public policy. He joined the
Kennedy School of Government
at
Harvard University
in 1984 and became chair of the International & Global Affairs faculty.
[4]
Carter served as
Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Policy
during
President Clinton's first term
, from 1993 to 1996, responsible for policy regarding the former Soviet states, strategic affairs, and nuclear weapons.
During
President Obama's first term
, he served first as
Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics
and then
Deputy Secretary of Defense
until December 2013. In February 2015, he replaced
Chuck Hagel
as Secretary of Defense and served until the end of the Obama administration.
[5]
During his tenure, he
ended the ban of transgender officers in the military
. In 2016, Carter opened all military occupations and positions to women without exception. This marked the first time in U.S. history that women with the appropriate qualifications would be allowed to serve in military roles such as infantry, armor, reconnaissance, and special operations units.
[6]
For his service to national security, Carter had on five occasions been awarded the DOD
Distinguished Public Service Medal
. He had also received the
CJCS
Joint Distinguished Civilian Service Award
, and the
Defense Intelligence Medal
for his contributions to intelligence. Carter was author or co-author of eleven books and more than 100 articles on physics, technology, national security, and management.
[7]
Early life
[
edit
]
Ashton Baldwin Carter was born on September 24, 1954, in
Philadelphia
, Pennsylvania. His father is William Stanley Carter Jr., a
World War II
veteran,
United States Navy
neurologist and psychiatrist, and department chairman at
Abington Memorial Hospital
for 30 years. His mother is Anne Baldwin Carter, an English teacher.
[8]
[9]
He has three siblings, including children's book author
Cynthia DeFelice
. As a child he was nicknamed Ash and Stoobie.
[10]
[9]
Carter was raised in
Abington, Pennsylvania
, on Wheatsheaf Lane.
[11]
At age eleven, working at his first job at a Philadelphia car wash, he was fired for "wise-mouthing the owner."
[12]
[13]
Education
[
edit
]
Carter was educated at Highland Elementary School (class of 1966) and at
Abington Senior High School
(class of 1972) in Abington. In high school, he was a wrestler, lacrosse player, cross-country runner, and president of the Honor Society.
[11]
[14]
He was inducted into Abington Senior High School's Hall of Fame in 1989.
[15]
Carter attended the
University of Edinburgh
in Scotland in 1975.
[2]
In 1976, Carter completed his
Bachelor of Arts
in his double-major of
physics
and
medieval history
at
Yale College
,
summa cum laude
,
Phi Beta Kappa
.
[16]
His senior thesis, "Quarks, Charm and the Psi Particle", was published in
Yale Scientific
in 1975.
[16]
[17]
He was also an experimental research associate at
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
in 1975 (where he worked on
quark
research) and at
Brookhaven National Laboratory
in 1976.
[13]
[18]
Carter then became a
Rhodes Scholar
and studied at the
University of Oxford
. He received his Doctor of Philosophy in
theoretical physics
on
Hard processes in perturbative QCD
in 1979 and was supervised by
Christopher Llewellyn Smith
.
[13]
[19]
He was a member of
St John's College, Oxford
.
[20]
Carter was subsequently a postdoctoral fellow research associate in theoretical physics at
Rockefeller University
from 1979 to 1980, studying
time-reversal invariance
and
dynamical symmetry breaking
.
[18]
[21]
[22]
He coauthored two papers on
CP violations
in
B meson
decays with
A. I. Sanda
, which were used as one of theoretical basis to build
B factories
.
[23]
[24]
[25]
Carter was then a
research fellow
at the
MIT Center for International Studies
from 1982 to 1984, during which time he wrote a public report assessing that the Reagan-proposed "
Star Wars
" initiative could not protect the U.S. from a Soviet nuclear attack.
[18]
[21]
[22]
Academic career
[
edit
]
Carter taught at
Harvard University
, as an assistant professor from 1984 to 1986, associate professor from 1986 to 1988, professor and associate director of the
Center for Science and International Affairs
at Harvard University's
John F. Kennedy School of Government
from 1988 to 1990, and director of the center from 1990 to 1993.
[18]
At the Kennedy School, he became chair of the International and Global Affairs faculty and
Ford Foundation
Professor of Science and International Affairs. He concurrently was co-director of the Preventive Defense Project of Harvard and
Stanford
Universities.
[18]
Early Department of Defense career
[
edit
]
From 1993 to 1996, Carter served as
assistant secretary of defense for international security policy
during President Bill Clinton's first term.
[26]
[27]
He was responsible for strategic affairs, including dealing with the threat of weapons of mass destruction elsewhere in the world, nuclear weapons policy (including overseeing the U.S. nuclear arsenal and missile defenses), the 1994
Nuclear Posture Review
, the
Agreed Framework
signed in 1994 which froze
North Korea
's
plutonium
-producing
nuclear reactor
program,
[28]
the 1995 extension of the
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
,
[29]
the negotiation of the 1996
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
, and the multibillion-dollar
Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction
program and
Project Sapphire
that removed all
nuclear weapons
from
Ukraine
,
Kazakhstan
, and
Belarus
.
[27]
[30]
[31]
Carter directed military planning during the
1994 crisis
over
North Korea
's nuclear weapons program.
[28]
In addition, he was responsible for dealing with the establishment of defense and intelligence relationships with former Soviet countries in the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union and its nuclear arsenal, and was chairman of
NATO
's High Level Group.
[13]
He was also responsible for the
Counter proliferation
Initiative, control of sensitive U.S. exports, and negotiations that led to the deployment of Russian troops as part of the
Bosnia Peace Plan
Implementation Force
.
[31]
From April 2009 to October 2011, Carter was
Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics
, with responsibility for DOD's procurement reform and innovation agenda and completion of procurements such as the
KC-46
tanker.
[27]
He also led the development and production of thousands of mine-resistant ambush protected (
MRAP
) vehicles, and other acquisitions.
[27]
He instituted "Better Buying Power," seeking smarter and leaner purchasing.
[27]
From October 2011 to December 2013, Carter was
Deputy Secretary of Defense
, serving as the DOD's chief operating officer, overseeing the department's annual budget and its three million civilian and military personnel, steering strategy and budget through sequester, and directing the reform of DOD's national security export controls.
[26]
[27]
[32]
He was confirmed by Senate
voice vote
for both positions.
[33]
In an April 4, 2013, speech, he affirmed that the 'Shift to Asia' initiative of President Obama was a priority that would not be affected by the
budget sequestration in 2013
. Carter noted that
The Shift to Asia
was principally an economic matter with new security implications. India, Australia, and New Zealand were mentioned as forthcoming security partners.
[34]
His Pentagon arms-control responsibilities included matters involving the
START II
,
ABM
, CFE, and other arms-control treaties.
[35]
Secretary of Defense
[
edit
]
Carter was nominated by President Barack Obama to be the 25th
United States secretary of defense
on December 5, 2014.
[36]
[37]
In his nomination hearing before the
Senate Armed Services Committee
, he said he was "very much inclined" to increase U.S. military aid to Ukraine.
[38]
Speaking on the Middle East, he said the U.S. must militarily ensure a "lasting defeat" of
Islamic State
(ISIL) forces in
Iraq
and
Syria
.
[39]
He also opined that the threats posed by
Iran
were as serious as those posed by the ISIL forces.
[38]
[39]
He said he was not in favor of increasing the rate of prisoner releases from
Guantanamo Bay
.
[40]
Carter was approved unanimously on February 1, 2015, by the Senate Armed Services Committee. He was confirmed by the Senate on February 12 by a vote of 93?5
[37]
[41]
and sworn in by Vice President
Joe Biden
on February 17.
[42]
In May 2015, Carter warned the People's Republic of China to halt its rapid island-building in the
South China Sea
.
[43]
In October 2015, Carter condemned Russian air strikes against ISIL and other rebel groups in
Syria
. On October 8, 2015, Carter, speaking at a meeting of NATO defense ministers in Brussels, said he believed Russia would soon start paying the price for its
military intervention in Syria
in the form of reprisal attacks and casualties.
[44]
A controversy arose in December 2015 when it was revealed that Carter had used a personal email account while conducting official business as Secretary of Defense.
[45]
In January 2016, at Carter's direction, the Department of Defense opened all military roles to women, overriding a request by the
Marine Corps
to continue to exempt women from certain positions.
[46]
In June 2016, Carter announced that
transgender
individuals would be allowed to join and openly serve in the military.
[47]
Other roles
[
edit
]
From 1990 to 1993, Carter was chairman of the editorial board of
International Security
. Previously, he held positions at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the
Congressional Office of Technology Assessment
, and
Rockefeller University
.
[48]
In 1997, Carter and former CIA director
John M. Deutch
co-chaired the Catastrophic Terrorism Study Group which urged greater attention to terrorism. In 1998, Carter, Deutch, and
Philip Zelikow
(later executive director of the 9/11 Commission) published an article on "catastrophic terrorism" in
Foreign Affairs
.
[49]
From 1998 to 2000, he was deputy to
William J. Perry
at the North Korea Policy Review and traveled with him to
Pyongyang
.
[28]
In 2001?02, he served on the
National Academy of Sciences
Committee on Science and Technology for Countering Terrorism, and advised on the creation of the
Department of Homeland Security
.
[50]
Carter was also co-director of the Preventive Defense Project, which designs and promotes security policies aimed at preventing the emergence of major new threats to the United States.
[51]
Carter had been a longtime member of the
Defense Science Board
and the
Defense Policy Board
, the principal advisory bodies to the Secretary of Defense. During the Bush administration, he was also a member of Secretary of State
Condoleezza Rice
's International Security Advisory Board; co-chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee's Policy Advisory Group; a consultant to the Defense Science Board; a member of the National Missile Defense White Team, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences Committee on International Security and Arms Control. He had testified frequently before the armed services, foreign relations, and homeland security committees of both houses of Congress.
[48]
In addition to his public service, Carter was a senior partner at Global Technology Partners, focused on advising investment firms in technology and defense. He was a consultant to
Goldman Sachs
and
Mitretek Systems
on international affairs and technology matters, and spoke frequently to business and policy audiences.
[52]
Carter served as an independent director on the
General Electric
board of directors from 2020 until his death.
[53]
He was also a member of the boards of directors of the
Mitre Corporation
and
Mitretek Systems
and the advisory boards of
MIT Lincoln Laboratory
and
Draper Laboratory
. Carter was also a member of the
Aspen Strategy Group
, the
Council on Foreign Relations
, the
American Physical Society
, the
International Institute for Strategic Studies
, and the
National Committee on U.S.-China Relations
. Carter was elected a fellow of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
. He was named as a Fellow in the
American Physical Society
(Forum on Physics & Society) in 2015.
[48]
[52]
Carter served as an honorary director on the board of directors at the
Atlantic Council
.
[54]
In April 2021, Carter joined
Tanium
Board of Directors.
[55]
From 2021, he had been a member of the
President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology
(PCAST).
[56]
In 2021, Carter joined Shield Capital's board of Strategic Advisors.
[57]
Positions
[
edit
]
Views on Iran
[
edit
]
Carter's views on
Iran
had been perceived as hawkish.
[58]
In 2006, he authored a report for the
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
advocating use or threat of force to prevent Iran from obtaining
nuclear weapons
.
[58]
Carter had supported diplomacy with Iran and written about methods of containing a nuclear-armed Tehran.
[59]
Support for military interventions
[
edit
]
Carter was a supporter of the
2003 invasion of Iraq
, as well as an advocate of "preventative" invasions of
North Korea
and
Iran
.
[60]
[61]
[62]
In response to increased tension in
Ukraine
, Carter considered deployment of
ground-launched cruise missiles
in Europe that could pre-emptively destroy Russian weapons.
[63]
Military involvement in presidential elections
[
edit
]
In January 2021, Carter, alongside all of the other living former secretaries of defense, published a
Washington Post
op-ed piece opposing President
Donald Trump
's summons for military involvement in overturning the 2020 election results, and urging for a peaceful transition of power.
[64]
Personal life
[
edit
]
Carter was married to Stephanie DeLeeuw Carter.
[2]
He had been previously married to
Clayton Spencer
, the eighth president of
Bates College
, with whom he had two children, Ava and Will.
[65]
Carter died from a
heart attack
at his home in Boston, on October 24, 2022, at age 68.
[66]
[67]
Awards
[
edit
]
Carter received the
Ten Outstanding Young Americans
award from the
United States Junior Chamber
in 1987.
[68]
For his service to national security, Carter was awarded the DOD's highest civilian medal, the
Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service
, five times.
[27]
For critical liaison efforts with the chairman of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff
and the geographic combatant commanders, he was awarded the
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Joint Distinguished Civilian Service Award
in 2013 and the
Defense Intelligence Medal
for his contributions to intelligence.
[27]
Works
[
edit
]
In addition to authoring numerous articles, scientific publications, government studies, and Congressional testimonies, Carter co-edited and co-authored 11 books:
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Cooper, Helene; Sanger, David E.; Landler, Mark (December 5, 2014).
"In Ashton Carter, Nominee for Defense Secretary, a Change in Direction"
.
The New York Times
. Retrieved
February 5,
2015
.
Mr. Carter is a Democrat but not one of the core Obama loyalists, a group that includes Ms. Rice and Denis R. McDonough, the White House chief of staff.
- ^
a
b
c
"Ashton Carter Fast Facts"
. CNN. December 11, 2014.
- ^
"Ash Carter | Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs"
.
Belfer Center
. December 18, 2018
. Retrieved
December 19,
2018
.
- ^
Carter, Ash (2006).
"Faculty Career Profile"
.
Belfer Center
.
- ^
"Ashton B. Carter ? Barack Obama Administration"
.
Office of the Secretary of Defense ? Historical Office
.
- ^
"Carter Opens All Military Occupations, Positions to Women"
.
U.S. Department of Defense
. Retrieved
May 29,
2022
.
- ^
"Ashton Carter ? Foreign Policy Research Institute"
.
www.fpri.org
.
- ^
Herb Drill (August 14, 1994).
"Obituaries"
.
Philadelphia Daily News
. Retrieved
December 8,
2014
.
- ^
a
b
"About Cynthia ? Cynthia DeFelice"
.
cynthiadefelice.com
.
- ^
Sally Jacobs.
"Ashton Carter: savvy tactician, independent thinker"
.
Boston Globe
.
- ^
a
b
"Abington recalls 'brilliant' alum said in line to lead Pentagon"
.
Philadelphia Daily News
.
- ^
"Everything You Need to Know About Ashton Carter"
. wlsam.com. Archived from
the original
on February 13, 2015.
- ^
a
b
c
d
"Faculty Career Profile; Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University; Ashton B. Carter"
.
Belfer Center
. Archived from
the original
on April 16, 2016
. Retrieved
February 13,
2015
.
- ^
"Board of Commissioners Meeting"
(PDF)
. December 11, 2014. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on February 14, 2015
. Retrieved
February 13,
2015
.
- ^
"Abington Graduate Ashton Carter Could Be Next Secretary Of Defense"
.
FOX 29 News Philadelphia ? WTXF-TV
. December 3, 2014. Archived from
the original
on February 13, 2015.
- ^
a
b
Devin Dwyer.
"Why Obama's New Defense Nominee Ashton Carter Likes 'Charmed Quarks'
"
.
ABC News
.
- ^
Steve Straehley.
"Appointments and Resignations ? Secretary of Defense: Who Is Ashton Carter?"
.
AllGov
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
"Ashton B. Carter CV"
(PDF)
.
Belfer Center
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on January 17, 2010
. Retrieved
August 28,
2019
.
- ^
Carter, Ashton B. (1979).
Hard processes in perturbative QCD
(Thesis).
- ^
"Rhodes Scholar Database"
. Rhodes House. Archived from
the original
on July 1, 2022
. Retrieved
July 30,
2022
.
- ^
a
b
Byron Tau (December 2, 2014).
"Who Is Ashton Carter? A Look at Obama's Leading Defense Secretary Candidate"
.
The Wall Street Journal
.
- ^
a
b
"Ashton B. Carter Resume"
(PDF)
.
Belfer Center
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on October 11, 2017
. Retrieved
August 29,
2019
.
- ^
Bevan, A. J.; et al. (November 19, 2014).
The Physics of the B Factories
. Vol. 74.
Springer Nature
. p. 1.
doi
:
10.1140/epjc/s10052-014-3026-9
.
ISBN
978-3-662-52592-0
.
- ^
Carter, Ashton B.;
Sanda, A. I.
(September 22, 1980).
"CP Violation in Cascade Decays of B Meson"
.
Physical Review Letters
.
45
(12): 952.
doi
:
10.1103/PhysRevLett.45.952
.
- ^
Carter, Ashton B.;
Sanda, A. I.
(April 1, 1981).
"CP violation in B meson decays"
.
Physical Review D
.
23
(7): 1567.
Bibcode
:
1981PhRvD..23.1567C
.
doi
:
10.1103/PhysRevD.23.1567
.
- ^
a
b
"Ashton B. Carter"
. Belfer Center.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
"Ashton B. Carter; Secretary of Defense"
.
United States Department of Defense
.
- ^
a
b
c
"Kim's Nuclear Gamble: Interview: Ashton Carter"
.
Frontline
. PBS. March 3, 2003
. Retrieved
June 9,
2009
.
- ^
Tom Sauer (2005).
Nuclear Inertia: US Weapons Policy After the Cold War
. I.B.Tauris.
ISBN
1850437653
.
- ^
Carter, Ashton B. (September 2004).
"How to Counter WMD"
.
Foreign Affairs
.
83
(5): 72?85.
doi
:
10.2307/20034068
.
JSTOR
20034068
. Retrieved
December 2,
2014
.
- ^
a
b
"Ashton B. Carter; Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology & Logistics"
Archived
December 31, 2014, at the
Wayback Machine
, US House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations
- ^
"Defense.gov Transcript: Remarks by Deputy Secretary Carter on the U.S.-India Defense Partnership at the Center for American Progress"
. United States Department of Defense. September 30, 2013.
- ^
"Senate Armed Services Committee"
. Retrieved
July 7,
2016
.
- ^
"Video: Statesmen's Forum: The Honorable Ashton B. Carter, Deputy Secretary of Defense"
.
Center for Strategic and International Studies
. April 9, 2013. Archived from
the original
on December 10, 2014
. Retrieved
December 2,
2014
.
- ^
"
"Improving WMD Intelligence," Ashton B. Carter"
.
Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs
.
- ^
"Obama picks former Pentagon official Ashton Carter to be defense secretary"
. Fox News Channel. December 5, 2014
. Retrieved
December 5,
2014
.
- ^
a
b
Craig Whitlock (February 12, 2015).
"Senate confirms Ashton B. Carter as secretary of defense"
.
The Washington Post
. Retrieved
February 12,
2015
.
- ^
a
b
Dion Nissenbaum (February 4, 2015).
"U.S. Defense Nominee Leans Toward Arms for Ukraine in Fight"
.
The Wall Street Journal
.
- ^
a
b
W. J. Hennigan (February 12, 2015).
"Senate confirms Ashton Carter as new secretary of Defense"
.
Los Angeles Times
.
- ^
David Lerman (February 12, 2015).
"Senate Confirms Ashton Carter as Obama's Fourth Pentagon Chief"
.
Bloomberg
.
- ^
Emmarie Huetteman (February 12, 2015).
"Ashton B. Carter Is Confirmed as Defense Chief, Replacing Chuck Hagel"
.
The New York Times
.
- ^
Bill Chappell (February 17, 2015).
"Ashton Carter Is Sworn In As Obama's 4th Defense Secretary"
. NPR.
- ^
"
Defense secretary's warning to China: U.S. military won't change operations
Archived
October 30, 2018, at the
Wayback Machine
".
The Washington Post
. May 27, 2015.
- ^
"Russia will pay price for Syrian airstrikes, says US defence secretary"
.
The Guardian
. October 8, 2015.
- ^
"Defense Secretary Conducted Some Official Business on a Personal Email Account"
.
The New York Times
. December 16, 2015.
- ^
Cheryl Pellerin (December 3, 2015).
"Carter Opens All Military Occupations, Positions to Women"
. Department of Defense.
- ^
"Secretary of Defense Ash Carter Announces Policy for Transgender Service Members"
. Department of Defense. June 30, 2016.
- ^
a
b
c
"Fact Sheet: Ash Carter, Nominee for Secretary of Defense"
(PDF)
.
United States Senate
. Democratic Polity & Communication Center
. Retrieved
October 25,
2022
.
- ^
Carter, Ashton B.; Deutch, John; Zelikow, Philip (November 1, 1998).
"Catastrophic Terrorism: Tackling the New Danger"
.
Foreign Affairs
. Retrieved
October 25,
2022
.
- ^
"Harvard Kennedy School's Ashton Carter Nominated as Pentagon's Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics"
.
Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs
.
- ^
"Biography of The Honorable Ashton Carter"
.
Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics
. Archived from
the original
on December 8, 2014
. Retrieved
December 8,
2014
.
- ^
a
b
"Ash Carter: Bio"
(PDF)
. Under Secretary of Defense for Policy
. Retrieved
October 25,
2022
.
- ^
"GE Nominates Ashton Carter to the Board of Directors | GE News"
. www.ge.com
. Retrieved
October 25,
2022
.
- ^
"Board of Directors"
.
Atlantic Council
. Retrieved
February 12,
2020
.
- ^
"Former U.S. Secretary of Defense Ash Carter Joins Tanium Board of Directors"
.
Tanium
. April 21, 2021
. Retrieved
August 18,
2021
.
- ^
"President Biden Announces Members of President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology"
.
whitehouse.gov
. September 22, 2021
. Retrieved
August 27,
2022
.
- ^
"Senior Advisor"
. Shield Capital
. Retrieved
February 14,
2022
.
- ^
a
b
Stoil, Rebecca Shimoni (December 5, 2014).
"Obama names Ashton Carter as next defense secretary"
.
The Times of Israel
. Archived from
the original
on February 15, 2015.
- ^
Crowley, Michael (December 2, 2014).
"Can a wonk run a war?; Ash Carter is a scholar, a bureaucrat ? and the opposite of Chuck Hagel"
.
Politico
. Retrieved
December 5,
2014
.
- ^
"
If Necessary, Strike and Destroy
Archived
August 27, 2017, at the
Wayback Machine
".
The Washington Post
. June 22, 2006
- ^
"
Interview: Ashton Carter
Archived
March 29, 2009, at the
Wayback Machine
".
PBS
. March 3, 2003.
- ^
"
Another victory for Bush
Archived
December 11, 2015, at the
Wayback Machine
".
The Baltimore Sun
. December 24, 2003
- ^
"
US could potential deploy missiles in Europe to deter Russia
Archived
June 5, 2015, at the
Wayback Machine
".
Deutsche Welle
. June 5, 2015.
- ^
"All 10 living former defense secretaries: Involving the military in election disputes would cross into dangerous territory"
.
Washington Post
. January 3, 2021
. Retrieved
January 3,
2021
.
- ^
"Atlantic Council Board Member Ashton Carter Opens Testimony to the Senate"
.
Atlantic Council
. February 4, 2015.
- ^
de Vries, Karl (October 25, 2022).
"Ash Carter, former defense secretary under Obama, dies at 68"
. CNN
. Retrieved
October 25,
2022
.
- ^
Risen, Clay (October 26, 2022).
"Ashton B. Carter, 68, Who Made the Military More Inclusive, Is Dead"
.
The New York Times
. p. A23
. Retrieved
October 27,
2022
.
- ^
"Ten Outstanding Young Americans"
. Archived from
the original
on February 19, 2015
. Retrieved
February 19,
2015
.
- ^
"MX Missile Basing"
(PDF)
. Retrieved
October 25,
2022
.
- ^
"Ballistic Missile Defense | Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs"
. Belfercenter.org
. Retrieved
October 25,
2022
.
- ^
"Directed Energy Missile Defense in Space | Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs"
. Belfercenter.org
. Retrieved
October 25,
2022
.
- ^
"Managing Nuclear Operations | Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs"
. Belfercenter.org
. Retrieved
October 25,
2022
.
- ^
"Soviet Nuclear Fission: Control of the Nuclear Arsenal in a Disintegrating Soviet Union | Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs"
. Belfercenter.org
. Retrieved
October 25,
2022
.
External links
[
edit
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* took office in 2009, raised to cabinet-rank in 2012
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Office
| Name
| Term
| Office
| Name
| Term
| White House Chief of Staff
| Rahm Emanuel
| 2009?10
| National Security Advisor
| James L. Jones
| 2009?10
| | Pete Rouse
| 2010?11
| | Thomas E. Donilon
| 2010?13
| | William M. Daley
| 2011?12
| | Susan Rice
| 2013?17
| | Jack Lew
| 2012?13
| Deputy National Security Advisor
| Thomas E. Donilon
| 2009?10
| | Denis McDonough
| 2013?17
| | Denis McDonough
| 2010?13
| White House Deputy Chief of Staff
for Policy
| Mona Sutphen
| 2009?11
| | Antony Blinken
| 2013?14
| | Nancy-Ann DeParle
| 2011?13
| | Avril Haines
| 2015?17
| | Rob Nabors
| 2013?15
| Dep. National Security Advisor, Homeland Security
| John O. Brennan
| 2009?13
| White House Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations
| Jim Messina
| 2009?11
| | Lisa Monaco
| 2013?17
| | Alyssa Mastromonaco
| 2011?14
| Dep. National Security Advisor, Iraq and Afghanistan
| Douglas Lute
†
| 2009?13
| | Anita Decker Breckenridge
| 2014?17
| Dep. National Security Advisor, Strategic Comm.
| Ben Rhodes
| 2009?17
| White House Deputy Chief of Staff for Planning
| Mark B. Childress
| 2012?14
| Dep. National Security Advisor, Chief of Staff
| Mark Lippert
| 2009
| | Kristie Canegallo
| 2014?17
| | Denis McDonough
| 2009?10
| Counselor to the President
| Pete Rouse
| 2011?13
| | Brooke D. Anderson
| 2011?12
| | John Podesta
| 2014?15
| White House Communications Director
| Ellen Moran
| 2009
| Senior Advisor to the President
| David Axelrod
| 2009?11
| | Anita Dunn
| 2009
| | David Plouffe
| 2011?13
| | Daniel Pfeiffer
| 2009?13
| | Daniel Pfeiffer
| 2013?15
| | Jennifer Palmieri
| 2013?15
| | Shailagh Murray
| 2015?17
| | Jen Psaki
| 2015?17
| Senior Advisor to the President
| Pete Rouse
| 2009?10
| Deputy White House Communications Director
| Jen Psaki
| 2009?11
| | Brian Deese
| 2015?17
| | Jennifer Palmieri
| 2011?14
| Senior Advisor to the President and
| Valerie Jarrett
| 2009?17
| | Amy Brundage
| 2014?16
| Assistant to the President for
| | | | Liz Allen
| 2016?17
| Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs
| | | White House Press Secretary
| Robert Gibbs
| 2009?11
| Director,
Public Engagement
| Tina Tchen
| 2009?11
| | Jay Carney
| 2011?13
| | Jon Carson
| 2011?13
| | Josh Earnest
| 2013?17
| | Paulette L. Aniskoff
| 2013?17
| Deputy Press Secretary
| Bill Burton
| 2009?11
| Director,
Intergovernmental Affairs
| Cecilia Munoz
| 2009?12
| | Josh Earnest
| 2011?13
| | David Agnew
| 2012?14
| | Eric Schultz
| 2014?17
| | Jerry Abramson
| 2014?17
| Director of Special Projects
| Stephanie Cutter
| 2010?11
| Director,
National Economic Council
| Lawrence Summers
| 2009?10
| Director, Speechwriting
| Jon Favreau
| 2009?13
| | Gene Sperling
| 2011?14
| | Cody Keenan
| 2013?17
| | Jeff Zients
| 2014?17
| Director, Digital Strategy
| Macon Phillips
| 2009?13
| Chair,
Council of Economic Advisers
| Christina Romer
| 2009?10
| Chief Digital Officer
| Jason Goldman
| 2015?17
| | Austan Goolsbee
| 2010?13
| Director, Legislative Affairs
| Phil Schiliro
| 2009?11
| | Jason Furman
| 2013?17
| | Rob Nabors
| 2011?13
| Chair,
Economic Recovery Advisory Board
| Paul Volcker
| 2009?11
| | Katie Beirne Fallon
| 2013?16
| Chair,
Council on Jobs and Competitiveness
| Jeff Immelt
| 2011?13
| | Miguel Rodriguez
| 2016
| Director,
Domestic Policy Council
| Melody Barnes
| 2009?12
| | Amy Rosenbaum
| 2016?17
| | Cecilia Munoz
| 2012?17
| Director, Political Affairs
| Patrick Gaspard
| 2009?11
| Director,
Office of Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships
| Joshua DuBois
| 2009?13
| | David Simas
| 2011?16
| | Melissa Rogers
| 2013?17
| Director, Presidential Personnel
| Nancy Hogan
| 2009?13
| Director,
Office of Health Reform
| Nancy-Ann DeParle
| 2009?11
| | Johnathan D. McBride
| 2013?14
| Director,
Office of National AIDS Policy
| Jeffrey Crowley
| 2009?11
| | Valerie E. Green
| 2014?15
| | Grant N. Colfax
| 2011?13
| | Rodin A. Mehrbani
| 2016?17
| | Douglas M. Brooks
| 2013?17
| White House Staff Secretary
| Lisa Brown
| 2009?11
| Director,
Office of Urban Affairs
| Adolfo Carrion Jr.
| 2009?10
| | Rajesh De
| 2011?12
| | Racquel S. Russell
| 2010?14
| | Douglas Kramer
| 2012?13
| | Roy Austin Jr.
| 2014?17
| | Joani Walsh
| 2014?17
| Director,
Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy
| Carol Browner
| 2009?11
| Director, Management and Administration
| Bradley J. Kiley
| 2009?11
| White House Counsel
| Greg Craig
| 2009?10
| | Katy A. Kale
| 2011?15
| | Bob Bauer
| 2010?11
| | Maju Varghese
| 2015?17
| | Kathryn Ruemmler
| 2011?14
| Director, Scheduling and Advance
| Alyssa Mastromonaco
| 2009?11
| | Neil Eggleston
| 2014?17
| | Danielle Crutchfield
| 2011?14
| White House Cabinet Secretary
| Chris Lu
| 2009?13
| | Chase Cushman
| 2014?17
| | Danielle C. Gray
| 2013?14
| Director, White House Information Technology
| David Recordon
| 2015?17
| | Broderick D. Johnson
| 2014?17
| Director,
Office of Administration
| Cameron Moody
| 2009?11
| Personal Aide to the President
| Reggie Love
| 2009?11
| | Beth Jones
| 2011?15
| | Brian Mosteller
| 2011?12
| | Cathy Solomon
| 2015?17
| | Marvin D. Nicholson
| 2012?17
| Director,
Office of Science and Technology Policy
| John Holdren
| 2009?17
| Director,
Oval Office Operations
| Brian Mosteller
| 2012?17
| Chief Technology Officer
| Aneesh Chopra
| 2009?12
| Personal Secretary to the President
| Katie Johnson
| 2009?11
| | Todd Park
| 2012?14
| | Anita Decker Breckenridge
| 2011?14
| | Megan Smith
| 2014?17
| | Ferial Govashiri
| 2014?17
| Director,
Office of Management and Budget
| Peter R. Orszag
| 2009?10
| Chief of Staff to the First Lady
| Jackie Norris
| 2009
| | Jack Lew
| 2010?12
| | Susan Sher
| 2009?11
| | Jeff Zients
| 2012?13
| | Tina Tchen
| 2011?17
| | Sylvia Mathews Burwell
| 2013?14
| White House Social Secretary
| Desiree Rogers
| 2009?10
| | Brian Deese
| 2014
| | Julianna Smoot
| 2010?11
| | Shaun Donovan
| 2014?17
| | Jeremy Bernard
| 2011?15
| Chief Information Officer
| Vivek Kundra
| 2009?11
| | Deesha Dyer
| 2015?17
| | Steven VanRoekel
| 2011?14
| Chief of Staff to the Vice President
| Ron Klain
| 2009?11
| | Tony Scott
| 2015?17
| | Bruce Reed
| 2011?13
| United States Trade Representative
| Ron Kirk
| 2009?13
| | Steve Ricchetti
| 2013?17
| | Michael Froman
| 2013?17
| White House Chief Usher
| Stephen W. Rochon
†
| 2009?11
| Director,
Office of National Drug Control Policy
| Gil Kerlikowske
| 2009?14
| | Angella Reid
| 2011?17
| | Michael Botticelli
| 2014?17
| Director,
White House Military Office
| George Mulligan
| 2009?13
| Chair,
Council on Environmental Quality
| Nancy Sutley
| 2009?14
| | Emmett Beliveau
| 2013?15
| | Michael Boots
| 2014?15
| | Dabney Kern
| 2016?17
| | Christy Goldfuss
| 2015?17
|
| |
|
|
---|
Position
| Appointee
| Chief of Staff to the Vice President
| Steve Ricchetti
| Counsel to the Vice President
| Cynthia Hogan
| Counselor to the Vice President
| Mike Donilon
| Assistant to the Vice President for Intergovernmental Affairs and Public Liaison
| Evan Ryan
| Assistant to the Vice President and Director of Communications
| Shailagh Murray
| Deputy Chief of Staff to the Vice President
| Shailagh Murray
| Deputy National Security Adviser to the Vice President
| Brian P. McKeon
| Residence Manager and Social Secretary for the Vice President and Second Lady
| Carlos Elizondo
| National Security Adviser to the Vice President
| Colin Kahl
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International
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National
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Academics
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Other
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