Danish architect (1902?1971)
Arne Emil Jacobsen
,
Hon. FAIA
(
Danish pronunciation:
[??ːn?
e??mi?l
?j?k??psn?]
; 11 February 1902 – 24 March 1971) was a Danish
architect
and furniture
designer
. He is remembered for his contribution to
architectural functionalism
and for the worldwide success he enjoyed with simple well-designed chairs.
Biography
[
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]
Early life and education
[
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]
Arne Jacobsen was born on 11 February 1902 in
Copenhagen
.
[1]
His father Johan was a wholesale trader in
safety pins
and
snap fasteners
. His mother Pouline was a
bank teller
whose
hobby
was floral motifs.
[2]
He is of
Jewish
descent.
[3]
He first hoped to become a painter, but was dissuaded by his mother, who encouraged him to opt instead for the more secure domain of architecture. After a spell as an apprentice mason, Jacobsen was admitted to the Architecture School at the
Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
where from 1924 to 1927 he studied under
Kay Fisker
and
Kaj Gottlob
, both leading architects and designers.
[4]
Still a student, in 1925 Jacobsen participated in the Paris
Art Deco
fair,
Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes
, where he won a silver medal for a chair design. On that trip, he was struck by the pioneering aesthetic of
Le Corbusier
's
L'Esprit Nouveau
pavilion. Before leaving the Academy, Jacobsen also travelled to Germany, where he became acquainted with the rationalist architecture of
Mies van der Rohe
and
Walter Gropius
. Their work influenced his early designs including his graduation project, an art gallery, which won him a gold medal.
[5]
After completing architecture school, he first worked at city architect Poul Holsøe's architectural practice.
[6]
In 1929, in collaboration with
Flemming Lassen
, he won a
Danish Architect's Association
competition for designing the "House of the Future" which was built full scale at the subsequent exhibition in
Copenhagen's Forum
.
[7]
It was a spiral-shaped, flat-roofed house in glass and concrete, incorporating a private
garage
, a
boathouse
and a
helicopter pad
. Other striking features were windows that rolled down like car windows, a conveyor tube for the mail and a kitchen stocked with
ready-made meals
.
[8]
A
Dodge
Cabriolet Coupe was parked in the garage, there was a
Chris Craft
in the boathouse and an
Autogyro
on the roof.
[9]
Jacobsen immediately became recognised as an
ultra-modern
architect.
Pre-World War II career
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The year after winning the "House of the Future" award, Arne Jacobsen set up his own office. He designed the functionalist
Rothenborg House
, which he planned in every detail, a characteristic of many of his later works.
[10]
Soon afterwards, he won a competition from
Gentofte Municipality
for the design of a seaside resort complex in
Klampenborg
on the
Øresund
coast just north of Copenhagen. The various components of the resort became his major public breakthrough in Denmark, further establishing him as a leading national proponent of the
International Modern Style
. In 1932, the first item, the
Bellevue Sea Bath
, was completed. Jacobsen designed everything from the characteristic blue-striped
lifeguard towers
, kiosks and changing cabins to the tickets, season cards and even the uniforms of the employees.
[11]
The focal point of the area was supposed to have been a
lookout tower
, more than a hundred metres high with a revolving restaurant at the top but it was abandoned after huge local protests. Still, it is reflected in the overall arrangement of buildings in the area which all follow lines that extend from their missing centre. In 1934, came the Bellavista residential development, built in concrete, steel and glass, with smooth surfaces and open floor planning, free of any excesses or ornaments. Completing the white trilogy in 1937, the
Bellevue Theatre
featured a retractable roof allowing open-air performances.
[11]
These early works clearly show the influence of the White Cubist architecture Jacobsen had encountered in Germany, particularly at the
Weissenhof Estate
in
Stuttgart
. The cluster of white buildings at Bellevue also includes the
Skovshoved Filling Station
. In their day, these projects were described as "The dream of the modern lifestyle".
[12]
Despite considerable public opposition to his avant-garde style, Jacobsen went on to build
Stelling House
on
Gammeltorv
, one of Copenhagen's most historic squares. Although the modernistic style is rather restrained and was later seen as a model example of building in a historic setting, it caused virulent protests in its day. One newspaper wrote that Jacobsen ought to be "banned from architecture for life".
[13]
When, together with
Erik Møller
, he won a competition for the design of
Arhus City Hall
it was with yet another controversial design. It was deemed too modern and too anti-monumental. In the end Jacobsen had to add a tower as well as marble cladding.
[14]
Still, it is considered one of his most important buildings. It consists of three offset volumes.
World War II exile and return
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]
During
World War II
, scarcity of building materials and
Nazi racial laws against Jewish citizens
made assignments difficult to obtain. In 1943, due to his
Jewish
background, Arne Jacobsen had to flee his office and go into exile to escape the Nazis' planned deportation of Jewish Danes to concentration camps. Along with other Jewish Danes and
with the help of the Danish resistance
, he fled Denmark, rowing a small boat across
Øresund
to neighboring Sweden where he would stay for the next two years. His architectural work was limited to a summer house for two doctors.
[5]
Instead he spent his time designing fabrics and wallpaper.
When the war ended in 1945, Jacobsen returned to Denmark and resumed his architectural career. The country was in urgent need of both housing and new public buildings but the primary need was for spartan buildings which could be built without delay.
After some years Jacobsen got his career back on track and with projects such as the Allehusene complex from 1952 and his
Søholm terraced houses
from 1955, he embarked on a more experimental phase. He moved into one of the Søholm houses and lived there until his death.
[15]
Rødovre Town Hall
, built from 1952 to 1956, shows how well Jacobsen combined the use of different materials: sandstone, two types of glass, painted metalwork and stainless steel. It is also noted for its central staircase, suspended from the roof on orange-red steel rods. The sides are cut from 5 cm steel plate, painted a dark grey; the steps, only a few millimeters thick, are stainless steel with a rubber coating on the upper side for better grip.
The
Munkegaard School
consists of pavilions connected by glass corridors, arranged in a grid system around small courtyards. It received considerable attention in international school circles and contributed to his growing international reputation.
[16]
[17]
Large commissions
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With the
SAS Royal Hotel
, built from 1956 to 1960, Jacobsen was given the opportunity to design what has been called "the world's first designer hotel."
[18]
He designed everything from the building and its furniture and fittings to the ashtrays sold in the souvenir shop and the airport buses.
These larger assignments started to attract attention and commissions from abroad. Rødovre Town Hall secured him an invitation for his first competition in Germany which was followed by a number of other German projects.
A delegation of
Oxford
dons
visited the SAS Hotel and the Munkegard School in their search for an architect for
St Catherine's College
. They were soon convinced he was the right choice for their important commission.
[5]
Again Jacobsen designed everything, including the garden, down to the choice of fish species for the pond. The dining hall is notable for its Cumbrian slate floor. The original college buildings received a
Grade I listing
on 30 March 1993.
[19]
Some individual buildings on the campus also have their own, high, listings, including the
Grade I listed
bike shed
.
[20]
Incomplete works
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When Arne Jacobsen died unexpectedly in 1971, he had a number of large projects under way. These included a new town hall in
Mainz
, Germany, and in
Castrop-Rauxel
, Germany, the
Danish National Bank
and the
Royal Danish Embassy in London
. These projects were completed by
Dissing+Weitling
, a firm set up by his former key employees Hans Dissing and Otto Weitling.
Furniture and product design
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Today, Arne Jacobsen is remembered primarily for his furniture designs. However, he believed he was first and foremost an architect. According to Scott Poole, a professor at
Virginia Tech
, Arne Jacobsen never used the word 'designer', notoriously disliking it.
His way into product design came through his interest in
Gesamtkunst
and most of his designs which later became famous in their own right were created for architectural projects. One of his first furniture designs was the Paris lounge chair from 1929 which was also displayed as a part of the interior design of his famous “House of the Future". Most of his furniture designs were the result of a cooperation with the furniture manufacturer
Fritz Hansen
with which he initiated a collaboration in 1934 while his lamps and light fixtures were developed with
Louis Poulsen
. In spite of his success with his chair at the Paris Exhibition in 1925, it was during the 1950s that his interest in furniture design peaked.
A major source of inspiration stemmed from the bent plywood designs of
Charles and Ray Eames
. He was also influenced by the Italian design historian Ernesto Rogers, who had proclaimed that the design of every element was equally important "from the spoon to the city" which harmonized well with his own ideals.
In 1951, he created the
Ant chair
for an extension of the
Novo pharmaceutical factory
and, in 1955, came the
Seven Series
. Both matched modern needs perfectly, being light, compact and easily stackable. Two other successful chair designs, the
Egg
and the
Swan
, were created for the
SAS Royal Hotel
which he also designed in 1956.
Other designs were made for Stelton, a company founded by his foster son Peter Holmbl. These include the now classic Cylinda Line stainless steel cocktail kit and tableware.
Other interior design is a line of faucets and accessories for bathroom and kitchen, created after he won a competition in 1961 for his design of the National Bank of Denmark. This classic design is still in production today by Danish company Vola.
Style and legacy
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According to R. Craig Miller, author of "Design 1935?1989, What Modern was", Jacobsen's work "is an important and original contribution both to modernism and to the specific place Denmark and the Scandinavian countries have in the modern movement" and continues "One might in fact argue that much of what the modern movement stands for, would have been lost and simply forgotten if Scandinavian designers and architects like Arne Jacobsen would not have added that humane element to it".
[8]
Arne Jacobsen is noted for his sense of proportion. Indeed, he himself saw this as one of the main features of his work. In an interview he said; "The proportion is exactly what makes the beautiful ancient Egyptian temples [...] and if we look at some of the most admired buildings of the Renaissance and Baroque, we notice that they were all well-proportioned. Here is the basic thing".
[8]
Selected works
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Architecture
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- Bellevue Beach
, Klampenborg, Denmark (1932)
- Bellavista residential complex
, Klampenborg, Copenhagen (1931–34)
- Bellevue Theatre
and restaurant, Klampenborg (1935–36)
- Skovshoved Petrol Station
, Skovshoved, Copenhagen (1936)
- Stelling House
, 6
Gammeltorv
, Copenhagen (1934–37)
- Søllerød Town Hall
(with Flemming Lassen), Søllerød, Copenhagen (1938–42)
- Arhus City Hall
(with
Erik Møller
), Arhus (1939?42)
- Søholm
I (1946–50),
[15]
II
[21]
and III
[22]
terraced houses, Klampenborg
- Rødovre Town Hall
, Rødovre, Denmark (1952–56)
- Allehusene
housing, Gentofte, Copenhagen (1949–1953)
- Glostrup Town Hall
, Glostrup, Copenhagen (1958)
- Munkegaard School
, Copenhagen (1957)
- SAS Royal Hotel
, Copenhagen (1958–60)
- Toms Chocolate Factory,
Ballerup
, Copenhagen (1961)
- National Bank of Denmark
, Copenhagen (1965?70)
- Landskrona Sports-Hall, Landskrona, Sweden (1965)
- St Catherine's College
, Oxford, UK (1964?66)
- Mainz City Hall,
Mainz
, Germany (1966?73)
- Castrop-Rauxel Town Hall and Forum,
Castrop-Rauxel
, Germany (1966–76)
[23]
- Christianeum School
, Hamburg, Germany (1970?71)
- HEW
Vattenfall Europe
, Hamburg, Germany (1970)
[24]
- Royal Danish Embassy
, London, UK (1976?77)
[25]
Furniture and product design
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In culture and media
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- Arne Jacobsen's
No. 7 chair
is known for being the prop used to hide
Christine Keeler
's nakedness in the iconic photograph of her taken by
Lewis Morley
in 1963.
[26]
Morley just happened to use a chair that he had in the studio, which turned out to have been a copy of Jacobsen's design. Since then 'Number 7' chairs have been used for many similar portraits imitating the pose.
- The Seven has featured on the set of the BBC soap opera
EastEnders
.
[5]
- Jacobsen's flatware design, with right and left-handed spoons, is used by
Stanley Kubrick
in his movie
2001: A Space Odyssey
. It was selected for the film because of its 'futuristic' appearance.
- Arne Jacobsen's grandson, Tobias Jacobsen, is also a designer for furniture; he created for example the chair "Vio" (according to the elements of a violin) and the sideboard "Boomerang" (named after the curved throw stick).
[27]
There are chairs with his design at gate 56A at the San Francisco airport.
Awards and recognition
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See also
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References
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Further reading
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- Dyssegaard, Søren (ed.); Jacobsen, Arne; Skriver, Poul Erik:
Arne Jacobsen, a Danish architect
, (translation: Reginald Spink and Bodil Garner), 1971, Copenhagen: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 56 p.
ISBN
87-85112-00-3
- Jacobsen, Arne:
Arne Jacobsen: absolutely modern
, 2002, Humlebaek: Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, 96 p.
ISBN
87-90029-74-7
- Solaguren-Beascoa de Corral, Felix:
Arne Jacobsen (Obras y Proyectos / Works and Projects)
, 1992, Barcelona, Editorial Gustavo Gili, 222 pages.
ISBN
84-252-1404-1
- Thau, Carsten; Vindum, Kjeld:
Arne Jacobsen
, 2008, Copenhagen, Arkitektens forlag, 560 p.
ISBN
978-87-7407-230-0
- Solaguren-Beascoa de Corral, Felix
: "Jacobsen. Objects and Furniture Design", 2010, Barcelona, Ed. Poligrafa, 127 pages.
ISBN
978-84-343-1183-1
/ 978-84-343-11834-8
- Solaguren-Beascoa de Corral, Felix
: "Arne Jacobsen. Edificios Publicos. Public Buildings", 2010, Barcelona, Ed. Gustavo Gili, 144 pages.
ISBN
84-252-2011-4
- Solaguren-Beascoa de Corral, Felix
:
"Arne Jacobsen: Approach to his Complete Works. 1926?1949" link to Ed. Arkitektens Forlag
, 2002, Copenhague, Ed. Arkitektens Forlag, 204 pages.
ISBN
87-7407-2706
- Solaguren-Beascoa de Corral, Felix
:
"Arne Jacobsen: Approach to his Complete Works. 1950?1971" link to Ed. Arkitektens Forlag
, 2002, Copenhague, Ed. Arkitektens Forlag, 276 pages.
ISBN
87-7407-2706
- Solaguren-Beascoa de Corral, Felix
: "Arne Jacobsen. Drawings 1958?1965", 2002, Copenhague, Ed. Arkitektens Forlag, 192 pages.
ISBN
87-7407-2706
- Solaguren-Beascoa de Corral, Felix
: "Arne Jacobsen", 2005, Pekin, Ed. China National Publications, 222 pages.
ISBN
7-5381-4439-0
External links
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