Ruling by males
Androcracy
is a
form of government
in which the government rulers are male. The males, especially fathers, have the central roles of political leadership, moral authority, and control of property. It is also sometimes called a
phallocracy
or
andrarchy
or an
androcentric
or
phallocratic
society.
Example
[
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]
Traditionally, influential political positions have been disproportionately occupied by males. With the rise of
feminism
since the late 19th century, opinions concerning women in politics have changed in a manner that has facilitated an increase in female political participation. Nevertheless, there continues to be a considerable disparity between the percentage of males and females in politics. Currently, women represent 19.4 percent of all parliamentarians in the regions of Europe, the Americas, Sub-Sahara Africa, Asia, the Pacific, the Arab States, and Nordic countries.
[1]
The level of female participation in parliament varies between regions, ranging from percentages as high as 42 in Nordic countries to as low as 11.4 in Arabic states.
[1]
Riane Eisler, in her book
The Chalice and the Blade
, contrasts androcratic male-dominated society with
gylany
, i.e., partnership society based on gender equality.
[2]
Gylany is balanced and equalitarian, and should not be confused with gynocracy or
matriarchy
, which define the ancient systems where women ruled without hierarchy and lineage was matricentral.
[2]
Gender bias
[
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]
Androcracy as a gender bias may influence the decision-making process in many countries. Kleinberg and Boris point to a dominant paradigm which promotes wage-earning fathers with financially dependent mothers, the exclusion of same-sex couples, and the marginalization of single-parent families.
[3]
Gynocracy
[
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]
The opposite of androcracy is
gynocracy
, or rule by women. It is related to but not synonymous with
matriarchy
. Evidence indicating historical gynocracies survives mostly in mythology and in some archaeological records, although it is disputed by some authors, like Cynthia Eller in her book
The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory
.
[4]
See also
[
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]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
"Women in National Parliaments as of 31 October 2011"
.
ipu.org
.
Inter-Parliamentary Union
. Archived from
the original
on 3 January 2013
. Retrieved
2 December
2011
.
- ^
a
b
Eisler, Riane
(1987).
The chalice and the blade: our history, our future
. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harper & Row. pp.
24
?25 and 105?106.
ISBN
9780062502896
.
- ^
Boris, Eileen; Kleinberg, S.J. (Autumn 2003). "Mothers and other workers: (re)conceiving labor, maternalism, and the state".
Journal of Women's History
.
15
(3).
Johns Hopkins University Press
: 90?117.
doi
:
10.1353/jowh.2003.0061
.
S2CID
144560405
.
View online.
- Citing
:
- Kessler-Harris, Alice (2001), "
Questions of equity
", in
Kessler-Harris, Alice, ed. (2003).
In pursuit of equity: women, men, and the quest for economic citizenship in 20th-century America
. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 161?169.
ISBN
9780195158021
.
- ^
Eller, Cynthia (2011).
Gentlemen and Amazons: the Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory, 1861-1900
. Berkeley: University of California Press.
ISBN
9780520266766
.