Maghrebi dialect of the Arabic language spoken in Algeria
Algerian Arabic
(
Arabic
:
??????? ?????????
,
romanized
:
ad-D?rja al-Jazairia
), natively known as
Dziria
,
Darja
or
Darja
, is a
variety
of
Arabic
spoken in
Algeria
. It belongs to the
Maghrebi Arabic
dialect continuum
and is mostly intelligible with the
Tunisian
and
Moroccan
dialects.
[2]
Darja (
???????
) means "everyday/colloquial dialect".
[3]
Like other varieties of Maghrebi Arabic, Algerian Arabic has a mostly
Semitic
vocabulary.
[4]
It contains
Berber
,
Punic
, and
African Romance
[5]
influences
and has some
loanwords
from
French
,
Andalusi Arabic
,
Ottoman Turkish
and
Spanish
. Berber loanwords represent 8% to 9% of its vocabulary.
[6]
Algerian Arabic is the
native dialect
of 75% to 80% of Algerians and is mastered by 85% to 100% of them.
[7]
It is a spoken language used in daily communication and entertainment, while
Modern Standard Arabic
(MSA) is generally reserved for official use and education. As in the rest of the
Arab world
, this linguistic situation has been described as
diglossia
: MSA is nobody's first acquired language; it is learned through formal instruction rather than
transmission from parent to child
.
[8]
Besides informal communication, Algerian Arabic is rarely written. In 2008,
The Little Prince
was translated in Algerian Arabic. The first novel written in Algerian Arabic is published by Rabeh Sebaa in 2021 and is entitled
Fahla
(in Latin script and Arabic characters).
[9]
Dialects
[
edit
]
The Algerian language includes several distinct dialects belonging to two genetically different groups:
pre-Hilalian
and
Hilalian dialects
.
Hilalian dialects
[
edit
]
Hilalian dialects
of Algeria belong to three linguistic groups:
[10]
- Eastern Hilal dialects: spoken in the
Hautes Plaines
around
Setif
,
M'Sila
and
Djelfa
;
[11]
- Central Hilal dialects: of central and southern
Algeria
, south of
Algiers
and
Oran
;
[12]
- Maqil dialects: spoken in the western part of
Oranais
(noted for the third singular masculine accusative pronoun
h
, for example,
/??fteh/
(
I saw him
), which would be
/??ft?/
in other dialects).
[13]
Modern
koine languages
, urban and national, are based mainly on Hilalian dialects.
Pre-Hilalian dialects
[
edit
]
Pre-Hilalian Arabic dialects
are generally classified into three types: Urban, "Village" Sedentary, and Jewish dialects. Several Pre-Hilalian dialects are spoken in Algeria:
[10]
[14]
- Urban dialects can be found in all of Algeria's big cities. Urban dialects were formerly also spoken in other cities, such as
Azemmour
and
Mascara, Algeria
, where they are no longer used.
- The
Jijel Arabic
(or Jijeli Dialect) is spoken in the triangular area north of
Constantine
, including
Collo
and
Jijel
(it is noteworthy for its pronunciation of [q] as [k] and [t] as [ts] and characterized, such as other Eastern pre-Hilalian dialects, by the preservation of the three short vowels).
- The
traras-Msirda dialect
is spoken in the area north of
Tlemcen
, including the eastern
Traras
,
Rachgoun
and
Honaine
(it is noted for its pronunciation of [q] as [k]) ;
- Judeo-Algerian Arabic
is no longer spoken after
Algerian Jews
left Algeria in 1962, following its independence.
Phonology
[
edit
]
Consonants
[
edit
]
In comparison to other Maghrebi dialects, Algerian Arabic has retained numerous phonetic elements of Classical Arabic lost by its relatives;
[15]
[16]
In Algiers dialect, the letters
/
ð?
/
?
,
/
ð
/
?
, and
?
/
θ
/
are not used, they are in most cases pronounced as the graphemes
?
,
?
, and
?
respectively.
[15]
This conservatism concerning pronunciation is in contrast to Algerian Arabic grammar which has shifted noticeably.
[16]
In terms of differences from Classical Arabic, the previous
/
r
/
and
/
z
/
phonemes have developed contrastive glottalized forms and split into
/
r
/
and
/
r?
/
; and
/
z
/
and
/
z?
/
. Additionally,
/
q
/
from Classical Arabic has split into
/
q
/
and
/
?
/
in most dialects. The phonemes
/
v
/
and
/
p
/
which are not common in Arabic dialects arise almost exclusively from (predominantly French) loanwords.
[15]
^1
The voiceless "Ch" (t??) is used in some words in the Algerian dialect like "
?????
"
/t??inaː/
(orange) or "
??????
"
/t??aːraːk/
(A kind of Algerian sweet) but remains rare.
Dissimilation
[
edit
]
A study of Northwestern Algerian Arabic (specifically around
Oran
) showed that laterals
/
l
/
or
/
?
/
or the nasal consonant
/
n
/
would be dissimilated into either
/
n
/
in the case of
/
l
/
or
/
?
/
; or
/
l
/
or
/
?
/
in the case of
/
n
/
when closely preceding a corresponding lateral or nasal consonant.
[17]
Thus
/z?lzla/
(earthquake) has become
/z?nzla/
, conversely
/l??nmi/
"mutton" becomes
/l??lmi/
.
[17]
Assimilation
[
edit
]
The same study also noted numerous examples of assimilation in Northwestern Algerian Arabic, due to the large consonant clusters created from all of the historical vowel deletion: examples include
/d?d??aːd??/
"chicken", becoming
/d??aːd??/
and
/mliːħ/
"good", becoming
/mniːħ/
.
[17]
An example of assimilation that occurs after the short vowel deletion is the historical /
d?r?w?k/
"now" becoming
/dr?uːk/
and then being assimilated to
/duːk/
,
[17]
illustrating the order in which the rules of Algerian Arabic may operate.
Vowels
[
edit
]
The phonemic vowel inventory of Algerian Arabic consists of three long vowels:
/
iː
/
,
/
uː
/
, and
/
aː
/
contrasted with two short vowels:
/
u
/
and /
?
/.
[15]
[17]
Algerian Arabic Vowels retains a great deal of features in relation to Classical Arabic Arabic phonology, namely the continued existence of 3 long vowels:
/
iː
/
,
/
uː
/
, and
/
aː
/
,
[16]
Algerian Arabic also retains the short close back vowel
/
u
/
in speech, however the short equivalents of
/
iː
/
and
/
aː
/
have fused in modern Algerian Arabic, creating a single phoneme /
?
/.
[17]
Also notable among the differences between Classical Arabic and Algerian Arabic is the deletion of short vowels entirely from open syllables
[16]
and thus word final positions,
[15]
which creates a stark distinction between written Classical Arabic, and casually written Algerian Arabic. One point of interest in Algerian Arabic that sets it apart from other conservative Arabic dialects is its preservation of phonemes in (specifically French) loanwords that would otherwise not be found in the language:
/
??
/
,
/
y
/
, and
/
?
/
are all preserved in French loanwords such as
/sy?/
(French: 'sure', English: 'sure') or /k?n?ksi??/ (connection).
[15]
Grammar
[
edit
]
Nouns and adjectives
[
edit
]
English
|
Algerian Arabic
|
drink
|
?rab
|
sky
|
sma
|
water
|
ma
|
woman / women
|
mra / nsa
|
fire
|
nar
|
big
|
kbir
|
man / men
|
rajel / rjal
|
day
|
nhar / yum
|
moon
|
qmer
|
night
|
lil
|
bread
|
khubz / kesra
|
small
|
?γir
|
Turtle
|
Fekrun
|
sand
|
rmel
|
winter / rain
|
?ta / m?ar / nu
|
ball
|
balun
|
towel
|
serbita
|
toilet / bathroom
|
bit-el-ma / bit-er-ra?a / Twalat
|
Conjunctions and prepositions
[
edit
]
English
|
Algerian Arabic
|
Notes of usage
|
but
|
be??a?
|
|
if
|
ila, ida, lakan, kun, Fihalat
|
used for impossible conditions and comes just before the verb
|
if
|
lukan, kun
|
for possible conditions, Also used is "ida" and "kan"
|
so that, that
|
ba?, bah
|
|
that
|
belli
|
|
as if
|
ki ?γul, tqu?i, tqul, tgul
|
|
because
|
xa?ar, xa?rake?, εlaxa?er, εlajal
|
|
when
|
ila / wakta / winta / Ki (used for some cases like : when you come I'll tell you)
|
|
before
|
qbel ma / gbel ma
|
used before verbs
|
without
|
bla ma / blach
|
used before verbs
|
whether
|
ka? ma
|
used before verbs
|
under
|
ta?t
|
|
over, on top of
|
fuq or fug
|
|
after
|
mur / mura / Baεd / wra
|
|
before
|
qbel / gbel
|
used only for time
|
next to, beside
|
quddam or guddam
|
is also used "?da"
|
at
|
εend / εla
|
|
with
|
mεa
|
|
among, between
|
bin, binat (plural)
|
|
same as, as much as
|
εla ?sab, qed, ged, kima
|
amount
|
oh, oh so much
|
ya, ah
|
|
Some of them can be attached to the noun, just like in other
Arabic
dialects. The word for
in
, "fi", can be attached to a definite noun. For example, the word for a house has a definite form "ed-dar" but with "fi", it becomes "fed-dar".
Gender
[
edit
]
Algerian Arabic uses two genders for words: masculine and feminine. Masculine nouns and adjectives generally end with a consonant while the feminine nouns generally end with an
a
.
Examples:
- [r?fiːq
ħm?r]
"Rafik is a donkey (male)",
[z?jn?b
ħm?r?]
"Zeyneb is a donkey (female)".
Pluralisation
[
edit
]
Hilalian dialects, on which the modern koine is based, often use regular plural while the wider use of the broken plural is characteristic to pre-Hilalian dialects.
The regular masculine plural is formed with the suffix
-in
, which derives from the Classical Arabic genitive and accusative ending
-?na
rather than the nominative
-?na
:
- mumen (believer) → mumnin
For feminine nouns, the regular plural is obtained by suffixing
-at
:
- Classical Arabic: bint (girl) → banat
- Algerian Arabic: bent → bnat
The broken plural can be found for some plurals in Hilalian dialects, but it is mainly used, for the same words, in pre-Hilalian dialects:
- Broken plural: ?abla → ?wab?l.
Article
[
edit
]
The article
el
is indeclinable and expresses a definite state of a noun of any gender and number. It is also prefixed to each of that noun's modifying adjectives.
It follows the
sun and moon letters
rules of Classical Arabic: if the word starts with one of these consonants, el is assimilated and replaced by the first consonant:
t
,
d
,
r
,
z
,
s
,
?
,
?
,
?
,
?
,
l
,
n
.
Examples:
- rajel →
er
-rajel "man" (assimilation)
- qe?? →
el
-qe?? "cat" (no assimilation)
Important Notes
:
- When it is after lunar letters consonant we add the article
le-
.
Examples:
- qmer →
le
-qmer "moon"
- ?jer →
le
-?jer "stone"
- We always use the article
el
with the words that begin with vowels.
Examples:
- alf →
el
-alf "thousand"
Verbs
[
edit
]
Verbs are
conjugated
by adding affixes (prefixes, postfixes, both or none) that change according to the tense.
In all Algerian Arabic dialects, there is no gender differentiation of the second and third person in the plural forms, nor is there gender differentiation of the second person in the singular form in pre-Hilalian dialects. Hilalian dialects preserve the gender differentiation of the singular second person.
Person
|
Past
|
Present
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
1st
|
- t
|
- na
|
n -
|
n(e) - u
|
2nd (m)
|
- t
|
- tu
|
t -
|
t - u
|
2nd (f)
|
- ti
|
- tu
|
t - i
|
t - u
|
3rd (m)
|
-
|
- u
|
i/y(e) -
|
i/y(e) - u
|
3rd (f)
|
- t
|
- u
|
t(e) -
|
i/y(e) - u
|
- Example with the verb
kteb
"To write":
Person
|
Past
|
Present
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
1st (m)
|
kteb
t
|
kteb
na
|
n
ekteb
|
ne
kketb
u
|
2nd (m)
|
kteb
t
|
kteb
tu
|
t
ekteb
|
t
ekketb
u
|
2nd (f)
|
kteb
ti
|
kteb
tu
|
t
ekketb
i
|
t
ekketb
u
|
3rd (m)
|
kteb
|
ketb
u
|
y
ekteb
|
y
ekketb
u
|
3rd (f)
|
ketbe
t
|
ketb
u
|
t
ekteb
|
y
ekketb
u
|
Person
|
Past
|
Present
|
Future
|
Present continuous
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
1st (m)
|
kteb
t
|
kteb
na
|
n
ekteb
|
ne
kketb
u
|
Ray
e
?
n
ekteb
|
Ray?in
ne
kketb
u
|
Rani
n
ekteb
|
Rana
ne
kketb
u
|
1st (f)
|
kteb
t
|
kteb
na
|
n
ekteb
|
ne
kketb
u
|
Ray?
a
n
ekteb
|
Ray?in
ne
kketb
u
|
Rani
n
ekteb
|
Rana
ne
kketb
u
|
2nd (m)
|
ketb
t
|
kteb
tu
|
t
ekteb
|
t
ekketb
u
|
Ray
e
?
t
ekteb
|
Ray?in
t
ekketb
u
|
Rak
t
ekteb
|
Rakum
t
ekketb
u
|
2nd (f)
|
kteb
ti
|
kteb
tu
|
t
ekketb
i
|
t
ekketb
u
|
Ray?
a
t
ekketb
i
|
Ray?in
t
ekketb
u
|
Raki
t
ekketb
i
|
Rakum
t
ekketb
u
|
3rd (m)
|
kteb
|
ketb
u
|
y
ekteb
|
y
ekketb
u
|
Ray
e
?
y
ekteb
|
Ray?in
y
ekketb
u
|
Rah
y
ekteb
|
Rahum
y
ekketb
u
|
3rd (f)
|
ketbe
t
|
ketb
u
|
t
ekteb
|
y
ekketb
u
|
Ray?
a
t
ekteb
|
Ray?in
y
ekketb
u
|
Raha
t
ekteb
|
Rahum
y
ekketb
u
|
Future tense
[
edit
]
Speakers generally do not use the future tense above. Used instead is the
present tense
or
present continuous
.
Also, as is used in all of the other
Arabic
dialects, there is another way of showing active tense. The form changes the root verb into an
adjective
. For example, "kteb" he wrote becomes "kateb".
Negation
[
edit
]
Like all North African Arabic varieties (including
Egyptian Arabic
) along with some
Levantine Arabic
varieties, verbal expressions are negated by enclosing the verb with all its affixes, along with any adjacent pronoun-suffixed preposition, within the
circumfix
ma ...-?
(
/?/
):
- ≪ lεebt ≫ ("I played") → ≪
ma
lεebt-
?
/?/
≫ ("I didn't play")
- ≪
ma
t?abbaεni-
?
≫ ("Don't push me")
- ≪
ma
y?awlu-l-ek-
?
hadu le-qraεi ≫ ("Those bottles won't last you long")
- ≪
ma
sibt-
?
pla?a ≫ ("I couldn't get a seat / parking place")
Person
|
Past
|
Present
|
Future
|
Present continuous
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
1st (m)
|
ma kteb
t
-?
|
ma kteb
na
-?
|
ma
n
ekteb-?
|
ma
ne
kketb
u
-?
|
ma Ray
e
?-?
n
ekteb
|
ma Ray?in-?
ne
kketb
u
|
ma Rani-?
n
ekteb
|
ma Rana-?
ne
kketb
u
|
2nd (f)
|
ma kteb
t
-?
|
ma kteb
na
-?
|
ma
n
ekteb-?
|
ma
ne
kketb
u
-?
|
ma Ray?
a
-?
n
ekteb
|
ma Ray?in-?
ne
kketb
u
|
ma Rani-?
n
ekteb
|
ma Rana-?
ne
kketb
u
|
2nd (m)
|
ma ketb
t
-?
|
ma kteb
tu
-?
|
ma
t
ekteb-?
|
ma
t
ekketb
u
-?
|
ma Ray
e
?-?
t
ekteb
|
ma Ray?in-?
t
ekketb
u
|
ma Rak-?
t
ekteb
|
ma Rakum-?
t
ekketb
u
|
2nd (f)
|
ma kteb
ti
-?
|
ma kteb
tu
-?
|
ma
t
ekketb
i
-?
|
ma
t
ekketb
u
-?
|
ma Ray?
a
-?
t
ekketb
i
|
ma Ray?in-?
t
ekketb
u
|
ma Raki-?
t
ekketb
i
|
ma Rakum-?
t
ekketb
u
|
3rd (m)
|
ma kteb-?
|
ma ketb
u
-?
|
ma
y
ekteb-?
|
ma
y
ekketb
u
-?
|
ma Ray
e
?-?
y
ekteb
|
ma Ray?in-?
y
ekketb
u
|
ma Rah-?
y
ekteb
|
ma Rahum-?
y
ekketb
u
|
3rd (f)
|
ma ketbe
t
-?
|
ma ketb
u
-?
|
ma
t
ekteb-?
|
ma
y
ekketb
u
-?
|
ma Ray?
a
-?
t
ekteb
|
ma Ray?in-?
y
ekketb
u
|
ma Raha-?
t
ekteb
|
ma Rahum-?
y
ekketb
u
|
Other negative words (walu, etc.) are used in combination with
ma
to express more complex types of negation.
?
is not used when other negative words are used
- ma qult walu ("I didn't say anything")
- ma ?uft tta wa?ed ("I didn't see anyone")
or when two verbs are consecutively in the negative
- ma ?uft ma smeεt ("I neither saw nor did I hear").
Verb derivation
[
edit
]
Verb derivation is done by adding affixes or by doubling consonants, there are two types of derivation forms:
causative
,
passive
.
- Causative
: is obtained by doubling consonants :
- xrej "to go out" → x
er
rej "to make to go out"
- dxel "to enter" →
d
ex
xel
"to make to enter, to introduce".
- Passive
:It is obtained by prefixing the verb with t- / tt- / tn- / n- :
- qtel "to kill" → tneqtel "to be killed"
- ?reb "to drink" → tne?reb "to be drunk".
The adverbs of location
[
edit
]
Things could be in three places
hnaya
(right here),
hna
(here) or
el-hih
(there).
Pronouns
[
edit
]
Personal pronouns
[
edit
]
Most Algerian Arabic dialects have eight personal pronouns since they no longer have gender differentiation of the second and third person in the plural forms. However, pre-Hilalian dialects retain seven personal pronouns since gender differentiation of the second person in the singular form is absent as well.
Person
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
1st
|
ana
|
?na
|
2nd (m)
|
n'ta
|
n'tuma
|
2nd (f)
|
n'ti
|
n'tuma
|
3rd (m)
|
huwwa
|
huma
|
3rd (f)
|
hiyya
|
huma
|
Example: ≪ ?atta ana/ana tani. ≫ ? "Me too."
Person
|
Algerian Arabic
|
I am
|
rani
|
You are (m)
|
rak
|
You are (f)
|
raki
|
He is
|
rah or Rahu
|
She is
|
Rahi or Raha
|
We are
|
rana
|
You or Y'all are
|
raku or rakum (m)and (f)
|
They are
|
rahum (m)and (f)
|
Example: ≪ Rani hna. ≫ ? "I'm here." and ≪ Wa? rak. ≫ "How are you." to both males and females.
Possessive pronouns
[
edit
]
Dar
means house.
Person
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
1st
|
i (Dar
i
)
|
na (Dar
na
)
|
2nd
|
(e)k (Dar
(e)k
)
|
kum (Dar
kum
)
|
3rd (m)
|
u (Dar
u
)
|
(h)um (Dar
(h)um
)
|
3rd (f)
|
ha (Dar
ha
)
|
(hum) (Dar
(h)um
)
|
Example :
≪ dar-na. ≫ ? "Our house" (House-our) Possessives are frequently combined with
taε
"of, property" :
dar taε-na
? "Our house.",
dar taε-kum
...etc.
Singular:
taε-i
= my or mine
taε-ek
= your or yours (m, f)
taε-u
= his
taε-ha
= hers
Plural:
taε-na
= our or ours
taε-kum
= your or yours (m, f)
taε-hum
= their or theirs (m, f)
"Our house" can be
Darna
or
Dar taε-na
, which is more like saying 'house of ours'.
Taε
can be used in other ways just like in English in Spanish. You can say
Dar taε khuya
, which means 'house of my brother' or 'my brother's house'.
Interrogative pronouns
[
edit
]
Interrogatives
|
Algerian Arabic
|
What ?
|
wa? ?
|
When ?
|
waqta? ? / wekta? ? / wektah ? / wekket ?
|
Why?
|
3lah ? / 3la? ? / llah ?
|
Which ?
|
wa?-men ? / a?-men ? / ama ?
|
Where ?
|
win ?
|
Who ?
|
?kun ? / menhu ?
|
How ?
|
kifa? ? / kifah ? / ki ?
|
How many ?
|
??al ? / qedda? ? / guedda? ? / gueddah ?
|
Whose ?
|
taε-men ?
|
Verbal pronouns
[
edit
]
Person
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
1st
|
ni
|
na
|
2nd (m)
|
(e)k
|
kum
|
3rd (m)
|
u (after a consonant) / h (after a vowel)
/ hu (before an indirect object pronoun)
|
hum
|
3rd (f)
|
ha
|
hum
|
Examples:
- ≪ ?uft-ni. ≫ ? "You saw me." (You.saw-me)
- ≪ qetl-u. ≫ ? "He killed him." (He.killed-him)
- ≪ kla-h. ≫ ? "He ate it." (He.ate-it)
Demonstratives
[
edit
]
Unlike Classical Arabic, Algerian Arabic has no dual and uses the plural instead. The demonstrative (Hadi) is also used for "it is".
Interrogatives
|
Algerian Arabic
|
Emphasized
|
This
|
had (m), hadi (f)
|
hada, hadaya (m), hadiyya (f)
|
That
|
dak (m), dik (f)
|
hadak (m), hadik (f)
|
These
|
hadu
|
haduma
|
Those
|
duk
|
haduk
|
Sample text
[
edit
]
Auguste Moulieras's
Les fourberies de si Djeh'a
. The text below was translated from
Kabyle language
.
[18]
Buzelluf
|
Sheep Head
|
Waħed en-nhar, jħa med-lu baba-h frank, ba? ye?ri buzelluf. ?ra-h, w kla gagħ leħm-u. Bqa ?ir legħdem, jab-u l baba-h. Ki ?af-u qal-lu: "wa? hada?" Qal-lu: "buzelluf".
-A ?mata, win rahi wedn-u?
- -Kan tgħre?.
-Win rahum għini-h?
- -Kan għma.
-Win rah lsan-u?
- -Kan bekku?.
- U el-jelda tagħ ras-u, win rahi?
- -Kan fertgħas.
|
One day, Jha's father gave him one cent so he buys a sheep head. He bought it and ate all of its meat. Only an empty carcass was left. He brought it to his father. Then, when he saw it, he said: "what is that?" Jehha said: "a sheep head".
-You vile, where are its ears?
- -It was deaf.
-Where are its eyes?
- -It was blind.
-Where is its tongue?
- -It was mute.
-And the skin of its head, where is it?
- -It was bald.
|
French loanwords
[
edit
]
Algerian Arabic contains numerous French loanwords.
Algerian Arabic
|
French loanword
|
English meaning
|
Algerian Arabic
|
French loanword
|
English meaning
|
fer?i?a
|
fourchette
|
fork
|
por
|
port
|
port
|
friza
|
fraises
|
strawberries
|
otel
|
hotel
|
hotel
|
nurmalmu
|
normalement
|
normally
|
frijider
|
frigidaire
|
refrigerator
|
kar?a
|
carte
|
card
|
bumba
|
bombe
|
bomb
|
buja (v)
|
bouger (v)
|
move (v)
|
atay
|
the
|
tea
|
farina
|
farine
|
flour
|
duntist
|
dentiste
|
dentist
|
tilifun
|
telephone
|
phone
|
?ufur
|
chauffeur
|
driver (chauffeur)
|
valiza
|
valise
|
suitcase
|
pa?pur
|
passport
|
passport
|
trunspur
|
transport
|
transportation
|
tunubil
|
automobile
|
car
|
kazirna
|
caserne
|
barracks
|
couzina
|
cuisine
|
kitchen
|
fermli
|
infirmier
|
(male) nurse
|
bla?a/pla?a
|
place
|
place/seat
|
pyasa/byasa
|
piece
|
piece
|
?arji (v)
|
charger (v)
|
load/charge (v)
|
karti
|
quartier
|
district
|
jerda
|
jardin
|
garden
|
girra
|
guerre
|
war
|
riska (v)
|
risquer (v)
|
risk (v)
|
(g)krava?a
|
cravate
|
tie
|
zigu
|
egout
|
sewer
|
mikru
|
micro-ordinateur
|
computer
|
kadre
|
cadre
|
frame
|
ri?u
|
reseau
|
network
|
ridu
|
rideau
|
curtain
|
?abla
|
table
|
table
|
biyyi
|
billet
|
ticket
|
vista
|
veste
|
jacket
|
bulisiyya
|
police
|
police
|
kaski?a
|
casquette
|
cap
|
balona
|
ballon
|
ball
|
makiyaj
|
maquillage
|
makeup
|
?ntik
|
antique
|
old
|
(v)=verb
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
Algerian Arabic
at
Ethnologue
(27th ed., 2024)
- ^
"Algeria - Languages | Britannica"
.
www.britannica.com
. Retrieved
2023-04-12
.
- ^
Wehr, Hans (2011).
A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic
.
;
Harrell, Richard S. (1966).
Dictionary of Moroccan Arabic
.
- ^
Elimam, Abdou (2009).
Du Punique au Maghribi : Trajectoires d'une langue semito-mediterraneenne
(PDF)
. Synergies Tunisie.
- ^
Martin Haspelmath; Uri Tadmor (22 December 2009).
Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook
. Walter de Gruyter. p. 195.
ISBN
978-3-11-021844-2
.
- ^
Wexler, Paul (2012-02-01).
The Non-Jewish Origins of the Sephardic Jews
. State University of New York Press.
ISBN
978-1-4384-2393-7
.
- ^
"Arabic, Algerian Spoken"
.
Ethnologue
. Retrieved
2016-02-25
.
- ^
Al?Wer, Enam; Jong, Rudolf (2017). "Dialects of Arabic". In
Boberg, Charles
;
Nerbonne, John
; Watt, Dominic (eds.).
The Handbook of Dialectology
. Wiley. p. 525.
doi
:
10.1002/9781118827628.ch32
.
ISBN
978-1-118-82755-0
.
OCLC
989950951
.
- ^
"Rabeh Sbaa : " L'algerien n'est pas un dialecte, c'est une langue a part entiere "
"
.
Middle East Eye edition francaise
(in French)
. Retrieved
2022-11-26
.
- ^
a
b
K. Versteegh,
Dialects of Arabic: Maghreb Dialects
Archived
2015-07-15 at the
Wayback Machine
, hteachmideast.org
- ^
The Eastern Hilal also includes central Tunisian Bedouin dialects.
- ^
The Central Hilal also includes
Algerian Saharan Arabic
.
- ^
The Maqil family of dialects also includes Moroccan Bedouin Arabic dialects and
Hassaniya
. Those of the Oranais are similar to those of eastern Morocco (Oujda area)
- ^
D. Caubet,
Questionnaire de dialectologie du Maghreb
Archived
2013-11-12 at the
Wayback Machine
, in: EDNA vol.5 (2000-2001), pp.73-92
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
Harrat, Salima; et al. (2016-11-03).
"An Algerian Dialect Study and Resources"
(PDF)
.
HAL Archives
. p. 390
. Retrieved
2019-01-29
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Souag, Lameen (2020-01-29).
"Description of Algerian Arabic"
.
Rosetta Project
. Retrieved
2020-01-29
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Guerrero, Jairo (2014-01-01).
"A Phonetical Sketch of The Arabic Dialect Spoken in Oran (Northwestern Algeria)"
.
Academia
. Retrieved
2020-02-13
.
- ^
Bellagh, M. A. (1987).
"Auguste Moulieras, Les fourberies de Si Djeh fa (Contes Kabyles)"
.
Horizons Maghrebins - Le droit a la memoire
.
11
(1): 102?103.
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