President of Algeria from 1999 to 2019
Abdelaziz Bouteflika
(
pronunciation
ⓘ
;
Arabic
:
??? ?????? ????????
,
romanized
:
?Abd al-?Az?z B?tafl?qa
[?abd
el?aziːz
buːtefliːqa]
; 2 March 1937 ? 17 September 2021) was an Algerian politician and diplomat who served as the seventh
president of Algeria
from 1999 to his resignation in 2019.
Before his stint as an Algerian politician, Bouteflika served during the
Algerian War
as a member of the
National Liberation Front
. After Algeria gained its independence from France, he served as the
Minister of Foreign Affairs
between 1963 until 1979. He served as
President of the United Nations General Assembly
during the 1974?1975 session. In 1983 he was convicted of stealing millions of dinars from Algerian embassies during his diplomatic career.
In
1999
, Bouteflika was elected
president of Algeria
in a landslide victory. He would win re-elections in
2004
,
2009
, and
2014
. As President, he presided over the end of the
Algerian Civil War
in 2002 when he took over the project of his immediate predecessor President
Liamine Zeroual
, and he ended
emergency rule
in February 2011 amidst
regional unrest
. Following a stroke in 2013, Bouteflika had made few public appearances throughout his fourth term, making his final appearance in 2017.
[3]
Bouteflika resigned on 2 April 2019 amid months of
mass protests
opposing his candidacy for a fifth term. With nearly 20 years in power, he is the longest-serving head of state of Algeria to date.
[4]
Following his resignation, Bouteflika became a recluse and died at the age of 84 in 2021, over two years after his resignation.
[3]
After his death it became known in a
Suisse secrets
data leak, that he held a
Credit Suisse
account which overlapped with much of his presidency.
Early life and education
[
edit
]
Abdelaziz Bouteflika was born on 2 March 1937 in
Oujda
, Morocco.
[5]
He was the son of Mansouria Ghezlaoui and Ahmed Bouteflika from
Tlemcen
, Algeria. He had three half-sisters (Fatima, Yamina, and Aicha), as well as four brothers (Abdelghani, Mustapha, Abderahim, and Said) and one sister (Latifa).
[6]
Said Bouteflika
, 20 years his junior, would later be appointed special counselor to his brother in 1999. Unlike Said, who was raised mostly in
Tlemcen
,
[7]
Abdelaziz grew up in
Oujda
, where his father had emigrated as a youngster.
[6]
The son of a
zaouia
sheikh, he was
well-versed
in the
Qur'an
.
[8]
He successively attended three schools in Oudja: Sidi Ziane, El Hoceinia, and Abdel Moumen High Schools, where he reportedly excelled academically.
[6]
He was also affiliated with
Qadiriyya
Zaouia
in Oujda.
[6]
In 1956, Bouteflika went to the village of Ouled Amer near Tlemcen and subsequently joined?at the age of 19?the
National Liberation Army
, which was a military branch of the
National Liberation Front
.
[6]
He received his military education at the Ecole des Cadres in
Dar El Kebdani
, Morocco.
[9]
In 1957?1958, he was designated a controller of Wilaya V,
[6]
making reports on the conditions at the
Moroccan border
and in west Algeria, but later became the administrative secretary of
Houari Boumediene
. He became one of his closest collaborators and a core member of his
Oujda Group
.
[10]
: 12
[11]
In 1960, he was assigned to leading the Malian Front in the Algerian south and became known for his nom de guerre of Abdelkader al-Mali, which has survived until today.
[8]
In 1962, at the arrival of independence, he aligned with Boumedienne and the border armies in support of
Ahmed Ben Bella
against the
Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic
.
[12]
Career
[
edit
]
Following independence in 1962, Bouteflika became deputy for Tlemcen in the Constituent Assembly and Minister for Youth and Sport in the government led by
Ahmed Ben Bella
; the following year, he was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs.
[1]
He was a prime mover in the
military coup led by Houari Boumediene
that overthrew Ben Bella on 19 June 1965.
[13]
Bouteflika continued as Minister for Foreign Affairs until the death of President Boumedienne in 1978.
[12]
He also served as president of the
United Nations General Assembly
in 1974 and of the seventh special session in 1975,
[1]
becoming the youngest person to have done so.
[14]
Algeria at this time was a leader of the
Non-Aligned Nations Movement
.
[15]
He had discussions there with
Henry Kissinger
in the first talks between the United States and Algerian officials since the resumption of diplomatic relations between the two countries.
[16]
On 12 November 1974, in his capacity as president of the General Assembly, Bouteflika suspended the then
Apartheid
government of
South Africa
from participating in the 29th session of the UN.
[17]
The suspension was challenged by the US, but upheld by the assembly by a vote of 91 to 22 on 13 November.
[17]
[18]
In 1981, he was charged with having stolen Algerian embassies' money between 1965 and 1979.
[19]
On 8 August 1983, Bouteflika was convicted by the Court of Financial Auditors and found guilty of having fraudulently taken 60 million dinars during his diplomatic career.
[19]
Bouteflika was granted amnesty by President
Chadli Bendjedid
, his colleagues Senouci and Boudjakdji were jailed.
[19]
After the amnesty, Bouteflika was given back his diplomatic passport, a villa where he used to live but did not own, and all his debt was erased.
[19]
He never paid back the money "he reserved for a new foreign affairs ministry's building".
[20]
Succession struggle, corruption and exile
[
edit
]
Following Boumedienne's unexpected death in 1978, Bouteflika was seen as one of the two main candidates to succeed the powerful president.
[21]
Bouteflika was thought to represent the party's "right wing" that was more open to economic reform and rapprochement with the West.
[21]
Colonel Mohamed Salah Yahiaoui represented the "boumediennist" left wing.
[21]
In the end, the military opted for a compromise candidate, the senior army colonel
Chadli Bendjedid
.
[12]
Bouteflika was reassigned the role of Minister of State, but successively lost power as Bendjedid's policies of "de-Boumediennisation" marginalised the old guard.
[12]
In 1981, Bouteflika went into exile fleeing corruption charges.
[22]
[12]
In 1983, he was convicted of corruption.
[23]
After six years abroad, in 1989, the army brought him back to the Central Committee of the FLN, after the country had entered a troubled period of unrest and disorganised attempts at reform, with power-struggles between Bendjedid and a group of army generals paralysing decision-making.
[24]
In 1992, the reform process ended abruptly when the army took power and scrapped elections that were about to bring the fundamentalist
Islamic Salvation Front
to power.
[24]
This triggered a civil war that would last throughout the 1990s.
[24]
During this period, Bouteflika stayed on the sidelines, with little presence in the media and no political role.
[12]
In January 1994, Bouteflika was said to have refused the
Army
's proposal to succeed the assassinated president,
Mohamed Boudiaf
; he claimed later that this was because the army would not grant him full control over the armed forces.
[12]
[25]
Instead, General
Liamine Zeroual
became president.
[12]
[25]
First term as President, 1999?2004
[
edit
]
In 1999, after Zeroual unexpectedly stepped down and announced early elections, Bouteflika successfully ran for president as an independent candidate, supported by the military.
[26]
All other candidates withdrew from the election immediately prior to the vote, citing fraud concerns.
[27]
Bouteflika subsequently organised a referendum on his policies to restore peace and security to Algeria (involving amnesties for Islamist guerrillas) and to test his support among his countrymen after the contested election.
[28]
He won with 81% of the vote, but this figure was also disputed by opponents.
[28]
Foreign policy
[
edit
]
Bouteflika presided over the
Organisation of African Unity
in 2000, secured the Algiers Peace Treaty between
Eritrea
and
Ethiopia
, and supported peace efforts in the
African Great Lakes
region.
[29]
He also secured a friendship treaty with nearby Spain in 2002, and welcomed president
Jacques Chirac
of France on a state visit to
Algiers
in 2003.
[30]
[31]
This was intended as a prelude to the signature of a friendship treaty.
[31]
Algeria has been particularly active in African relations, and in mending ties with the West, as well as trying to some extent to resurrect its role in the declining non-Aligned movement.
[29]
However, it has played a more limited role in Arab politics, its other traditional sphere of interest.
[32]
Relations with the
Kingdom of Morocco
remained quite tense, with diplomatic clashes on the issue of the
Western Sahara
, despite some expectations of a thaw in 1999, which was also the year of
King Mohamed VI
's accession to the throne in Morocco.
[32]
Second term as President, 2004?2009
[
edit
]
On 8 April 2004, Bouteflika was re-elected by an unexpectedly high 85% of the vote in an
election
that was accepted by Western observers as a free and fair election.
[33]
This was contested by his rival and former chief of staff
Ali Benflis
.
[33]
Several newspapers alleged that the election had not been fair.
[33]
Frustration was expressed over extensive state control over the broadcast media.
[33]
The electoral victory was widely seen as a confirmation of Bouteflika's strengthening control over the state, cemented through forcing General
Mohammed Lamari
to resign as his chief of staff and replacing him "with
Ahmed Salah Gaid
, his close friend and ally."
[10]
Only 17% of people in
Kabylia
voted in 2004,
[33]
which represented a significant increase over the violence-ridden legislative elections of 2002.
[34]
Country-wide, the registered turnout rate was 59%.
[33]
Reconciliation plan
[
edit
]
During the first year of his second term, Bouteflika held
a referendum
on his "Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation", inspired by the 1995 "
Sant'Egidio Platform
" document.
[35]
The law born of the referendum showed that one of Bouteflika's goals in promoting this blanket amnesty plan was to help Algeria recover its image internationally and to guarantee immunity to institutional actors.
[35]
The first year of Bouteflika's second term implemented the Complementary Plan for Economic Growth Support (PCSC), which aimed for the construction of 1 million housing units, the creation of 2 million jobs, the completion of the
East?west highway
, the completion of the Algiers subway project, the delivery of the new
Algiers airport
, and other similar large scale infrastructure projects.
[36]
The PCSC totaled $60 billion of spending over the five-year period. Bouteflika also aimed to bring down the external debt from $21 billion to $12 billion in the same time.
[36]
He also obtained from Parliament the reform of the law governing the
oil
and
gas
industries, despite initial opposition from the
workers unions
.
[37]
However, Bouteflika subsequently stepped back from this position and supported amendments to the hydrocarbon law in 2006, which propose watering down some of the clauses of the 2005 legislation relating to the role of
Sonatrach
, the state owned oil & gas company, in new developments.
[38]
Foreign policy
[
edit
]
During Bouteflika's second term he was sharply critical of the
law
?passed after the
2005 French riots
?ordering French history school books to teach that
French colonisation
had positive effects abroad, especially in North Africa.
[39]
The diplomatic crisis which ensued delayed the signing of a friendship treaty between the two countries.
[39]
Ties to Russia were strengthened and Russia agreed to forgive debts if Algeria began buying arms and gave Russian gas companies (
Gazprom
,
Itera
, and
Lukoil
) access to joint fossil-fuel ventures in Algeria.
[40]
In 2004 Bouteflika organised the
Arab League
Summit and became President of the
Arab League
for one year; however his calls for reform of the League did not gain sufficient support to pass during the Algiers summit.
[41]
At the March 2005 meeting of Arab leaders, held in Algiers, Bouteflika spoke out strongly against Israel, "The Israelis' continuous killing and refusal of a comprehensive and lasting peace, which the Arab world is calling for, requires from us to fully support the Palestinian people."
[42]
Despite criticism from the west, specifically the United States, Bouteflika insisted that Arab nations would reform at their own pace.
[42]
On 16 July 2009,
President of Vietnam
Nguy?n Minh Tri?t
, met with Bouteflika on the sidelines of the 15th Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) summit in Egypt.
[43]
President Triet and Bouteflika agreed that the two countries still have great potential for development of political and trade relations.
[43]
Triet praised the Algerian government for creating favourable conditions for the
Vietnam
Oil and Gas Group to invest in oil and gas exploration and exploitation in Algeria.
[43]
In March 2016, the foreign ministers of the Arab league voted to declare
Hezbollah
a terrorist organization, Bouteflika voted with Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq to reject the motion.
[44]
In sub-Saharan Africa, a major concern of Bouteflika's Algeria had been on-and-off
Tuareg
rebellions in northern
Mali
.
[45]
Algeria has asserted itself forcefully as mediator in the conflict, perhaps underlining its growing regional influence.
[45]
Compromise peace agreements were reached in 2007 and 2008, both mediated by Algiers.
[45]
Constitutional amendment for a third term
[
edit
]
In 2006, Bouteflika appointed a new Prime Minister,
Abdelaziz Belkhadem
.
[46]
Belkhadem then announced plans that violate the
Algerian Constitution
to allow the President to run for office indefinitely and increase his powers.
[47]
This was widely regarded as aimed to let Bouteflika run for president for a third term.
[47]
In 2008, Belkhadem was shifted out of the premiership and his predecessor
Ahmed Ouyahia
brought in, having also come out in favor of the constitutional amendment.
[48]
[49]
The Council of Ministers announced on 3 November 2008 that the planned constitutional revision proposal would remove the presidential term limit previously included in Article 74.
[50]
The
People's National Assembly
endorsed the removal of the term limit on 12 November 2008; only the
Rally for Culture and Democracy
(RCD) voted against its removal.
[51]
Third term as President, 2009?2014
[
edit
]
Following the constitutional amendment allowing him to run for a third term, on 12 February 2009, Bouteflika announced his independent candidacy in the
2009 presidential election
.
[52]
On 10 April 2009, it was announced that Bouteflika had won the election with 90.24% of the vote, on a turnout of 74%,
[53]
thereby obtaining a new five-year term. Several opposition parties had boycotted the election, with the opposition
Socialist Forces Front
citing a "tsunami of massive fraud."
[53]
2010?2012 Algerian protests
[
edit
]
In 2010, journalists gathered to demonstrate for press freedom and against Bouteflika's self-appointed role as editor-in-chief of Algeria's state television station.
[54]
In February 2011, the government rescinded the state of emergency that had been in place since 1992 but still banned all protest gatherings and demonstrations.
[55]
However, in April 2011, over 2,000 protesters defied an official ban and took to the streets of Algiers, clashing with police forces.
[55]
Protesters noted that they were inspired by the recent
Egyptian Revolution
, and that Algeria was a police state and "corrupt to the bone".
[55]
Fourth term as President, 2014?2019
[
edit
]
Following yet another constitutional amendment, allowing him to run for a fourth term, Bouteflika announced that he would.
[56]
He met the electoral law requiring a candidate to collect over 60,000 signatures from supporters in 25 provinces.
[56]
On 18 April 2014, he was re-elected with 81% of the vote, while Benflis was second placed with 12.18%.
[57]
The turnout was 51.7%, down from the 75% turnout in 2009.
[58]
Several opposition parties boycotted the election again, resulting in allegations of fraud.
[59]
Bouteflika cabled his congratulations to freshly-reelected
Bashar al-Assad
on 19 April 2014.
[60]
Bouteflika was admitted to a clinic at
Grenoble
in France in November 2014.
[61]
In November 2016, he was hospitalized in France for medical checks.
[62]
On 20 February 2017, the
German Chancellor
Angela Merkel
canceled her trip to Algeria an hour before takeoff, reportedly because Bouteflika had severe
bronchitis
.
[63]
In June 2017, Bouteflika made a rare, and brief, appearance on Algerian state television presiding over a cabinet meeting with his new government.
[64]
In a written statement, he ordered the government to reduce imports, curb spending, and be wary of foreign debt.
[64]
He called for banking sector reform and more investment in renewable energy and "unconventional fossil hydrocarbons."
[64]
Bouteflika was reliant on a wheelchair and had not given a speech in public since 2014 due to
aphasia
following his stroke.
[65]
That same year, he made his final public appearance while unveiling a new metro station and the newly renovated
Ketchaoua Mosque
in Algiers.
[3]
During his final term as president, Bouteflika was usually not been seen in public for more than two years, and several of his close associates had not seen him for more than one year.
[66]
It was alleged that he could hardly speak and communicated by letter with his ministers.
[66]
Candidacy for fifth term, protests, and resignation
[
edit
]
On 10 February 2019, a press release signed by the long-ailing Bouteflika announcing he would seek a fifth consecutive term provoked widespread discontent.
[67]
Youth protesters demanded his picture be removed from city halls in
Kenchela
and
Annaba
in the days before the national demonstrations on 22 February, organized via social media.
[67]
Those in Algiers, where street protests are illegal, were the biggest in nearly 18 years. Protestors ripped down a giant poster of Bouteflika from the landmark Algiers central post office.
[68]
[69]
On 11 March 2019, after sustained protests, Bouteflika announced that he would not seek a new term.
[70]
However, his withdrawal from the elections was not enough to end the protests.
[71]
On 31 March 2019, Bouteflika along with the Prime Minister
Noureddine Bedoui
who had taken office 20 days earlier, formed a 27-member cabinet with only 6 of the appointees being retained from the outgoing president administration.
[71]
The next day, Bouteflika announced that he would resign by 28 April 2019.
[71]
Acceding to demands by the army chief of staff, he ultimately resigned a day later, on 2 April 2019.
[72]
Following his resignation, Bouteflika resumed his reclusiveness and made no public appearances due to failing health.
[3]
Bouteflika spent his final years in a medicalised state residence in
Zeralda
, a suburb of Algiers.
[3]
[73]
He also had a private residence in
El Biar
.
[74]
Personal life and death
[
edit
]
In November 2005, Bouteflika was admitted to a hospital in France, reportedly had a
gastric ulcer hemorrhage
, and discharged three weeks later.
[75]
However, the length of time for which Bouteflika remained virtually incommunicado led to rumours that he was critically ill with stomach cancer.
[76]
He checked into the hospital again in April 2006.
[77]
A leaked diplomatic cable revealed that, by the end of 2008, Bouteflika had developed
stomach cancer
.
[78]
In 2013, Bouteflika had a debilitating stroke.
[67]
A journalist, Hichem Aboud, was pursued for "threatening national security, territorial integrity, and normal management of the Republic's institutions" and the newspapers for which he wrote were censored, because he wrote that the President had returned from
Val-de-Grace
in a "comatose state" and had characterized Said Bouteflika as the puppet-master running the administration.
[79]
[80]
On 17 September 2021 Bouteflika died at his home in Zeralda from cardiac arrest at the age of 84.
[22]
[81]
[82]
His death was announced on state television by President
Abdelmadjid Tebboune
.
[83]
He had been in failing health since he had a stroke in 2013.
[3]
[22]
President Tebboune declared three days of national mourning after his death.
[84]
He was buried at the
El Alia Cemetery
on 19 September in a subdued ceremony.
[85]
Criticism
[
edit
]
Bouteflika's rule was marred by allegations of fraud and vote-tampering at elections from 1999 to 2019.
[23]
He had already been convicted in 1983 of corruption. Per
Suisse secrets
he held an account, during much of his presidency with a maximum balance worth over 1.4 million Swiss francs ($1.1 million) along with other family members.
[23]
Awards and honours
[
edit
]
Awards
[
edit
]
State honours
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
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a
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c
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2018
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.
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.
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.
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.
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.
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(PDF)
.
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.
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.
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:
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.
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.
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.
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.
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.
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.
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.
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.
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.
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.
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. Modern Ghana
. Retrieved
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.
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newspaper, 9 August 1983
- ^
a
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.
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.
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.
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.
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.
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.
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References
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Further reading
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External links
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