Infantry battalion of the United States Marine Corps
Military unit
3rd Battalion, 3rd Marines
, abbreviated as
(3/3)
, was an
infantry
battalion
of the
United States Marine Corps
, based out of
Kaneohe, Hawaii
. Known as either "Trinity" or "America's Battalion", the unit normally fell under the command of the
3rd Marine Regiment
of the
3rd Marine Division
.
[1]
When fully manned, the unit consisted of approximately 1000 U.S. Marines and
United States Navy
Sailors.
[nb 1]
Like most 20th century model infantry battalions of the U.S. Marine Corps, 3rd Battalion 3rd Marines was made up of three
rifle companies
(India, Kilo, and Lima), Weapons Company (Machine Gunners, Mortarman, Assaultmen, Snipers and TOW Gunners) and a
Headquarters and Services
(H&S) company. The battalion was originally formed at
Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune
,
North Carolina
in 1942 and saw action on both
Bougainville
and
Guam
during World War II, where it was awarded its first
Presidential Unit Citation
and
Navy Unit Commendation
. Marines in the battalion were also awarded one
Medal of Honor
and seven
Navy Crosses
during the war.
Following World War II, 3rd Battalion was disbanded until 1951, when it was reformed in California. The battalion was alerted for possible deployment during the 1956
Suez War
and the 1958 intervention in Lebanon. In 1965, the Marines of 3rd Battalion were deployed to the
Vietnam War
and participated in
Operation Starlite
, the first major Marine engagement of that conflict. The battalion continued to see major action through Vietnam and was rotated back to the United States in 1969. Famous alumni from its time in Vietnam include Corporal
Robert Emmett O'Malley
, the first Marine in Vietnam to be awarded the Medal of Honor,
Oliver North
, and
John Ripley
. Around the end of the Vietnam War, the Battalion was deactivated for a second time in 1974.
In 1975, 3rd Battalion was reformed for the third time at
Marine Corps Base Hawaii
. During this period, the battalion conducted numerous deployments in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. In 1983, 3rd Battalion deployed off the coast of Lebanon for several weeks during a particularly tense period in the
civil war
. During the 1980s, the battalion was briefly commanded by
Charles Krulak
, later the 31st
Commandant of the Marine Corps
, who nicknamed 3rd Battalion 3rd Marines "America's Battalion." 3rd Battalion deployed again in 1990 as part of
Operation Desert Shield
and saw action at the
Battle of Khafji
and again during the liberation of Kuwait. In the early 21st century the battalion deployed overseas six times as part of the
Global War on Terror
: three times for
Operation Enduring Freedom
in Afghanistan and three times for
Operation Iraqi Freedom
in Iraq.
[2]
One Marine from the battalion,
Dakota Meyer
, was awarded the Medal of Honor during the Global War on Terror. After the 3rd Marine Regiment ended combat operations, following 3rd Battalion's final deployment to Afghanistan in 2012, the unit resumed its deployments throughout the Pacific until 2022. As part of
Force Design 2030
, 3rd Battalion was deactivated in January 2023.
Organization at Deactivation
[
edit
]
Like most infantry battalions in the Marine Corps in the post-Vietnam era, 3rd Battalion consisted of five companies: three
Rifle Companies
, a
Headquarters and Service Company
(H&S), and a
Weapons Company
.
[3]
During the Vietnam War, infantry battalions had a fourth rifle company, which was replaced with Weapons Company in the 1980s.
[nb 2]
[4]
The rifle companies were designed to act as maneuver elements for the battalion. With attachments they could also be employed independently for short periods of time.
[5]
Each rifle company ideally consisted of six officers and 176 enlisted personnel and was typically commanded by a Captain, assisted by a
First Sergeant
.
[5]
Following the 1980s reorganization, the three rifle companies in 3rd Battalion were Company I, Company K, and Company L.
[6]
Because the Marine Corps uses the
NATO phonetic alphabet
, in 3rd Battalion these companies were commonly known as India, Kilo, and Lima.
[nb 3]
Prior to 1956, under the
Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet
, they were known as Item, King, and Love. During the Korean War era, 3d battalions typically contained G (George), H (How), and I (Item) companies.
H&S Company provided combat service support and consisted of the
battalion staff
, including the headquarters element, communications, medical, and service platoons.
[7]
While not a maneuver unit itself, H&S provided the battalion with command and control, surveillance, target acquisition, and service support, making the battalion able to function independently without the direct involvement of a higher headquarters.
[7]
Weapons Company provided fire support coordination,
medium mortars
,
anti-armor
weapons, and
heavy machine gun
support for the rifle companies. Generally, these elements of Weapons Company were directly employed by the battalion, but could also be attached to the rifle companies.
[8]
World War II (1942?1945)
[
edit
]
Formation and Deployment (1942?1943)
[
edit
]
3rd Battalion 3rd Marines was activated on 1 June 1942 at
New River, North Carolina
as the 5th Training Battalion.
[2]
At that time the Marine Corps was in the middle of an unprecedented wartime expansion, growing from 19,000 men in September 1939 to 100,000 men in February 1942. Because of this, two weeks after the
Battle of Midway
, the old 3rd Regiment from the
Banana Wars
was reformed as the 3rd Marine Regiment with three battalions. Initially designated as the 1st, 3rd, and 5th Training Battalions, on 16 June they would later become the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Battalions of the 3rd Marine Regiment.
[9]
The core of the new 3rd Battalion consisted of officers and enlisted men left behind from the
1st Marine Division
shortly before it deployed to the South Pacific in April. The rest were recruits fresh off
Parris Island
.
[10]
The first two months of 3rd Battalion's existence were spent just getting organized. On 25 July, Admiral
Ernest King
, the
Chief of Naval Operations
, ordered the 3rd Marine Regiment to garrison
Tutuila, American Samoa
, freeing up the
8th Marine Regiment
for future combat operations. On 24 August, 3rd Battalion left New River by train for San Diego. On 31 August, the battalion boarded the
SS Lurline
and began the two-week voyage to Samoa.
[11]
Upon arriving in Samoa, 3rd Battalion had many of its experienced officers and enlisted transferred to the 8th Marine Regiment, prior to that regiment's deployment to Guadalcanal.
[12]
The Marines lived in small wooden huts called
fales
. It rained constantly, and the rain bred mosquitoes that carried the disease
Filariasis
, an intense swelling of the arms and legs.
[13]
However the 3rd Battalion trained constantly and studied the combat reports coming out of
Guadalcanal
, so by the summer of 1943 the whole 3rd Marine Regiment was considered experts in jungle warfare. An
officer candidate school
was opened and many Noncommissioned Officers were given the opportunity to become Lieutenants. By the time the
3rd Marine Division
arrived in the South Pacific, 3rd Battalion had already been training for eight months and was prepared for its initial entry into combat.
[14]
By this time, 3rd Battalion had left Samoa on 23 May and joined up with the 3rd Marine Division in
Papatoetoe
,
New Zealand
. On 25 August, they moved with the division to a staging area on Guadalcanal, which had become the main U.S. base in the Solomon Islands. For the next nine months 3rd Battalion would conduct advanced training out of Camp Coconut Grove near the Tetere Beach. No fewer than three major amphibious assaults would be planned from here. The
invasion of Bougainville
, announced on 27 September, was the first.
Bougainville (1943)
[
edit
]
On 1 November 1943, the 3rd Battalion landed at
Cape Torokina
with the rest of 3rd Marines, just east of the Koromokina River. While resistance was extremely light, the rough surf and dense jungle (which in many places extended all the way to the water) resulted in numerous landing craft being lost or damaged beyond repair.
[15]
For the next two weeks, the battalion helped construct a series of trails that linked the beachhead with the advancing units, and made supply much easier.
[16]
On 16 November the battalion reached the Numa Numa Trail and began probing for Japanese units
[17]
On 18 November after a sharp firefight near a Japanese roadblock the battalion recovered a Japanese map with valuable intelligence on Japanese defenses.
[18]
From 19 to 21 November, 3rd Battalion continued probing for Japanese units, which had been identified as elements of the 23rd Infantry Regiment, and engaging in sporadic firefights.
[19]
In the lead-up to the
Battle of Piva Forks
, 3rd Battalion was able to seize critical high terrain that would give the Marines the advantage in the upcoming fight. The actual battle, from 22 to 26 November, saw some of the most vicious close combat experienced in the Pacific War as of that date.
[20]
3rd Battalion additionally suffered many casualties from unusually accurate Japanese mortar and artillery fire.
[21]
[22]
Two days later, after 27 days of continuous action, 3rd Battalion was moved to a relatively quiet sector on the 3rd Division's flank where it remained for the remainder of the operation.
[15]
In December, the 3rd Marine Division was relieved by the
Army's
Americal Division
and 3rd Battalion left Bougainville for Guadalcanal on Christmas Day, 1943 with the rest of the division.
[23]
They left behind 36 of their comrades, including Corporal John Logan Jr. and Captain Robert Turnbull (Lima Company), who were both awarded Navy Crosses during the
Battle of Piva Forks
. 165 other Marines from 3rd Battalion became casualties during the campaign.
[15]
After Bougainville, 3rd Battalion conducted numerous training exercises on Guadalcanal from January to May 1944 in preparation for the invasion of
Kavieng
in April (which was cancelled) and the
Marianas
in June.
[24]
While 3rd Marines was designated as the floating reserve for the initial
invasion of Saipan
, they were ultimately not landed and returned to
Eniwetok
for a three-week stay prior to the invasion of
Guam
. During the interlude, the Marines of 3rd Battalion were primarily confined to their transport ship, the
USS Warren
.
[25]
Guam (1944)
[
edit
]
On 21 July 1944, around 0830, 3rd Battalion hit the
Asan
beaches on
Guam
. Landing on the extreme left of the entire 3rd Marine Division, their mission was to take Chonito Cliff and
Adelup Point
, which marked the left flank of the division.
[26]
Within minutes the Japanese defenders opened up with mortars and machine guns, hitting many 3rd Battalion Marines coming ashore. By 0912 battalion commander Lieutenant Colonel Ralph Houser reported many casualties caused by both mortars and sniper fire.
[27]
Both Kilo and India Companies rushed the Chonito Cliffs but the Japanese defenders (Elements of the 2d Battalion, 18th Regiment and 320th Independent Infantry Battalion) resisted strongly, in some cases rolling grenades down the hillside.
[28]
Supported by
flamethrowers
,
half-tracks
, and armor from the
3rd Tank Battalion
, 3rd Battalion fought a bloody, three-hour battle up the side of Chonito Cliff. Houser then ordered Lima Company to flank the cliffs to the north by dashing down an exposed beach road.
[29]
Having secured Chonito Cliff, the battalion then moved on to Adelup Point. The US Navy sent a
destroyer
to blast the Japanese caves at point-blank range and 3rd Battalion flamethrowers burned out Japanese soldiers who still remained.
[30]
After securing Adelup Point, 3rd Battalion finished the day providing flank security for the rest of the 3rd Marines during the Battle for Bundschu Ridge and became the only unit in the regiment to accomplish its objectives by the end of W-Day.
[2]
[26]
[30]
The first night of 21?22 July, the Marines of 3rd Battalion came under a concerted counterattack by the survivors of the Japanese 320th Independent Infantry Battalion, as well as the 319th, committed by Japanese commander General Kiyoshi Shigematsu to retake the Chonito Cliffs.
[31]
The Japanese managed to infiltrate past many 3rd Battalion units through ravines and dry river beds and briefly threatened to overrun the battalion command post. The fighting was so heavy that parts of the Division Reserve were committed and the destroyer
USS McKee
was unable to provide close fire support, as the Japanese and Marines were so closely intermingled.
[32]
However the Marines held firm and managed to repulse the attack by 0830.
[32]
During the counterattack, a mortarman with Kilo Company,
Private First Class
Luther Skaggs, Jr.
, was critically wounded in the leg by a Japanese grenade. After applying a
tourniquet
, Skaggs continued to fight for another eight hours before moving unassisted to the rear where most of his leg was amputated. For this he became the first Marine from 3rd Battalion to be awarded the
Medal of Honor
.
[26]
Over the next two days the 3rd Battalion fought a savage battle with the Japanese defenders for the Chonito Cliffs and Fonte Plateau area, as the battalion struggled to capture the Mt. Tenjo Road. On 23 July, 3rd Battalion seized the last ridge leading to the Fonte Plateau, provoking a heavy Japanese counterattack. LtCol Houser himself was seriously wounded in this engagement and the
executive officer
, Major Royal Bastian, took command.
[26]
[33]
Then 3rd Battalion, now reinforced with tanks, took part in the assault on the Fonte Plateau on 25 July, seizing the key position after just an hour of fighting.
[34]
The night of 25?26 July saw the climax of the fighting on Guam when the Japanese launched an all-out counterattack against the Americans. In the 3rd Battalion's sector, Japanese sailors of the 54th Keibitai launched a series of failed attacks against the now-well defended Marine positions. Backed up with artillery, the Marines easily repulsed the Japanese.
[35]
On the morning of 31 July, 3rd Battalion proceeded east on the Mt. Tenjo road towards the island capital of
Agana
, which it liberated the same day after token resistance. By 1045, 15 minutes after its platoons entered the city, 3rd Battalion had reached the central plaza and stopped at the northern outskirts by noon. Resuming the offensive at 1545, 3rd Battalion pushed forward 1,500 yards to seize key road junctions that led to the towns of Finegayan and
Barrigada
.
[36]
For the remaining ten days of the campaign, the battalion marched northeast up the coast, encountering occasional Japanese resistance, until the island was declared secure on 10 August. However, the Japanese were not totally defeated. On 7 August, as 3rd Battalion led the regimental advance towards Road Junction 460, Japanese artillery shells began landing among the advancing Marines. After Marines discovered the source of fire, a 75mm artillery piece, the Japanese fled.
[37]
The final action by 3rd Battalion during the campaign was on 9 August when a nearby battalion came under heavy Japanese tank and infantry attack. Blazing a trail through the jungle, 3rd Battalion rushed towards the action but the Japanese tanks vanished before the battalion could arrive.
[38]
Casualties for the 3rd Battalion were twice that of Bougainville, with 300 wounded and 97 killed.
[39]
Iwo Jima and Japan (1945)
[
edit
]
Following the invasion of Guam, 3rd Battalion spent two months conducting 'mopping up' operations on the island until November, when it received orders to prepare for operations against Iwo Jima. From November until February 1945, they took part in a training regimen so serious that a fellow battalion later reported at least 20% of its members were incapacitated due to foot and heat injuries.
[40]
During the
Battle of Iwo Jima
, 3rd Battalion, as part of 3rd Marines, was kept offshore as the Expeditionary Troops reserve. However, despite numerous requests from other Marine officers, the 3rd Marines were never landed. According to one 3rd Battalion veteran, some Marines from the battalion came ashore to unload supplies or with other units that they had recently transferred to.
[41]
After sitting off Iwo Jima in their transport ships for a month, the 3rd Marines were ordered to return to Guam on 5 March 1945.
[42]
Back on Guam, 3rd Battalion began training for a landing on
Miyako Jima
, an island just south of
Okinawa
.
[43]
Those orders were eventually cancelled, but the battalion still saw minor combat in 1945, participating in two operations on Guam designed to capture Japanese soldiers still holding out in the hills. These sweeps took place in April and December 1945.
[44]
3rd Battalion also began preparing for
Operation Olympic
, where as part of
V Amphibious Corps
, it would have landed at
Kushikino, Kagoshima
, on
Ky?sh?
. After the
dropping of the atomic bombs in August 1945
, and
Japan's surrender
, 3rd Battalion was detached from the 3rd Marine Division in November 1945 and deactivated the following month on 20 December 1945.
[2]
Shortly before it was deactivated, however, 3rd Battalion suffered the dubious honor of having the last American killed in World War II, when PFC W.C. Patrick Bates of Kilo Company was shot by a Japanese sniper on 14 December during a mopping up operation on Guam (three months after the formal end of hostilities).
[45]
Early Cold War (1951?1965)
[
edit
]
3rd Battalion was reactivated at
Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton
in August 1951 as part of the 3rd Marine Brigade during the general Marine Corps expansion as a result of the
Korean War
.
[46]
[47]
In February 1952, it took part in Lex-Baker-1, which was the first full-scale Marine-Navy exercise held on the
West Coast
since 1949. In May, India Company participated in the ground portion of the
Operation Tumbler?Snapper
atomic bomb tests in Nevada. In August, part of the battalion took part in an amphibious landing on
Lake Washington
as part of
Seattle
's "
Seafair
." Then in December, 3rd Battalion took part in one of the first exercises at
Twentynine Palms
, California. The entire 3rd Marine Division, including 3rd Battalion 3rd Marines, was transported more than 280 miles (451 km) by truck between MCB Camp Pendleton and Twenty-nine Palms. During the exercise, Third Battalion made a night airlift using over 60 helicopters.
[46]
In January 1953, the unit deployed to the
Marine Corps Air Station Kaneohe Bay
on
Oahu
for six months of training, after which 3rd Battalion returned to Pendleton. In August 1953, 3rd Battalion deployed to Japan for training operations at Kin Beach,
Okinawa
and Iwo Jima.
[46]
In October 1956, 3rd Battalion was stationed in Japan when the
Suez Crisis
broke out.
[48]
Though initially deployed to the Indian Ocean for possible action in Egypt and the surrounding region, the crisis was ultimately resolved. During this cruise, 3rd Battalion?designated "Battalion Landing Team (BLT) 3/3" ? visited
Brunei Bay
,
Bombay
,
Karachi
, and Singapore, before returning to Japan.
[49]
In December 1956, the entire 3rd Marine Regiment was deployed off of Indonesia because of civil strife in that country. In 1958, 3rd Battalion was alerted for possible deployment to Lebanon, but its transports were turned back in the Indian Ocean to Okinawa.
[50]
Four years later, in 1962, the battalion deployed on the
USS Bayfield
to the Chinese coast to guard the Taiwanese islands of
Quemoy
and
Matsu
.
[2]
Vietnam War (1965?1969)
[
edit
]
Deployment and Operation Starlite (1965)
[
edit
]
In January 1965, the
2nd Battalion 1st Marines
at
Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton
, California deployed for a tour on
Okinawa
, Japan,
[2]
where they were redesignated the 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marines. At the time the Marines of 3rd Battalion expected a typical 13-month deployment followed by a quick return to the United States. However the battalion found itself caught up in the initial deployment of Marine units to
South Vietnam
, and landed on 12 May 1965 along the Vietnamese coast south of
Danang
at
Chu Lai
.
[51]
3rd Battalion's first major operation in the
Vietnam War
was
Operation Starlite
where they teamed up with units of the
7th Marines
. Operation Starlite was aimed at destroying the 1st
Viet Cong
(VC) Regiment, which was preparing to attack Chu Lai from the Van Tuong peninsula.
[52]
The fighting began on 18 August when the battalion conducted an amphibious landing just east of the VC positions.
[53]
At first the attack was slowed by effective VC delaying tactics. However, 3rd Battalion eventually advanced to the outskirts of the village of An Cuong 2. While attempting to clear the village, India Company came under intense fire from VC defending the village.
[54]
When one squad under Corporal
Robert Emmett O'Malley
was ambushed, O'Malley jumped into a VC trench and personally killed eight Viet Cong. Wounded three times, O'Malley refused to be evacuated until all his men were safe and later became the first Marine in the
Vietnam War
to be awarded the
Medal of Honor
.
[55]
India Company then had to fight its way back to the rest of the battalion through other Viet Cong units still operating in the area. Around 1200, an
H&S Company
supply convoy bound for India Company was ambushed and a force sent to relieve them was also pinned down. The ordeal was covered by journalist
Peter Arnett
in his article "The Death of Supply Column 21".
[56]
[57]
During the afternoon the situation was stabilized and the Viet Cong retreated that night, resulting in a tactical American victory. The United States had 52 marines killed in Starlite. India Company lost 14 dead, including the company commander, and 53 wounded out of a force of 177 marines.
[58]
Three
Navy Crosses
were awarded to Marines from the battalion for actions during Starlite, including the battalion commander Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Muir.
[59]
Search and Destroy Near Da Nang (1965?1966)
[
edit
]
Following Starlite 3rd Battalion continued to conduct regular sweeps and low-level (i.e. small unit) combat operations against the Viet Cong (usually the 1st VC Regiment) in the greater Da Nang area. Among the casualties suffered during this period was LtCol Muir, who was killed when he stepped on an
IED
.
[60]
In November they participated in an amphibious operation similar to Starlite called
Blue Marlin (II)
, which was carried out near
Hoi An
. Contact was irregular as the VC attempted to avoid a drawn-out engagement and the battalion only had three Marines wounded.
[61]
Then in December the battalion moved to the
Que Son Valley
for
Operation Harvest Moon
, preventing the VC from capturing the town.
[62]
[63]
In March 1966, 3rd Battalion participated in
Operation Kings
, officially a search and destroy mission in the An Hoa region, but really an attempt to create a long-term occupation in a historic Viet Cong stronghold.
[64]
However, any progress gained in Kings was immediately negated by the
Buddhist Uprising
just one week later in Da Nang.
[65]
In July, the battalion acted as a blocking force during
Operation Macon
but did not see significant action.
[66]
In August, 3rd Battalion left Vietnam for Okinawa.
[67]
The battalion would not be gone long though, and in early October was stationed offshore as BLT 3/3 near the northern portion of
I Corps
to combat a possible North Vietnamese invasion across the
Demilitarized Zone
(DMZ). The threat never materialized and BLT 3/3 returned to Vietnam later that month.
[68]
[69]
The DMZ and Khe Sanh (1966?1967)
[
edit
]
In October 1966, 3rd Battalion was deployed to combat the threat from the
People's Army of Vietnam
(PAVN) in
Qu?ng Tr? Province
.
[70]
This would be a largely conventional fight, known as the "war against professionals", that would continue until late 1968.
[71]
[72]
Supplies would be in constant short supply and Marines were constantly scavenging helmets, clothes, armor, and ammunition from their dead.
[73]
In December, the battalion suffered a tragic case of friendly fire when a pair of
F-4 Phantoms
dropped several bombs in the middle of Mike Company, killing seventeen Marines and wounding a dozen others. Navy Corpsman Donald Rion was awarded a posthumous
Silver Star
for his efforts to treat the wounded, despite suffering a mortal wound himself.
[74]
From February ? April, the battalion took part in Operations
Prairie II
,
III
and
IV
, which were a series of sweeps throughout Qu?ng Tr? Province.
[75]
On 2 March 1967, Lima Company, then under the command of Captain
John Ripley
, stumbled into a PAVN regiment trying to cross the DMZ. 12 marines were killed, 28 severely wounded, and nearly every other man in the fight, including Ripley, was hit.
[76]
The PAVN suffered heavy casualties and retreated across the border.
[77]
In April, 3rd Battalion participated in a series of bloody engagements near
Khe Sanh
known as
The Hill Fights
.
[78]
Activity near Khe Sanh had increased dramatically that spring and on 24 April, Bravo Company
1st Battalion 9th Marines
was engaged by elements of the PAVN 18th Regiment dug in on Hills 881 North, 881 South, and 861. 3rd Battalion, then a hybrid unit with companies from multiple battalions, was sent to assist.
[78]
3rd Battalion's commander, LtCol Gary Wilder, believed he was only facing a small PAVN unit and counterattacked.
[79]
Throughout the 25th, 3rd Battalion launched a series of piecemeal attacks on the hills, only to be repulsed with heavy losses. The 3rd Marine Division committed its reserve to the fighting and took Hill 861 on 26 April.
[80]
On the night of 29 April, the PAVN replaced the battered 18th Regiment with the fresh 95th Regiment.
[79]
The following day the Marines dropped 250 bombs and more than 1300 artillery rounds on Hill 881.
[78]
Mike Company was allowed by the PAVN to advance partially up the hill before opening fire. By the end of the battle, 46 marines from the battalion were killed, half of them from Mike Company.
[79]
Throughout the late spring and early summer of 1967 the battalion helped keep open
Route 9
, the supply route between
Ca Lu Combat Base
and Khe Sanh.
[81]
After a firefight between a PAVN battalion and Mike Company in late July, the road was closed until 1968.
[82]
The battalion was also stricken by
malaria
during this time; 206 3rd Battalion Marines contracted it.
[83]
In the fall the battalion was put to work building and defending the
McNamara Line
, a series of fixed fortifications along the DMZ in an area known as
Leatherneck Square
(The four corners were
Cam L?
,
Con Thien
,
Gio Linh
and
đong Ha
).
[84]
The PAVN repeatedly attacked the positions and twice 3rd Battalion had to come rescue elements of
2nd Battalion, 4th Marines
that were in danger of being overrun.
[85]
3rd Battalion would occupy several of those positions through May 1968.
[86]
From 29 December to 12 January elements of the battalion participated in the construction and defense of strongpoint Alpha 3.
[87]
Tet and Its Aftermath (1968)
[
edit
]
The first major combat for 3rd Battalion in 1968 came on 7 February, about a week after the
Tet Offensive
began, when Kilo Company engaged a PAVN battalion near Gio Linh. 29 Kilo Marines were killed, including PFC Robert Quick who was awarded a posthumous Navy Cross for deflecting a PAVN hand grenade. Another 31 were wounded, including PFC Craig Swartz who was wounded three times and received three purple hearts for his service. PAVN losses numbered at least 139, with another 60 graves discovered by 3rd Battalion Marines three days later.
[88]
That same month a platoon from Mike Company observed and damaged two PAVN
PT-76
tanks near Alpha 3, one of only three times they were encountered during the Vietnam War before 1972.
[89]
On 6 March, Mike Company blundered into the 27th Regiment of the PAVN
325th Division
and had one-third of the company put out of action in an all-night engagement, including 14 marines killed.
[90]
In early May the PAVN launched a new offensive known as the
May Offensive
or 'mini-Tet'. During that time, on 8 May, 3rd Battalion overran a PAVN regimental command post in Leatherneck Square, suffering 102 casualties including 8 killed.
[91]
On 22 May, Lima Company uncovered a North Vietnamese staging area near Alpha 3 and destroyed it in an action that involved elements of three other Marine battalions.
[92]
Then on 26 May the battalion was moved east to Dai Do as part of
Operation Napoleon/Saline
, in response to PAVN pressure on the supply lines to the 3rd Marine Division headquarters at Dong Ha.
[93]
By the end of the month, 3rd Battalion had lost 53 marines and had another 319 severely wounded, a casualty ratio of about one out of every two infantrymen in the field.
[94]
In June the battalion was placed in reserve as a ready-reinforcement unit and consequently saw little combat.
[95]
From July to September, 3rd Battalion operated all throughout the I Corps area of operations, moving its command post to ten different locations. Hundreds of Marines were also affected by
cellulitis
.
[96]
Following President Johnson's halt of the US bombing campaign on 1 November, 3rd Battalion Marines had to watch as the PAVN brazenly pushed large convoys of men and munitions south along the Ben Hai River. In one instance it took three days for the battalion to get approval for a single airstrike on a North Vietnamese convoy.
[97]
Taylor Common and Redeployment (1969)
[
edit
]
In early 1969, 3rd Battalion 3rd Marines was sent south of the DMZ for several months to join Task Force Yankee in
Operation Taylor Common
near
An Hoa
. This three-month operation focused on destroying the primary base for PAVN forces operating across several provinces and 3rd Battalion was awarded a
Navy Unit Commendation
for its actions during the operation. Ten Marines from 3rd Battalion were killed during the operation (out of 183 total US fatalities), and American forces captured numerous quantities of PAVN supplies. One Marine,
Lance Corporal
(LCPL)
William R. Prom
, was posthumously awarded the
Medal of Honor
for gallantry during Taylor Common.
[98]
[99]
In July 1969, the battalion took part in Operations
Virginia Ridge
and
Idaho Canyon
, attempting to stop infiltrators from the PAVN 27th Regiment and 33rd Sapper Battalion from coming through the DMZ.
[100]
The operation continued until September, when the 3rd Marine Regiment was ordered to stop operations in preparation for its
redeployment back to the United States
.
[101]
The battalion began to depart on 7 October and had fully arrived at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton by the end of 1969.
[2]
[102]
Many 3rd Battalion Marines with time still left on their tours of duty were transferred to other units.
[103]
3rd Battalion spent over 1,600 days in Vietnam and conducted 48 combat operations, the most of any Marine battalion in the conflict.
[104]
653 marines who served in 3rd Battalion 3rd Marines lost their lives during the Vietnam War or were killed while operating with other units. Nearly 2,800 others were wounded.
[105]
Late Cold War (1969?1974, 1975?1990)
[
edit
]
The battalion relocated during October and November 1969 to MCB Camp Pendleton and was reassigned to the 5th Marine Expeditionary Brigade. They were again reassigned in April 1971 to the
1st Marine Division
. The battalion was deactivated 1 June 1974.
[2]
3rd Battalion 3rd Marines was reactivated on 1 October 1975 at
MCB Kaneohe Bay
, Hawaii, and assigned to the
3rd Marine Division
. Elements of the battalion deployed to the Western Pacific at various times during the 1970s and 1980s. In June 1979, Mike Company was deactivated and Weapons Company was stood up.
[106]
In February 1980, following the
Iran hostage crisis
and the
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
, the battalion was deployed to the
Persian Gulf
on board the
USS Okinawa
and was also the back-up force during
Operation Eagle Claw
. This deployment made 3rd Battalion the first American ground unit to enter the region since World War II.
[107]
[108]
In the summer of 1983, the battalion was in
Mombasa
,
Kenya
as part of the
31st Marine Amphibious Unit
(MAU)
[nb 4]
when the
Joint Chiefs of Staff
ordered it to the
Mediterranean Sea
to become part of the
Multinational Force in Lebanon
during the
Lebanese Civil War
. It arrived on 12 September and spent three weeks off the coast as a reserve force for the
24th MAU
on the
USS
Tarawa
(LHA-1)
. It departed on 9 October for the Indian Ocean, two weeks before the
Beirut barracks bombing
.
[109]
Gulf War (1990?1991)
[
edit
]
Defending Saudi Arabia (1990?1991)
[
edit
]
On 2 August 1990, 3rd Battalion was completing a
deployment
at
Camp Hansen
on
Okinawa
when they were notified to be prepared to immediately redeploy to Saudi Arabia as a response to the Iraqi
invasion of Kuwait
.
[110]
No sooner had the battalion returned to Hawaii then it was shipped out again to Saudi Arabia as part of the
1st Marine Expeditionary Brigade
.
[111]
India Company deployed first on 15 August to Singapore to provide onboard security for
Maritime Prepositioning ships
bound for the port of
Al Jubayl
.
[112]
On 1 September, the rest of the battalion arrived in
Dahran
.
[113]
As one of the first Marine units in country, 3rd Battalion found itself defending a key position at Cement Ridge, about 90 kilometers away from the Kuwaiti border. With orders to hold against any Iraqi attack, 3rd Battalion spent most of the months of August and September digging defensive positions.
[114]
In October, 3rd Battalion and
2nd Battalion, 3rd Marines
were designated "Task Force
Taro
" and moved to the extreme right flank of the Marine sector, bordering the King Abdul Aziz Brigade of the
Saudi Arabian National Guard
. Because of their close proximity, Taro was ordered to begin cross-training with the Saudi forces. This cross-training continued through January, when 3rd Battalion was moved forward to defend Al Mish'ab along the Saudi coast and became the northernmost Marine combat force in Saudi Arabia.
[115]
During this time two Marines of the battalion were accidentally killed by
negligent discharges
.
[115]
[116]
Desert Storm, Khafji, and Kuwait (1991)
[
edit
]
Operation Desert Storm
began on 17 January 1991, but for the first two weeks 3rd Battalion only conducted sporadic engagements with its Iraqi counterparts across the border.
[117]
That all changed on 29 January, when several Iraqi divisions unexpectedly crossed the border and
seized the Saudi town of Khafji
, less than 15 kilometers north of 3rd Battalion's position. During the attack the Executive Officer, Major Craig Huddleston, along with the Battalion
Sergeant Major
and part of the battalion's Heavy Machine Gun Platoon, drove into the town on a rescue mission looking for two Army soldiers who had been captured. Although they were unable to find them, the Marines from 3rd Battalion did encounter an Iraqi patrol and exchanged rounds with them before escaping.
[118]
While Saudi and
Qatari
units ultimately retook the town, 3rd Battalion played a vital role in both coordinating air and artillery support for the attack and blocking further Iraqi advances southward. In addition, several heavy machine gun Humvees and
forward air controllers
(FAC's) from the battalion were attached to the Saudi Brigade and took part in the assault.
[117]
From 19 to 21 February, 3rd Battalion moved from Al Mish'ab to the forward assembly areas that it would be using to launch its attack into Kuwait. It was also during this period that 3rd Battalion was given its assignment for the ground offensive. Lacking heavy armor or motorized transport, the battalion (along with 2/3) would infiltrate Iraqi positions along the Saudi border on foot in darkness and provide right flank security for the rest of the 1st Marine Division to make its assault into Kuwait.
[119]
On the night of 22 February, 3rd Battalion crossed the border into Kuwait, infiltrating past Iraqi
minefields
, tank traps, and other obstacles. Like many American units, 3rd Battalion encountered no Iraqi resistance and the biggest threat to the Marines came from
friendly fire
.
[120]
Throughout the ground war, the battalion advanced steadily northwards, spending an entire day traversing the burning oil fields, encountering no resistance but taking plenty of prisoners. 3rd Battalion arrived outside the
Kuwait International Airport
around 27 February where a
SCUD missile
landed near the battalion's command post.
[115]
The battalion was on the grounds of Kuwait International Airport preparing to redeploy on order when the cease-fire was announced. After being trucked back south to Jubayl, on about 7 March, 3rd Battalion returned to Hawaii, having suffered no combat casualties and being the first Marine unit to return home.
[121]
Post Cold-War (1991?2004)
[
edit
]
Between its participation in Desert Storm and the
Afghan War
, 3rd Battalion conducted multiple deployments around the Pacific Rim. In August 1991 the battalion participated in Operation Tafakula in Tonga, an international exercise involving elements of the
French military
and the Tongan defense services.
[122]
In 1992 it conducted a
Unit Deployment Program
(UDP) to Okinawa. In 1993 India Company participated in Operation Golden Eagle in Australia. In 1994 the battalion conducted another UDP to both
Camp Hansen
on
Okinawa
and to
Camp Fuji
in Japan. On 8 June India Company participated in the 50th Anniversary of the
Invasion of Saipan
.
[123]
In October 1994 3rd Battalion was reassigned to the 3rd Marine Division.
[2]
In 1995 the battalion went to
Fort Wainwright
,
Alaska
for Operation Northern Edge, then spent the latter part of the year training at Camp Fuji, Hachinoe (Umineko ? Forest Light with the JGSDF) and Okinawa. The battalion sent a composite company, made up of one platoon from each company, to Australia in March 1996 to cross train with the Australian 1st Royal Australian Regiment. In 1997 it conducted another UDP to Okinawa and
Pohang
,
Korea
. Some members of the battalion were selected to augment LF Carat. In June Marines from Lima Company 3rd Platoon with augments from 1st, 2nd Platoon, and Weapons Company were recalled for JTF Bevel Edge [not executed] to evacuate American Nationals from Cambodia. During that time Weapons Company participated in Exercise Kennel Bear on Guam. Lima Company took part in Operation Valiant Mark with the
1st Guards Battalion
of Singapore. In 1998 the battalion participated in Operation Southern Frontier in Australia, Kennel Bear in Okinawa, Forest Eagle/Freedom Banner in Korea, Forest Light on
Kyushu
, Japan, and Fuji '99.
From 1999 to 2002, 3rd Battalion conducted operations Crocodile '99 and Tandem Thrust '01 in
Queensland
and Townsend, Australia, Operation Tafakula in Tonga, and then conducted UDPs to Okinawa in 2000 and 2002. In 2002 the battalion participated in Operation Millenium Edge on
Tinian
and
Guam
, then
Balikatan
02?2 in the Philippines,
Borneo
, Brunei,
Korea
, Australia, and Japan.
[124]
In 2003 3rd Battalion became BLT 3/3 on the
31st MEU
for the second half of the year. Based on the
USS Essex
,
USS Fort McHenry
, and
USS Harpers Ferry
, BLT 3/3 participated in ARGEX-03 in the Philippines, provided security for President
George W. Bush
on
Bali
, Indonesia, and also visited Japan, Australia, East Timor, and Hong Kong.
[125]
In May and June 2004 Lima Company participated in Operation Cobra Gold II at
Khorat
, Thailand and other parts of the battalion participated in Operation Northern Edge JTF-510 in Alaska. In July the battalion took part in the annual exercise of
RIMPAC
in Hawaii with Company C, 2nd Battalion Royal Australian Regiment on exchange. As part of the exchange, Kilo Company conducted Operation Gold Eagle in Lavarack Barracks, Townsville, Australia.
War in Afghanistan (2004?2005, 2010?2012)
[
edit
]
Regional Command East (2004?2005)
[
edit
]
In late 2004, 3rd Battalion was notified it would be participating in Operation Enduring Freedom.
[126]
On 31 October, the first Marines left
Kaneohe Bay
, Hawaii for an eight-month deployment to eastern Afghanistan. While serving in Afghanistan, 3rd Battalion conducted Operation Spurs in February 2005, where they were inserted into the
Korangal valley
and conducted both
counterinsurgency
and humanitarian operations. In March, 3rd Battalion launched a similar sweep called Operation Mavericks. During their time in Afghanistan, the Marines from 3rd Battalion engaged the Taliban in 22 firefights.
[127]
In
one of them
the battalion suffered its only fatalities for the deployment when LCPL Nicholas Kirven and
Corporal
Richard Schoener were killed during a three-hour firefight in
Alishang
which also resulted in twenty-three
Taliban
killed.
[128]
During the fighting, Lieutenant
Stephen Boada
was awarded the
Silver Star
for calmly directing bombing runs on Taliban positions, despite having been wounded several times. In May the battalion launched one final operation, Operation Celtics, in the
Tora Bora
region.
[129]
The operation was for the most part uneventful, although NBC news journalist Ron Allen was almost killed while traveling with Kilo Company when his
Humvee
ran over an IED.
[130]
Helmand Province (2010?2012)
[
edit
]
In mid-May 2010 3rd Battalion began deploying to the
Nawa-I-Barakzayi District
in
Helmand Province
, relieving the
1st Battalion, 3rd Marines
.
[131]
Partnering with
Afghan National Army
soldiers from the
215th Corps
, the battalion found itself in an area awash with money as the
U.S. Agency for International Development
was in the process of spending $30 million in an attempt to increase agricultural production (and create jobs for thousands of otherwise-potential
Taliban
recruits), but was also resulting in tensions between the local community council and tribal elders.
[132]
[133]
In-mid June, Lima Company took part in
Operation New Dawn
, establishing observation posts in southern Shosharak, an area in between Nawa and
Marjeh
.
[134]
In late July, the battalion suffered the loss of Corporal Joe Wrighstman, who drowned in the
Helmand River
while attempting to save the life of an
Afghan National policeman
.
[135]
India Company just days later had 3 squads from 3 different platoons ambushed by Taliban fighters in which they had to secure the crash site of Dealer 54, an
HMLA-369
helicopter which was shot down near
Lashkar Gah
while flying
close air support
supporting a firefight at PB Meinert. India Company became involved in fierce firefights engaging the enemy at times just meters away. Throughout India Company's 7-month deployment they only called in 8 friendly evacuations after being engaged in over 92 Firefights and reported 174 enemy KIA. India Company operated out of | COP Spin Ghar | Patrol Base (PB) Jaker | PB Meinert | PB Poole | PB Skullet | PB Swenson | India Company's Marines were highly Awarded for their actions in Helmand during their operations including First Sgt. William Pinkerton awarded The Bronze Star Combat V. First Sgt. Pinkerton led the company's Marines from the front during 16 IED, 19 device, 14 cache finds and captured 6 insurgents. First Sgt. Pinkerton was first to push a squad to the Dealer 54s crash site through heavy Taliban Machine Gun fire and set up a safe perimeter to keep Taliban fighters from getting to downed pilots.
[136]
[137]
[138]
Around this time, India Company conducted Operation Thresher and later Operation Mako in areas of Nawa District under heavy Taliban influence, finding several cache sites and taking some detainees.
[133]
[138]
In September, while providing pre-election security for the
Afghan parliamentary elections
the battalion suffered another loss when 1st Lieutenant Scott Fleming was shot and killed.
[139]
Nevertheless, on election day Nawa District was the one location in Helmand Province with no reported Taliban attacks. Residents claimed that the Marines from 3rd Battalion had implemented good security measures and encouraged the people to cooperate with the government, preventing the Taliban from firing a single shot.
[140]
By the end of 3rd Battalion's deployment in the fall of 2010, Nawa was regarded by many as "a model of counterinsurgency operations and the most stable district" in southern Afghanistan.
[141]
[142]
In October 2011, 3rd Battalion deployed again to Helmand Province, this time to the
Garmsir District
.
[143]
Located in southern Helmand, directly south of Nawa District, Garmsir was both a historically infiltration route for Taliban coming from
Pakistan
, and is considered to have a culture very similar to Pakistan's.
[144]
The deployment was marred by tragedy at the very beginning when the Chief of Police, LtCol Sayfullah Khan Rashidi, (who had previously served as Nawa District's Chief of Police during 3/3's deployment there) was killed along with two other Afghan National Police (ANP) by an IED on 6 November.
[145]
[146]
Two days later, Hajji Abdullah Khan, an influential tribal elder with the
Nurzai Tribe
in the
Sar Banadar
area, was gunned down by a member of the
Andar Tribe
following a shura with 3rd Battalion Marines.
Afghan Border Police
(ABP) were able to arrest the murderer, who was then successfully prosecuted under
Afghan law
.
[144]
[147]
A Taliban commander was also killed in
Meyan Pashti
around the same time.
[147]
In mid-December, a squad from Lima Company was able to rescue an entire Afghan family when their car plunged into the Helmand River.
[148]
Starting in January 2012, 3rd Battalion and elements of the 215th Corps of the Afghan National Army began a series of airborne assaults at sparsely-populated and historically Taliban-controlled areas in Garmsir.
[149]
On 4 January they launched Operation
Tageer Shamal
(Shifting Winds), aimed at clearing Taliban fighters from the western side of the
Helmand River
.
[149]
On 10 February they followed up with
Shahem Tofan
(Eagle Storm), a joint effort with the ABP aimed at interdicting smugglers moving through the desert in southeastern Garmsir.
[150]
On 17 April, over 2,200 Afghans went to the polls to elect the Garmsir District Community Council, which ? due to increases in security ? now represented the entire district instead of just the northern part.
[151]
Four days later, on 21 April, a
suicide bomber
killed four Afghan Police in Garmsir; while medevacing the police, a
UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter
crashed, killing all four aboard.
[152]
Iraq War (2006?2009)
[
edit
]
Al Anbar Province (2006?2008)
[
edit
]
In March 2006, 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marines conducted its first Operation Iraqi Freedom deployment to
Al Anbar Province
in western Iraq.
[153]
They relieved the
3rd Battalion 1st Marines
in the
Haditha
area and were based out of the
Haditha Dam
. This deployment was particularly sensitive, coming around the same time that news of the
Haditha killings
(where Marines had killed 24 civilians in the same area the previous November) broke in the United States.
[154]
Once it arrived in Iraq, the 3rd Battalion began the mission of "fighting insurgents, working with locals to improve local economy and quality of life, and training Iraqi soldiers."
[155]
The Battalion was also partnered up with the 2nd Battalion, 2nd Brigade of the
7th Iraqi Army Division
.
[155]
3rd Battalion attempted to secure Haditha by using an approach of "constant presence". The battalion operated from a series of
forward operating bases
in the local cities of
Haditha
,
Barwanah
,
Haqlaniyah
, and
Baghdadi
from which its rifle and weapons companies sent out constant patrols to keep the insurgent groups off balance.
[156]
However, the battalion was unable to create a working local police force, due to the overwhelming intimidation by insurgent groups.
[157]
[158]
Battalion Commander Lieutenant Colonel
Norman Cooling
observed, "We didn't have the manpower to control the [main roads] and hold Haditha. The Iraqi Army was as blind as we were. The insurgents killed anyone who spoke to us."
[159]
One group of 15 police volunteers was murdered by insurgents in Baghdadi in May.
[158]
Then in June a Marine mistook a local tribal leader driving near a convoy for a possible suicide bomber and killed him.
[155]
Another groups of Marines in the same city had more success when they cornered a band of insurgents in the Haqlaniyah Hotel and destroyed it.
[160]
By June, attacks against Marines in Haqlaniyah had become common, with their base getting mortared about twice a week and some insurgents getting close enough to throw grenades over the wall into the base.
[161]
[162]
On 3 June three insurgents opened fire on the Haqlaniyah base but were quickly killed after a group of Marines led by
Gunnery Sergeant
Jim Lanham
launched a hasty counterattack.
[161]
In early September, 3rd Battalion launched a second effort to recruit police called
Operation Guardian Tiger IV
. This recruitment drive was more successful than its predecessors and also detained 30 suspected insurgents.
[162]
This second recruitment effort succeeded in locating an individual named "Colonel Farouk," who would play a key role in the counterinsurgency campaign in the region subsequent to 3/3's departure, when the
2nd Battalion of the 3rd Marine Regiment
, 3/3's sister battalion, continued counterinsurgency efforts in the area of operations. Farouk would prove critical to these continuing efforts. Al Qaeda in Iraq was ultimately defeated in the region, due in great measure to 3/3's returning Farouk, who built a robust police force during 2/3's tenure, to the Haditha region.
[163]
During their time in Haditha the Marines from 3rd Battalion 3rd Marines conducted more than 8,000 patrols, located 54 weapons caches and detained more than 800 suspected insurgents. The battalion suffered 11 marines killed and 85 wounded.
[164]
On 6 October, 3rd Battalion 3rd Marines returned to Kaneohe Bay.
[156]
The following year in August 2007, the battalion made its second Iraq deployment, this time to the
Fallujah
area where they served under the
Regimental Combat Team 6
during the closing phases of
Operation Alljah
. Their mission was to complete the
Clear Hold Build
operation in the areas of
Karmah
and
Zaidon
which the
2nd Battalion, 5th Marines
and
2nd Battalion, 7th Marines
had begun two months earlier.
[165]
[166]
[167]
Karmah had become an important insurgent stronghold due its proximity both
Baghdad
and Fallujah. Unlike other cities, Karmah had no definable perimeter to hold, making it easy for outsiders to access. In addition, as insurgents were pushed out of Baghdad by other offensives they found it easy to flee to Karmah.
[165]
In early September, Kilo Company moved into a cluster of villages northeast of Karmah that was the last major insurgent staging ground in Anbar. The insurgents fled without firing a shot.
[168]
For the first few months the Marines took small-arms and mortar fire nightly.
[169]
A 20-minute attack on 5 October against the Iraqi Police station in Karmah was repulsed by Jim Lanham, now a
First Sergeant
.
[170]
[171]
By late 2007 the Marines frequently found themselves mediating between sheiks, assisting locals with reconstruction projects, and mentoring the
Iraqi police
units in the area. One company commander, Captain Quintin Jones, observed that, "On one end I'm fighting, and on the other end I'm disputing between tribal leaders. The other part (is) trying to stimulate the economy. So, it's a
three-block war
here and it's very, very dynamic."
[172]
The battalion spent more than $1 million on Karmah, including a city council and a medical clinic.
[173]
On 1 December, the battalion staged an elaborate reopening of "Victory Circle", or "The Lollipop", the marketplace in the center of Karmah which had earlier been the scene of fierce fighting between Marines and insurgents.
[167]
[170]
In February 2008 the battalion rotated back to the United States without suffering a single casualty.
[174]
Task Force Military Police (2009)
[
edit
]
In April 2009 3/3 deployed for a third time to Iraq, this time to
Al Asad Airbase
in Al Anbar Province. On that deployment they made up Task Force Military Police (TFMP).
[175]
[176]
Task Force Military Police was a support unit fulfilling security responsibilities in Anbar Province, including conducting convoy security missions and detainee releases, running regional detention facilities, and also managing the
military working dogs
in Anbar Province.
[176]
[177]
In addition, since November 2008 it had been tasked with securing Combat Outpost Heider in Rabiah,
Nineveh Province
, as part of
Operation Defeat Al Qaeda in the North
(OPDAN).
[178]
In late July, Marines from the battalion operating as Task Force Personnel Recovery participated in and were responsible for the eventual recovery of the remains of a pilot, Navy Captain
Scott Speicher
, who had been missing in action since the 1991
Gulf War
.
[179]
President
Barack Obama
later said he was "grateful to the Marines who pursued the information that led to Captain Speicher's recovery so that he can now come home."
[180]
The deployment was mostly uneventful and 3/3 was ultimately relieved by
3rd Battalion, 24th Marines
, which was the last Marine infantry battalion to deploy to Iraq.
[181]
En route back to the United States one of the companies was detained in
Mumbai
, India for two days.
[182]
The battalion lost one Marine, LCPL Ray Spencer, who died in a nonhostile incident.
[183]
With the exception of Weapons Co. who was deployed back to Fallujah under 1st Battalion 7th Marines. To assist in combat operations, and turn over to Iraq authority.
Unit awards
[
edit
]
Since the beginning of World War II, the United States military has honored various units for extraordinary heroism or outstanding non-combat service. This information is compiled by the
United States Marine Corps History Division
and is certified by the Commandant of the Marine Corps.
[2]
Streamer
|
Award
|
Year(s)
|
Additional Info
|
|
Presidential Unit Citation Streamer
with one Bronze Star
|
1944, 1965?1967
|
Battle of Guam
(
Citation
),
Vietnam War
(
Citation
)
|
|
Navy Unit Commendation Streamer
with one Silver Star and three Bronze Stars
|
1943, 1965, 1968?1969, 1990?1991, 2006, 2007?2008, 2009, 2010
|
Battle of Bougainville
(
Citation
),
Operation Starlite
(
Citation
),
Operation Taylor Common
(
Citation
),
Desert Storm
(
Citation
),
Iraq War
,
[nb 5]
Afghan War
[nb 6]
|
|
Meritorious Unit Commendation Streamer
with four Bronze Stars
|
1967?1968, 1968, 1983, 2004?2005, 2008?2010
|
Cam L? District
(
Citation
),
Qu?ng Tr? Province
(
Citation
),
Lebanon
,
Afghan War
(
Citation
),
[nb 7]
III MEF
(
Citation
)
[nb 8]
|
|
Marine Corps Expeditionary Streamer
|
1983
|
Lebanon
|
|
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Streamer
with four Bronze Stars
|
1943?1945
|
Treasury-Bougainville Operation
,
Consolidation of Solomon Islands
,
Marianas Operation
,
Iwo Jima Operation
|
|
World War II Victory Streamer
|
1942?1945
|
Pacific War
|
|
National Defense Service Streamer
with three Bronze Stars
|
1951?1954, 1961?1974, 1990?1995, 2001?present
|
Korean War
,
Vietnam War
,
Gulf War
,
War on Terrorism
|
|
Korean Service Streamer
|
1953?1954
[184]
|
3rd Battalion never actually fought in Korea, but was stationed in Japan as a reserve force during the last year of the war.
|
|
Armed Forces Expeditionary Streamer
|
1962
|
Quemoy
and
Matsu Islands
|
|
Vietnam Service Streamer
with two Silver Stars
|
1965?1969
|
Vietnam Defense Campaign, Vietnam Counteroffensive, Vietnam Counteroffensive Phase II, Vietnam Counteroffensive Phase III, Tet Counteroffensive, Vietnam Counteroffensive Phase IV, Vietnam Counteroffensive Phase V, Vietnam Counteroffensive Phase VI, Tet 69/Counteroffensive, Vietnam Summer-Fall 1969
|
|
Southwest Asia Service Streamer
with two Bronze Stars
|
1990?1991
|
Defense of Saudi Arabia
,
Liberation and Defense of Kuwait
|
|
Afghanistan Campaign Streamer
with three bronze stars
|
2004?2005, 2010, 2011?2012
|
Consolidation I, Consolidation III, Transition I
[nb 9]
|
|
Iraq Campaign Streamer
with three bronze stars
|
2006, 2007?2008, 2009
|
National Resolution,
Iraqi Surge
, Iraqi Sovereignty
[nb 10]
|
|
Global War on Terrorism Service Streamer
|
2001?present
|
|
|
Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm Streamer
|
1965?1969
|
|
America's Battalion
[
edit
]
According to research by the Marine Corps' History and Museum Division, the name "America's Battalion" originated in the mid-1980s when LtCol
Charles Krulak
was the battalion's commanding officer. It comes from the nickname "America's Team", which was used by the
Dallas Cowboys
. Krulak, who was a big Cowboys fan, modified the nickname to apply to 3rd Battalion. According to Krulak, at one point a friend of his sent him a letter addressed to the "Commanding Officer, America's Battalion". With nothing else on the envelope, the
United States Postal Service
still managed to deliver the letter properly. Krulak commented that "if the
U.S. Postal Service
recognized 3rd Battalion 3rd Marines as 'America's Battalion,' then they certainly must be." So from then on, he considered it 'official'.
[185]
3rd Battalion is one of two battalions to have the nickname "America's Battalion", the other being
2nd Battalion 8th Marines
based out of
Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune
.
Notable 3rd Battalion Marines
[
edit
]
Among the many decorations for valor and bravery awarded to Marines from 3rd Battalion, five
Medals of Honor
and over twenty
Navy Crosses
have been awarded.
South Bend
mayor
John Alden Scott
served in the battalion during World War II and was awarded the Silver Star on Bougainville. In 1965, Corporal
Robert Emmett O'Malley
from India Company became the first Marine in the
Vietnam War
to be awarded the Medal of Honor. Two other Marines from 3rd Battalion 3rd Marines,
Robert J. Modrzejewski
(1958?1959) and
Howard V. Lee
(1959?1960), would later be awarded the Medal of Honor in Vietnam while serving with other units. Colonel
John Ripley
(hero of
the bridge at Dong Ha
) was in command of Lima Company in 1967, and the company was frequently referred to as "Ripley's Raiders". One of his platoon commanders was former
Major League Baseball
player
Chuck Goggin
.
[186]
Oliver North
served as a platoon commander in Kilo Company from 1968 to 1969
[187]
and
Frank Tejeda
, a Congressman from Texas, was a Kilo NCO for the same period. In 1979,
James Mattis
served as commander of Kilo Company during the battalion's deployment aboard a MEU in the Indian Ocean.
[108]
Charles Krulak
, the 31st
Commandant of the Marine Corps
, also commanded Lima Company during the Vietnam War and later served as Battalion Commander from 1983 to 1985. Krulak is also credited with giving 3rd Battalion 3rd Marines the nickname "America's Battalion". In more recent years, War on Terror alumni include Medal of Honor recipient
Dakota Meyer
, Navy Cross recipient
Luis Fonseca
,
Terminal Lance
creator Maximilian Uriarte,
The Duffel Blog
creator Paul Szoldra, and
Castra Praetoria
milblogger
Michael Burke.
[188]
[189]
[190]
[191]
Notable former members
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
Traditionally, the
United States Navy
has, and still does to this day, supply the U.S. Marine Corps with both
hospital corpsmen
and chaplains. See also
Marine Corps Operating Forces
.
- ^
In 3rd Battalion, this was Mike Company.
- ^
For the sake of clarity, these names are the ones used throughout the article
- ^
When Marine battalions are deployed on-ship they are referred to as a Battalion Landing Team (BLT).
- ^
While the NUCs for the Iraq War have not been officially certified on 3/3's website, they have been listed in official Marine Corps Awards Documents:
MARADMIN 0320/09 Announcement of approved Navy Unit Commendation (NUC)
Archived
27 September 2012 at the
Wayback Machine
from May 2009 . Retrieved 25 May 2009.
MARADMIN 055/12 Announcement of approved Navy Unit Commendation
Archived
12 October 2012 at the
Wayback Machine
. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
MARADMIN 056/12 Announcement of approved Navy Unit Commendation
Archived
28 September 2012 at the
Wayback Machine
. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
057/12 Announcement of approved Navy Unit Commendation
Archived
27 September 2012 at the
Wayback Machine
. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
- ^
While the NUC for the Afghan War has not been officially certified on 3/3's website, it has been listed in an official Marine Corps Awards Document:
I MEF (FWD) Navy Unit Commendation
. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
- ^
While the MUC for the Afghan War has not been officially certified on 3/3's website, it has been listed in an official Marine Corps Awards Document (
MARADMIN 074/07 Awards Update
) from February 2007 . Retrieved 18 April 2007.
- ^
While the MUC for III MEF has not been officially certified on 3/3's website, it has been listed in an official Marine Corps Awards Document (
MARADMIN 617/11 Awards Update
) from October 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
- ^
While stars have not been officially awarded to 3/3 for these phases, these are the official campaigns as determined by the Marine Corps and Department of Defense. (
MARADMIN 030/12 Awards Update
)
- ^
While stars have not been officially awarded to 3/3 for these phases, these are the official campaigns as determined by the Marine Corps. (
MARADMIN 424/11 Awards Update
)
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