2021 document leak
In 2021, an internal
document leak
from the company then known as Facebook (now
Meta Platforms
, or Meta) showed it was aware of harmful societal effects from its platforms, yet persisted in prioritizing profit over addressing these harms. The leak, released by
whistleblower
Frances Haugen
, resulted in reporting from
The Wall Street Journal
in September, as
The Facebook Files
series, as well as the
Facebook Papers
, by a consortium of news outlets the next month.
Primarily, the reports revealed that, based on internally-commissioned studies, the company was fully aware of negative impacts on teenage users of
Instagram
, and the contribution of
Facebook
activity to violence in developing countries. Other takeaways of the leak include the impact of the company's platforms on spreading false information, and Facebook's policy of promoting inflammatory posts.
Furthermore, Facebook was fully aware that harmful content was being pushed through Facebook algorithms reaching young users. The types of content included posts promoting
anorexia nervosa
and
self-harm
photos.
In October 2021,
Whistleblower Aid
filed eight anonymous
whistleblower
complaints with the
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC) on behalf of Haugen alleging
securities fraud
by the company, after Haugen leaked the company documents the previous month.
[1]
[2]
[3]
After publicly revealing her identity on
60 Minutes
,
[4]
[5]
Haugen testified before the
U.S. Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Consumer Protection, Product Safety, and Data Security
about the content of the leaked documents and the complaints.
[6]
After the company renamed itself as
Meta Platforms
,
[7]
Whistleblower Aid filed two additional securities fraud complaints with the SEC against the company on behalf of Haugen in February 2022.
[8]
Background
[
edit
]
There were
conflicts of interest
between what was good for the public and what was good for Facebook. And Facebook, over and over again, chose to optimize for its own interests, like making more money.
Whistleblower
Frances Haugen
on
60 Minutes
, October 3, 2021
In mid September 2021,
The Wall Street Journal
began publishing articles on Facebook based on internal documents from unknown provenance. Revelations included reporting of special allowances on posts from high-profile users ("XCheck"), subdued responses to flagged information on
human traffickers
and
drug cartels
, a shareholder lawsuit concerning the cost of Facebook (now Meta) CEO
Mark Zuckerberg
's personal liability protection in resolving the
Cambridge Analytica data scandal
, an initiative to increase pro-Facebook news within user news feeds, and internal knowledge of how
Instagram
exacerbated negative self-image in surveyed teenage girls.
[9]
Siva Vaidhyanathan
wrote for
The Guardian
that the documents were from a team at Facebook "devoted to social science and data analytics that is supposed to help the company's leaders understand the consequences of their policies and technological designs."
[10]
Casey Newton
of
The Verge
wrote that it is the company's biggest challenge since its
Cambridge Analytica data scandal
.
[11]
The leaked documents include internal research from Facebook that studied the impact of Instagram on teenage mental health.
[12]
Although Facebook claimed earlier that its rules applies equally to everyone on the platform, internal documents shared with
The Wall Street Journal
point to special policy exceptions reserved for VIP users, including celebrities and politicians.
[13]
After this reporting, Facebook's oversight board said it would review the system.
[14]
[15]
On October 3, 2021, the former Facebook employee behind the leak,
Frances Haugen
, revealed her identity on
60 Minutes
.
[16]
The reports
[
edit
]
Beginning October 22, a group of news outlets began publishing articles based on documents provided by Haugen's lawyers, collectively referred to as
The Facebook Papers
.
[17]
[18]
2020 U.S. elections and January 6 U.S. Capitol attack
[
edit
]
The New York Times
pointed to internal discussions where employees raised concerns that Facebook was spreading content about the
QAnon
conspiracy theory more than a year before the
2020 United States elections
. After the election, a data scientist mentioned in an internal note that 10 percent of all U.S. views of political content were of posts alleging that the
election was fraudulent
.
[19]
Among the ten anonymous whistleblower complaints Whistleblower Aid filed with the SEC on behalf of Haugen, one complaint alleged that Facebook misled the company's investors and the general public about its role in
perpetuating misinformation related to the 2020 elections
and political extremism that caused the
January 6 United States Capitol attack
.
[1]
[4]
Haugen was employed at Facebook from June 2019 until May 2021, starting within the company's Civic Integrity Team that was focused on investigating and addressing worldwide elections issues on the platform, as well as how the platform could be used to spread political
disinformation
and
misinformation
, to
incite
violence, and be abused by malicious governments until the company dissolved the team in December 2020.
[20]
[21]
In the weeks after the
2020 U.S. presidential election
, Facebook began rolling back many content policy enforcement measures it had in place during the election despite internal company tracking data showing a rise in policy-violating content on the platform, while
Donald Trump's Facebook account
had been
whitelisted
in the company's XCheck program.
[21]
[22]
Another of the whistleblower complaints Haugen filed with the SEC alleged that the company misled investors and the general public about enforcement of its
terms of service
due to such whitelisting under the XCheck program.
[1]
[4]
Haugen was interviewed by videoconference by the
U.S. House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack
in November 2021 about her tenure at Facebook, the company documents she provided to Congress, the company's corporate structure, and her testimony before Congress the previous month, but none of the information she provided to the Committee was included in its final report.
[23]
[24]
Instagram's effects on teenagers
[
edit
]
The Files show that Facebook (now Meta) has been conducting internal research of how Instagram affects young users for the past three years. While the findings point to Instagram being harmful to a large portion of young users, teenage girls were among the most harmed. Researchers within the company reported that "we make body issues worse for one in three teenage girls". Furthermore, internal research revealed that teen boys were also affected by negative social comparison, citing 14% of boys in the US in 2019.
[25]
Instagram was concluded to contribute to problems more specific to its app use, such as social comparison among teens.
[26]
Facebook published some of its internal research on September 29, 2021, saying these reports mischaracterized the purpose and results of its research.
[27]
Studying of preteens
[
edit
]
The Files show that Facebook formed a team to study preteens, set a three year goal to create more products for this demographic, and commissioned strategy papers about the long-term business prospects of attracting the preteen demographic. A 2020 document from Facebook states: "Why do we care about tweens?" and answers that question by saying that "They are a valuable but untapped audience."
[28]
Violence in developing countries
[
edit
]
An internal memo seen by the
Washington Post
revealed that Facebook has been aware of
hate speech
and calls for violence against groups like Muslims and
Kashmiris
, including posts of photos of piles of dead Kashmiri bodies with glorifying captions on its platform in India. Still, none of their publishers were blocked.
[29]
Documents reveal Facebook has responded to these incidents by removing posts which violate their policy, but has not made any substantial efforts to prevent repeat offenses.
[29]
As 90% of monthly Facebook users are now located outside of the US and Canada, Facebook claims language barriers are one obstacle that is preventing widespread reform.
Promoting anger-provoking posts
[
edit
]
In 2015, in addition to the Like button on posts, Facebook introduced a set of other emotional reaction options: love, haha, yay, wow, sad and angry.
[30]
The Washington Post
reported that for three years, Facebook's algorithms promoted posts that received the 'angry' reaction from its users, based on internal analysis showing that such posts lead to five times more engagement than posts with regular likes. Years later, Facebook's researchers pointed out that posts with 'angry' reactions were much more likely to be toxic, polarizing, fake or low quality.
[31]
In 2018, Facebook overhauled its News Feed algorithm, implementing a new algorithm which favored "Meaningful Social Interations" or "MSI". The new algorithm increased the weight of reshared material - a move which aimed to "reverse the decline in comments and encourage more original posting". While the algorithm was successful in its efforts, consequences such as user reports of feed quality decreasing along with increased anger on the site were observed. Leaked documents reveal that employees presented several potential changes to fix some of the highlighted issues with their algorithm. However, documents claim
Mark Zuckerberg
denied the proposed changes due to his worry that they might cause fewer users to engage with Facebook. Documents have also pointed to another 2019 study conducted by Facebook where a fake account based in India was created and studied to see what type of content it was presented and interacted with. Results of the study showed that within three weeks, the fake account's newsfeed was being presented pornography and "filled with polarizing and graphic content, hate speech and misinformation", according to an internal company report.
[32]
Employee dissatisfaction
[
edit
]
Politico
quotes several Facebook staff expressing concerns about the company's willingness and ability to respond to damage caused by the
platform
. A 2020 post reads: "It's not normal for a large number of people in the 'make the site safe' team to leave saying, 'hey, we're actively making the world worse FYI.' Every time this gets raised it gets shrugged off with 'hey people change jobs all the time' but this is NOT normal."
[33]
Apple's threat to remove Facebook and Instagram
[
edit
]
In 2019, following concerns about Facebook and Instagram being used to trade maids in the Middle East, Apple threatened to remove their iOS apps from the App Store.
[34]
XCheck
[
edit
]
The documents have shown a private program known as "XCheck" or "cross-check" that Facebook has employed in order to whitelist posts from users deemed as "high-profile". The system began as a quality control measure but has since grown to protect "millions of VIP users from the company's normal enforcement process". XCheck has led to celebrities and other public figures being exempt from punishment that the average Facebook user would receive from violating policies. In 2019, football player
Neymar
had posted nude photos of a woman who had accused him of rape which were left up for more than a day. According to
The Wall Street Journal
, "XCheck grew to include at least 5.8 million users in 2020" according to Facebook's internal documents.
[35]
The goal of XCheck was "to never publicly tangle with anyone who is influential enough to do you harm".
[36]
Collaboration on censorship with the government of Vietnam
[
edit
]
In 2020, Vietnam's communist government threatened to shut down Facebook if the social media company did not cooperate on censoring political content in the country, Meta's (then known as Facebook) big market in
Southeast Asia
.
[37]
The decision to comply was personally approved by Mark Zuckerberg.
[38]
[39]
Suppression of political movements on its platform
[
edit
]
In 2021, Facebook developed a new strategy for addressing harmful content on their site, implementing measures which were designed to reduce and suppress the spread of movements that were deemed hateful. According to a senior security official at Facebook, the company "would seek to disrupt on-platform movements only if there was compelling evidence that they were the product of tightly knit circles of users connected to real-world violence or other harm and committed to violating Facebook's rules". As part of their recently coordinated initiative, this included less promotion of the movement's posts within users' News Feed as well as not notifying users of new posts from these pages. Specific groups that have been highlighted as being affected by Facebook's social harm policy include the
Patriot Party
, previously linked to the
Capitol attack
, as well as a newer German conspiracy group known as
Querdenken
, who had been placed under surveillance by German intelligence after protests it organized repeatedly "resulted in violence and injuries to the police".
[40]
Facebook's AI concern
[
edit
]
According to
The Wall Street Journal
, documents show that in 2019, Facebook reduced the time spent by human reviewers on hate-speech complaints, shifting towards a stronger dependence on their artificial intelligence systems to regulate the matter. However, internal documents from employees claim that their AI has been largely unsuccessful, seeing trouble detecting videos of cars crashing, cockfighting, as well as understanding hate speech in foreign languages.
[41]
Internal engineers and researchers within Facebook have estimated that their AI has only been able to detect and remove 0.6% of "all content that violated Facebook's policies against violence and incitement".
[
citation needed
]
Inclusion of
Breitbart News
as trusted news source
[
edit
]
The Wall Street Journal
reported that Facebook executives resisted removing the
far-right
website
Breitbart News
from Facebook's News Tab feature to avoid angering
Donald Trump
and
Republican
members of Congress, despite criticism from Facebook employees.
[42]
[43]
An August 2019 internal Facebook study had found that
Breitbart News
was the least trusted news source, and also ranked as low-quality, in the sources it looked at across the U.S. and Great Britain.
[44]
The Wall Street Journal
podcast
[
edit
]
For
The Facebook Files
series of reports,
The Wall Street Journal
produced a podcast on its
The Journal
channel, divided into eight episodes:
- Part 1: The Whitelist
[45]
- Part 2: 'We Make Body Image Issues Worse'
[46]
- Part 3: 'This Shouldn't Happen on Facebook'
[47]
- Part 4: The Outrage Algorithm
[48]
- Part 5: The Push To Attract Younger Users
[49]
- Part 6: The Whistleblower
[50]
- Part 7: The AI Challenge
[51]
- Part 8: A New Enforcement Strategy
[52]
Facebook's response
[
edit
]
In the Q3 2021
earnings call
, Facebook CEO
Mark Zuckerberg
discussed the recent leaks, characterizing them as coordinated efforts to paint a false picture of his company by selectively leaking documents.
[53]
According to a leaked internal email seen by
The New York Times
, Facebook asked its employees to "preserve internal documents and communications since 2016", a practice called a
legal hold
. The email continues: "As is often the case following this kind of reporting, a number of inquiries from governments and legislative bodies have been launched into the company's operations."
[54]
Lobbying
[
edit
]
In December 2021, news broke on
The Wall Street Journal
pointing to Meta's lobbying efforts to divide US lawmakers and "muddy the waters" in Congress, to hinder regulation following the 2021 whistleblower leaks.
[55]
Facebook's lobbyist team in Washington suggested to Republican lawmakers that the whistleblower "was trying to help Democrats," while the narrative told to Democratic staffers was that Republicans "were focused on the company's decision to ban expressions of support for
Kyle Rittenhouse
,"
The Wall Street Journal
reported. According to the article, the company's goal was to "muddy the waters, divide lawmakers along partisan lines and forestall a cross-party alliance" against Facebook (now Meta) in Congress.
[56]
See also
[
edit
]
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edit
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- ^
Mac, Ryan; Isaac, Mike (October 27, 2021).
"Facebook tells employees to preserve all communications for legal reasons"
.
The New York Times
.
Archived
from the original on October 28, 2021
. Retrieved
October 28,
2021
.
- ^
"Facebook's Pushback: Stem the Leaks, Spin the Politics, Don't Say Sorry"
.
Wall Street Journal
. December 29, 2021.
Archived
from the original on August 14, 2022
. Retrieved
December 30,
2021
.
- ^
"Facebook reportedly told Republicans whistleblower was 'trying to help Democrats'
"
. December 29, 2021.
Archived
from the original on October 3, 2022
. Retrieved
December 30,
2021
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Haugen, Frances (2023).
The Power of One: How I Found the Strength to Tell the Truth and Why I Blew the Whistle on Facebook
. New York: Little, Brown and Company.
ISBN
978-0316475228
.
- A whistleblower's power: Key takeaways from the Facebook Papers
Archived
October 26, 2021, at the
Wayback Machine
(WaPo, October 25, 2021)
- The Facebook Papers and their fallout.
Archived
October 28, 2021, at the
Wayback Machine
(NYT, October 25, 2021)
- 'HISTORY WILL NOT JUDGE US KINDLY'
Archived
October 28, 2021, at the
Wayback Machine
(Adrienne LaFrance, Atlantic, October 25, 2021)
- The Facebook Papers: Documents reveal internal fury and dissent over site's policies
Archived
October 28, 2021, at the
Wayback Machine
(NBC News, October 25, 2021)
- Not stopping 'Stop the Steal:' Facebook Papers paint damning picture of company's role in insurrection
Archived
October 28, 2021, at the
Wayback Machine
(CNN, October 24, 2021)
- Facebook documents offer a treasure trove for Washington's antitrust war
Archived
October 27, 2021, at the
Wayback Machine
(Politico, October 25, 2021)
- Here are all the Facebook Papers stories
Archived
October 28, 2021, at the
Wayback Machine
(Protocol)
- Cranz, Alex (October 3, 2021).
"Facebook encourages hate speech for profit, says whistleblower"
.
The Verge
.
Archived
from the original on October 4, 2021
. Retrieved
October 4,
2021
.
- Milmo, Dan (October 4, 2021).
"How 'losing friend to misinformation' drove Facebook whistleblower"
.
The Guardian
.
ISSN
0261-3077
.
Archived
from the original on November 3, 2021
. Retrieved
October 4,
2021
.
- Roose, Kevin (October 4, 2021).
"Facebook Is Weaker Than We Knew"
.
The New York Times
.
ISSN
0362-4331
.
Archived
from the original on November 3, 2021
. Retrieved
October 4,
2021
.
- Suderman, Alan; Goodman, Joshua (October 23, 2021).
"Amid the Capitol riot, Facebook faced its own insurrection"
.
AP News
.
Archived
from the original on October 24, 2021
. Retrieved
October 24,
2021
.
- Zakrzewski, Cat; De Vynck, Gerrit; Masih, Niha; Mahtani, Shibani (October 24, 2021).
"How Facebook neglected the rest of the world, fueling hate speech and violence in India"
.
Washington Post
.
Archived
from the original on October 30, 2021
. Retrieved
October 24,
2021
.
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