Multi-sport event in Los Angeles, California, US
The
1984 Summer Olympics
(officially the
Games of the XXIII Olympiad
and commonly known as
Los Angeles 1984
) were an international
multi-sport event
held from July 28 to August 12, 1984, in
Los Angeles
,
California
, United States. It marked the second time that Los Angeles had hosted the Games, the first being in
1932
. California was the home state of the incumbent
U.S. President
Ronald Reagan
, who officially opened the Games. These were the first Summer Olympic Games under the
IOC presidency
of
Juan Antonio Samaranch
.
The
1984 Games were boycotted
by fourteen
Eastern Bloc
countries, including the Soviet Union and East Germany, in response to the
American-led boycott
of the
1980 Summer Olympics
in
Moscow
,
Russia
, in protest of the
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
;
Romania
was the only Soviet Bloc state that opted to attend the Games. Albania, Iran and
Libya
also chose to boycott the Games for unrelated reasons.
Despite the field being depleted in certain sports due to the boycott, 140
National Olympic Committees
took part in the 1984 Games, a record number at the time.
[2]
[3]
The
United States
won the most gold and overall medals, followed by
Romania
and
West Germany
.
The 1984 Summer Olympics are widely considered to be the most financially successful modern Olympics,
[4]
serving as an example on how to run an Olympic Games. As a result of low construction costs, due to the use of existing sport infrastructure, coupled with a reliance on private corporate
funding,
[5]
the 1984 Games generated a profit of over
US$
250 million
.
On July 18, 2009, a 25th anniversary celebration of the 1984 Games was held at the
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
. The celebration included a speech by former
Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee
president
Peter Ueberroth
, as well as a re-enactment of the lighting of the Olympic cauldron.
Los Angeles will host the Summer Olympics for the third time in
2028
.
[6]
Host selection
[
edit
]
After the
terrorist attack
at the
1972 Summer Olympics
, the significant financial debts of
Montreal (1976)
, and various boycotts by National Olympic Committees, few cities by the late 1970s were willing to bid for the Summer Olympics. Only two cities (
Tehran
[7]
and Los Angeles) made serious bids for the 1984 Summer Games, but before the final selection of a winning city in 1978, the bid from Tehran was withdrawn in June 1977 as a result of Iran's policy changes following the
Iranian Revolution
and a change in the country's ruling system. Hence, the selection process for the 1984 Summer Olympics consisted of a single finalized bid from Los Angeles, which the
International Olympic Committee
(IOC) accepted. The selection was officially made at the 80th IOC Session in
Athens
on May 18, 1978.
[8]
Los Angeles had unsuccessfully bid for the two previous Summer Olympic Games (1976 and 1980, which went to
Montreal
and
Moscow
, respectively). The
United States Olympic Committee
(USOC) had submitted at least one bid for every Olympics since
1944
but had not succeeded since the
Los Angeles Olympics in 1932
, the previous time only a single bid had been issued for the Summer Olympics.
Torch relay
[
edit
]
The 1984 Olympic Torch Relay began in New York City and ended in Los Angeles, traversing 33 states and the District of Columbia. Unlike later torch relays, the torch was continuously carried by runners on foot. The route covered more than 9,320 mi (15,000 km) and involved 3,636 runners. Noted athlete
O. J. Simpson
was among the runners, carrying the torch up the
California Incline
in
Santa Monica
. Gina Hemphill, a granddaughter of
Jesse Owens
, carried the torch into the Coliseum, completed a lap around the track, then handed it off to the final runner,
Rafer Johnson
, winner of the
decathlon
at the
1960 Summer Olympics
. With the torch, he touched off the flame which passed through a specially designed flammable Olympic logo, igniting all five rings. Johnson became the first person of African descent to light the cauldron in Olympic history.
[10]
The flame then passed up to the cauldron atop the peristyle and remained aflame for the duration of the Games.
Music
[
edit
]
John Williams
composed the theme for the Olympiad, "Los Angeles Olympic Theme" later also known as "
Olympic Fanfare and Theme
". This piece won a
Grammy
for Williams and became one of the most well-known musical themes of the Olympic Games, along with
Leo Arnaud
's "
Bugler's Dream
"; the latter is sometimes attached to the beginning of Olympic Fanfare and Theme. Composer
Bill Conti
also wrote a song to inspire the weightlifters called "Power". An album,
The Official Music of the XXIII Olympiad?Los Angeles 1984
, featured those three tracks along with sports themes written for the occasion by popular musical artists including
Foreigner
,
Toto
,
Loverboy
,
Herbie Hancock
,
Quincy Jones
,
Christopher Cross
,
Philip Glass
,
Paul Engemann
and
Giorgio Moroder
.
[11]
[12]
"
Reach Out
" was the main soundtrack and is the official theme song of the 1984 Summer Olympics.
[13]
The Brazilian composer
Sergio Mendes
also produced a special song for the 1984 Olympic Games, "Olympia," from his 1984 album
Confetti
. A
choir
of approximately one thousand voices was assembled of
singers
in the region. All were volunteers from nearby
churches
, schools and universities.
Etta James
performed "
When the Saints Go Marching In
" at the Opening Ceremony.
[14]
Vicki McClure, along with the International Children's Choir of Long Beach, sang "
Reach Out and Touch
".
Lionel Richie
performed a special extended 9-minute version of his hit single "
All Night Long
" at the closing ceremonies.
[15]
Highlights
[
edit
]
Arts Festival
[
edit
]
The 1984 Summer Olympics was preceded by the 10-week-long adjunct Los Angeles Olympic Arts Festival, which opened on June 2 and ended on August 12. It provided more than 400 performances by 146 theater, dance and music companies, representing every continent and 18 countries. It was organized by then-
CalArts
President
Robert Fitzpatrick
.
General
[
edit
]
- The 1984 Summer Olympics marked the first time that all athletes lived together in a single
Olympic Village
, as opposed to being divided by gender and sometimes even political blocs which was the case previously.
[16]
- The
opening ceremony
featured the arrival of Bill Suitor by means of the
Bell Aerosystems
rocket pack
(also known as a Jet Pack).
- The
United States Army Band
formed the Olympic rings to start the opening ceremony.
- The
United States
topped the medal count for the first time since
1968
, winning a record 83 gold medals and surpassing the
Soviet Union
's total of 80 golds at the
1980 Summer Olympics
.
[17]
- As a result of an IOC agreement designating the Republic of China (Taiwan) as
Chinese Taipei
, the People's Republic of China returned to the Summer Olympics for the first time since
Helsinki 1952
. The
Military anthem of China
was played for both teams during the opening ceremony.
- Local Los Angeles artist
Rodolfo Escalera
was commissioned to create nine paintings depicting the Summer Games that would later be turned into collectible plates and presented as "The Official Gift of the 1984 Olympics".
The Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee named Ernie Barnes "Sports Artist of the 1984 Olympic Games". LAOOC President Peter V. Ueberroth said Barnes and his art "captured the essence of the Olympics" and "portray the city's ethnic diversity, the power and emotion of sports competition, the singleness of purpose and hopes that go into the making of athletes the world over." Barnes was commissioned to create five Olympic-themed paintings and serve as an official Olympic spokesman to encourage inner-city youth.
Track and field
[
edit
]
- Carl Lewis
of the United States, making his first of four appearances at the Olympics, equaled the 1936 performance of
Jesse Owens
by winning four gold medals, in the 100 m, 200 m, 4 × 100 m relay and long jump.
- Edwin Moses
of the United States won the gold medal in the 400m hurdles 8 years after winning in 1976.
- Joaquim Cruz
of Brazil won the 800 meter run with a time of 1:43.00 to set an Olympic record.
- Nawal El Moutawakel
of Morocco became the first female Olympic champion of a Muslim nation?and the first of her country?in the 400 m hurdles.
- Carlos Lopes
, from Portugal, won the
Marathon
at the age of 37, with a time of 2:09:21, an Olympic record that stood for 24 years. It was the first gold medal ever for Portugal. Gold medal favorite, World Record holder and the then World Champion,
Robert de Castella
from
Australia
, finished in 5th place, 1:48 behind Lopes.
- A
marathon
for women was held for the first time at the Olympics (won by
Joan Benoit
of the U.S.). The event was also remembered for Swiss runner
Gabriela Andersen-Schiess
, who ? suffering from heat exhaustion ? entered the stadium for the final lap in a state of almost total exhaustion, barely able to walk but eventually completing the race, collapsing at the finishing line and being immediately treated by medical personnel.
- Daley Thompson
of Great Britain apparently missed a new world record in winning his second consecutive gold medal in the
decathlon
; the next year, his score was retroactively raised to 8847, giving him the record.
- Sebastian Coe
of Great Britain became the first man to win consecutive gold medals in the
1500m
.
- Maricica Puic?
of Romania won the 3000 meters, known for the
Mary Decker
vs.
Zola Budd
rivalry. World champion and heavy favorite Decker fell after a controversial collision with Budd. However, Puic? had the best annual time at the distance, easily run away from Silver medalist
Wendy Sly
of Great Britain and appeared to have more to give if it had been necessary. Puic? was injured during the very first Track and Field World Championships in
Helsinki
the year before, in which Decker had won both the 1500 meters and the 3000 meters.
[18]
Other sports
[
edit
]
- The first gold medal to be awarded at the Los Angeles Olympics was also the first-ever medal to be won by an athlete from China when
Xu Haifeng
won the
50 m Pistol
event.
- Archer
Neroli Fairhall
from New Zealand was the first
paraplegic
Olympian at any Olympic Games, coming 35th in the Women's individual event.
- Synchronized swimming
and
rhythmic gymnastics
debuted in Los Angeles as Olympic events, as did
wind surfing
.
- Li Ning
from the People's Republic of China won 6 medals in gymnastics, 3 gold, 2 silver, and 1 bronze, earning him the nickname "Prince of Gymnasts" in China. Li would later light the Olympic Cauldron at the
2008 Olympics
.
[19]
- Steve Redgrave
of Great Britain won his first title in
rowing
of the record five he would go on to win in five Olympic competitions.
- Victor Davis
of Canada set a new world record in winning the gold medal in the 200-meter breaststroke in swimming.
- Mary Lou Retton
of the United States became the first gymnast outside Eastern Europe to win the gymnastics all-around competition.
- In men's gymnastics, the American team won the Gold Medal.
- France
won the Olympic
association football
(soccer) tournament, defeating Brazil 2?0 in the final. Olympic football was unexpectedly played before massive crowds throughout America, with several sell-outs at the 100,000+ seat
Rose Bowl
. This interest eventually led to the U.S. hosting the
1994 FIFA World Cup
.
- The Soviet-led boycott affected weightlifting more than any other sport: 94 of the world's top 100 ranked lifters were absent, as were 29 of the 30 medalists from the recent world championships. All 10 of the defending world champions in the 10 weight categories were absent. The success of the Eastern Bloc countries might be explained by state-run doping programs that had been developed there.
[20]
- Future
Dream Team
members
Michael Jordan
,
Patrick Ewing
, and
Chris Mullin
were on the team that won the gold medal in
basketball
. The
1984 U.S. men's Olympic basketball team
was coached by
Indiana Hoosiers
head coach
Bobby Knight
.
- Connie Carpenter-Phinney
of the United States became the first woman to win an Olympic cycling event when she won the
women's individual road race
.
- In the judo open division, four-time world champion
Yasuhiro Yamashita
of Japan tore a right calf muscle in the preliminary match against
Arthur Schnabel
. This put Yamashita at a huge disadvantage since he executed his throws by pivoting on his right leg. Though he managed to win the match with an
Okuri-Eri-Jime
, the injury caused him to visibly limp during the semi-final match against
Laurent Del Colombo
. Yamashita was thrown with an
Osoto Gari
only 30 seconds into the match, but managed to return an Osoto Gari and won the match with a
Yoko-Shiho-Gatame
(side four-quarter hold). He played the final match against
Mohamed Ali Rashwan
of Egypt. Yamashita won the final and the gold medal despite his injury. The match witnessed a remarkable fair play act from Rashwan who did not aim for Yamashita's right leg. Rashwan was even given an award from the International Fairplay Committee.
[21]
Venues
[
edit
]
Venues in the city of Los Angeles
[
edit
]
- Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
? opening/closing ceremonies, athletics
- Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena
? boxing
- Dodger Stadium
? baseball
- Pauley Pavilion
,
University of California, Los Angeles
? gymnastics
- Eagle's Nest Arena
,
California State University, Los Angeles
? judo
- Olympic Swim Stadium
,
University of Southern California
? swimming, diving, synchronized swimming
- Olympic Village (athlete housing),
University of Southern California
- Los Angeles Tennis Center
,
University of California, Los Angeles
? tennis
- Athletes Village,
University of California, Los Angeles
- Albert Gersten Pavilion
,
Loyola Marymount University
,
Westchester
, California ? weightlifting
- Streets of Los Angeles ? athletics (marathon)
Venues in Southern California
[
edit
]
- El Dorado Park, Long Beach, California
? archery
- The Forum
,
Inglewood
, California ? basketball and team handball finals
- Lake Casitas
,
Ventura County
, California ? canoeing, rowing
- Olympic Velodrome
,
California State University, Dominguez Hills
,
Carson
, California ? cycling (track)
- Mission Viejo
,
Orange County
, California ? cycling (individual road race)
- Santa Anita Park
,
Arcadia, California
? equestrian
- Fairbanks Ranch Country Club
,
Rancho Santa Fe, California
, California ? equestrian sports (eventing endurance)
- Long Beach Convention Center
,
Long Beach
, California ? fencing
- Rose Bowl
,
Pasadena
, California ? football (final)
- Titan Gymnasium
,
California State University, Fullerton
,
Fullerton
, California ? handball
- Weingart Stadium
,
East Los Angeles College
,
Monterey Park
, California ? field hockey
- Coto de Caza
,
Orange County
, California ? modern pentathlon (fencing, riding, running, shooting)
- Olympic Shooting Range,
Prado Recreational Area
,
Chino
, California ? shooting
- Long Beach Arena
,
Long Beach
, California ? volleyball
- Raleigh Runnels Memorial Pool
,
Pepperdine University
,
Malibu
, California ? water polo
- Anaheim Convention Center
,
Anaheim
, California ? wrestling
- Long Beach Shoreline Marina
,
Long Beach
, California ? sailing
- Artesia Freeway
? cycling (road team time trial)
- Heritage Park Aquatic Center
,
Irvine
, California ? modern pentathlon (swimming)
- Santa Monica College
,
Santa Monica
, California ? athletics (marathon start)
- Santa Monica, California
? athletics (marathon)
Other venues
[
edit
]
Sports
[
edit
]
The 1984 Summer Olympic program featured 221 events in the following 21 sports:
Demonstration sports
[
edit
]
Calendar
[
edit
]
- All times are in
Pacific Daylight Time
(
UTC-7
); the other two cities,
Boston
and
Annapolis
use
Eastern Daylight Time
(
UTC-4
)
●
|
Opening ceremony
|
|
Event competitions
|
●
|
Event finals
|
●
|
Closing ceremony
|
Medal count
[
edit
]
These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1984 Games.
Participating National Olympic Committees
[
edit
]
Athletes from 140 states competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics. Eighteen states made their Olympic debut:
Bahrain
,
Bangladesh
,
Bhutan
,
British Virgin Islands
,
Djibouti
,
Equatorial Guinea
,
The Gambia
,
Grenada
,
Mauritania
,
Mauritius
,
North Yemen
,
Oman
,
Qatar
,
Rwanda
,
Western Samoa
,
Solomon Islands
,
Tonga
, and the
United Arab Emirates
.
Zaire
had previously competed at the
1968 Summer Olympics
as
Congo-Kinshasa
. The
People's Republic of China
made its first appearance in a Summer Olympics since
1952
, while for the first time the
Republic of China
team participated under the politically contrived name of
Chinese Taipei
.
The
Soviet Union
led the
Warsaw Pact
members and other Communist countries in a boycott of the Los Angeles Olympics, in retaliation for the U.S.-led boycott of the
Moscow Olympics
four years earlier (over the
Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan in 1979
). The pretexts for the 1984 Soviet-led boycott were concerns over security, "chauvinistic sentiments" and "an anti-Soviet hysteria ... being whipped up" in the United States.
[22]
However, a handful of communist countries disregarded the boycott and attended the Games anyway, among them
Yugoslavia
(host of the
1984 Winter Olympics
), the
People's Republic of China
, and
Romania
(the only Warsaw Pact country that had opted to ignore the Soviet demands). The Romanian team received a particularly warm reception from the United States; when the Romanian athletes entered during the opening ceremonies, they were greeted by a standing ovation from the spectators, who were mostly U.S. citizens. This would turn out to be Romania's most successful Olympic Games ? they won 53 medals, including 20 golds.
[23]
[24]
In the table below, the number of athletes representing each state is shown in parentheses.
Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees
[
edit
]
Boycotting countries
[
edit
]
Fifteen countries took part in the Soviet-led boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics:
[25]
Albania
,
Iran
,
Libya
and
Upper Volta
(changed to
Burkina Faso
following August 4th)
[26]
also boycotted the Los Angeles Olympics, citing political reasons, but these countries were not a part of the Soviet-led boycott. Albania and Iran were the only two countries to boycott both the 1980 and 1984 Summer Games.
Soviet doping plan
[
edit
]
Documents obtained in 2016 revealed the Soviet Union's plans for a statewide doping system in track and field in preparation for the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Dated prior to the country's decision to boycott the Games, the document detailed the existing steroids operations of the program, along with suggestions for further enhancements. The communication, directed to the Soviet Union's head of track and field, was prepared by Dr. Sergei Portugalov of the Institute for Physical Culture. Portugalov was also one of the main figures involved in the implementation of the
Russian doping program
prior to the 2016 Summer Olympics.
[27]
Filmmaker and director of 2017 movie
Icarus
Bryan Fogel
has said that stricter doping controls might have been the main reason for the Soviet boycott.
[28]
Financial success of Los Angeles as host city
[
edit
]
Following the news of the massive financial losses of the
1976 Summer Olympics
in
Montreal
, the only two cities to express a genuine interest in hosting the 1984 Games were Los Angeles and
New York
. Given that only one city per country is allowed to bid for any one Games, the
USOC
vote for the American bid city was effectively the deciding vote for the 1984 Olympics host city. In this case, the Los Angeles bid received 55 votes compared with New York's 39 votes ? this is the closest that the city of New York has ever come to being selected to host the Olympic Games, coming closer in 1984 than they did in their
2012 bid
(when they lost to London).
[29]
The low level of interest among potential host cities for the 1984 Games had been viewed as a major threat to the future of the Olympic Games. However, after the financial success of the Los Angeles Games, cities began to show a renewed interest in bidding to become host again. The Los Angeles and Montreal Games are seen as examples of best and worst practice when organizing the Olympics and serve as valuable lessons to prospective host cities.
Ambitious construction projects for the two previous Summer Olympics, Montreal 1976 and Moscow 1980, had burdened organizers with substantial debts as expenses greatly exceeded revenues. Furthermore, the 1976 and 1980 Olympics were entirely government-funded. Unlike Montreal and Moscow, Los Angeles 1984 was privately funded, with strict controls imposed on expenditure; rather than constructing new venues with overly ambitious designs, the organizers chose instead to utilise existing venues and facilities wherever possible. The main example of this was the
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
, which was also the Olympic Stadium for the
1932 Summer Olympics
.
[30]
The only two new venues constructed specifically for the 1984 Summer Olympics were secured with the backing of corporate sponsors: the Olympic Velodrome was largely funded by the
7-Eleven
corporation and the Olympic Swim Stadium by
McDonald's
.
In addition to corporate support, the Olympic committee also used the income from the exclusive television rights, and for the first time these contracts would prove to be a significant source of revenue. Adjusted for inflation, the Los Angeles Games secured twice the amount of income received by the
1980 Moscow Summer Olympics
and four times that of the
1976 Montreal Summer Olympics
.
[31]
[29]
Following the success of the 1984 Games, the Los Angeles OCOG, led by
Peter Ueberroth
, used the profits to create the
LA84 Foundation
for promoting youth sports in Southern California, educating coaches and maintaining a sports library.
In popular culture
[
edit
]
The games were the subject of the 1983?84 United States
commemorative coin series
.
American fast food chain
McDonald's
ran a
promotion
titled, "When the U.S. Wins, You Win" where customers scratched off a ticket with the name of an Olympic event on it. If the U.S. won a medal in that event, then they would be given a free menu item: a
Big Mac
for a gold medal, an order of
french fries
for a silver medal, and a
Coca-Cola
for a bronze medal. The promotion became more popular than expected due to the Soviet boycott which led to the U.S. winning far more Olympic medals than expected.
[32]
This promotion was parodied in
The Simpsons
episode "
Lisa's First Word
", where
Krusty Burger
runs a similar offer. The promotion was intended to be rigged so that prizes would only be offered in events dominated by the
Eastern Bloc
, but the Soviet-led boycott causes Krusty to personally lose $44 million. He vehemently promises "to spit in every fiftieth burger," to which
Homer
retorts "I like those odds!"
Chief Wiggum
also exclaims that he could kiss
Carl Lewis
, who won four gold medals at the Games.
On
NCIS
, Tim McGee has an obsession with jet packs, stemming from having attended the 1984 Olympic ceremony as a child and having Bill Suitor fly over his head in his jet pack.
[33]
This storyline is based on the real experience of executive producer and writer Jesse Stern.
[34]
Pop-punk band
Bowling for Soup
references the games in the song "
I Can't Stand LA
". During a section showing appreciation for the city, the song states, "thank you for hair metal and the '84 Olympics."
Jilly Cooper
's novel Riders has a storyline set at the show jumping event at the 1984 Summer Olympics.
In the
Seinfeld
episode "The Gymnast", Jerry dates a woman who competed in the 1984 Olympics and won a silver medal for Romania.
In
American Horror Story: 1984
, the characters watch it together on the TV in the girls cabin.
In the same week that the Games began, British pop star
Howard Jones
released a single called
Like to Get to Know You Well
which eventually made number 4 on the
UK Singles Chart
and number 49 on the
Billboard Hot 100
in the United States. On the sleeve, the record was "dedicated to the original spirit of the Olympic Games".
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
"Factsheet - Opening Ceremony of the Games of the Olympiad"
(PDF)
(Press release). International Olympic Committee. October 9, 2014.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on August 14, 2016
. Retrieved
December 22,
2018
.
- ^
"NO BOYCOTT BLUES"
.
olympic.org
. Retrieved
January 6,
2017
.
- ^
"Games of the XXIII Olympiad"
. International Olympic Committee.
Archived
from the original on August 30, 2008
. Retrieved
August 31,
2008
.
- ^
Abrahamson, Alan (July 25, 2004).
"LA the Best Site, Bid Group Insists; Olympics: Despite USOC rejection"
.
Los Angeles Times
. Archived from
the original
on November 5, 2012
. Retrieved
August 17,
2008
.
- ^
Clarke, Norm (April 7, 1984).
"It's official: Sponsors help pay for Olympics"
.
Spokesman-Review
. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. p. 18.
- ^
"L.A. officially awarded 2028 Olympic Games"
.
Los Angeles Times
. September 2017
. Retrieved
September 13,
2017
.
- ^
"????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????"
.
???????
(in Persian). August 26, 2023
. Retrieved
March 11,
2024
.
- ^
"Past Olympic host city election results"
.
GamesBids
. Archived from
the original
on January 24, 2011
. Retrieved
November 13,
2018
.
- ^
Seratnews.com, ???? ???? | (2014).
"1984 Tehran Hosting"
.
fa
(in Persian)
. Retrieved
March 11,
2024
.
- ^
"Rafer Johnson, the Olympic gold medalist who helped bring the games to L.A., has died"
.
Los Angeles Times
. December 2, 2020.
- ^
Richard B. Perelman, ed. (1984).
Official report of the Games of the XXIIIrd Olympiad, Los Angeles, 1984
. Los Angeles: Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee. p. 229.
ISBN
0-9614512-0-3
.
OCLC
12601151
.
- ^
"Various ? The Official Music Of The XXIIIrd Olympiad ? Los Angeles 1984 (LP) at Discogs"
.
Discogs
. December 8, 1984.
Archived
from the original on February 1, 2009
. Retrieved
September 10,
2009
.
- ^
[|
Check out the credit at Music Video
- ^
Archived at
Ghostarchive
and the
Wayback Machine
:
Los Angeles 1984 Olympic Opening Ceremony Complete
[
Go to time stamp 29:40 for Etta James' performance. A previously cited Associated Press story (in which James was credited for singing the national anthem) was an AP reporting error. The national anthem was performed by a choir, and James appeared to perform 'When The Saints Go Marching In' later in the ceremony.
].
YouTube
. September 6, 2014.
- ^
Malone, MacKenzie (July 19, 2012).
"Tuning into the Games, Watching the Olympics is the next best thing to playing"
.
Times Union
. Retrieved
April 4,
2014
.
- ^
"
Olympic Summer Games Villages from Paris 1924 to Tokyo 2020
Archived
2023-04-29 at the
Wayback Machine
." The Olympic Studies Centre. 2022 June 20.
- ^
Most gold medals won at a single Summer Olympic Games - Country
- ^
Sky Documentary "Mary Decker vs Zola Budd", aired on Danish
DR2
, 2.August 2018, 23:30 CEST
- ^
Nick Mulvenney (August 8, 2008).
"Li Ning, "Prince of Gymnasts" and businessman"
.
Reuters
.
- ^
"The Soviet Doping Plan: Document Reveals Illicit Approach to '84 Olympics"
.
The New York Times
. August 13, 2016
. Retrieved
November 13,
2017
.
- ^
"International Fairplay Committee - Mohamed Ali Rashwan"
. Archived from
the original
on October 10, 2007
. Retrieved
January 21,
2008
.
- ^
Burns, John F. (May 9, 1984).
"Moscow will keep its team from Los Angeles Olympics; Tass cites peril, U.S. denies it; Protests are issue"
.
The New York Times
.
- ^
Yake, D. Byron (July 29, 1984).
"
'84 Olympics: Gala trumpets in Games"
.
Beaver County Times
.
AP
. p. A1, A10
. Retrieved
August 28,
2020
.
The Romanians, the only Eastern bloc nation to defy the Soviet boycott, were greeted with a standing ovation.
- ^
Leavy, Jane (July 23, 1984).
"Romania: No Boycott, A Winning Presence"
.
The Washington Post
.
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"1984 Olympics"
.
infoplease.com
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Genova, James (November 2022).
Making New People Politics, Cinema, and Liberation in Burkina Faso, 1983-1987
. East Lansing, Michigan:
Michigan State University Press
. p. 87.
ISBN
9781609177096
.
- ^
Ruiz, Rebecca R. (August 13, 2016).
"The Soviet Doping Plan: Document Reveals Illicit Approach to '84 Olympics"
.
The New York Times
. Retrieved
June 6,
2017
.
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"Bryan Fogel talks 1984 Summer Olympics boycott on The Jim Rome Podcast"
.
jimrome.com
. Archived from
the original
on November 22, 2017
. Retrieved
November 23,
2017
.
- ^
a
b
Andrew H. Levin (April 27, 2007).
"No Olympics, No Problem: New York City's Political Regime after the Bid for the 2012 Games"
(PDF)
. p. 27. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on June 1, 2012
. Retrieved
July 24,
2009
.
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"Let Boston 2024 pay for the Olympics"
.
The Boston Globe
. Retrieved
July 28,
2015
.
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Shoval, Noam. "A New Phase in the Competition For The Olympic Gold: The London and New York Bids For The 2012 Games." Journal of Urban Affairs 24.5 (2002): 583?99.
- ^
Hollie, Pamela G. (August 10, 1984).
"Advertising; Big Mac's Olympic Giveaway"
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The New York Times
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"Ignition".
NCIS: Naval Criminal Investigative Service
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- ^
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The Future is Now: NCIS meets the jet pack
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External links
[
edit
]
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Dyreson, Mark. "Global television and the transformation of the Olympics: The 1984 Los Angeles Games."
International Journal of the History of Sport
32.1 (2015): 172?184.
- Edelman, Robert Simon. "The Russians are not coming! The Soviet withdrawal from the games of the XXIII Olympiad."
International Journal of the History of Sport
32.1 (2015): 9-36.
- Henry, Bill (1984).
An Approved History of the Olympic Games
. Southern California Committee for the Olympic Games.
ISBN
0-88284-243-9
.
- Llewellyn, Matthew, John Gleaves, and Wayne Wilson. "The Historical Legacy of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games."
International Journal of the History of Sport
32#1 (2015) : 1-8.
- Llewellyn, Matthew, John Gleaves, and Wayne Wilson, eds.
The 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games: Assessing the 30-Year Legacy
(Routledge, 2017).
- Greenberg, Stan (2004).
Whitakers Olympic Almanack
. A. & C. Black.
ISBN
0-7136-6724-9
.
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