From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Calendar year
Year
1256
(
MCCLVI
) was a
leap year starting on Saturday
(link will display the full calendar) of the
Julian calendar
.
Events
[
edit
]
By place
[
edit
]
Mongol Empire
[
edit
]
- Spring – Mongol forces (some 80,000 men), under
Hulagu Khan
, cross the
Oxus River
, and begin their campaign to destroy the remaining Muslim states in southwestern
Asia
? with the first objectives being the
Nizari Ismaili strongholds
and
Baghdad
, the capital of the
Abbasid Caliphate
. The roads across
Turkestan
and
Persia
are repaired, and bridges built. Carts are requisitioned to bring siege machines from
China
.
[1]
- October
– Mongol forces led by
Baiju Noyan
(operating under Hulagu Khan's command) win a victory over
Kaykaus II
, Seljuk ruler of the
Sultanate of Rum
, and capture
Anatolia
. Kaykaus flees to the Byzantine court where he seeks refuge at
Constantinople
. The
Empire of Trebizond
fearing a potential punitive Mongol expedition, becomes a vassal state and is forced to pay a
tribute
tax every year in gold and silk.
[2]
- November 8
–
23
–
Siege of Maymun-Diz
: Mongol forces under Hulagu Khan successfully besiege the mountain castle of
Maymun-Diz
. Hulagu encircles the fortress and begins a bombardment for three days by
mangonels
from a nearby hilltop. On
November 19
, Nizari Isma'ili imam
Rukn al-Din Khurshah
surrenders, but a small part of the garrison refuses and fights a
last stand
, until they are killed after three days.
[3]
- December 15
– Mongol forces under Hulagu Khan capture and dismantle
Alamut Castle
(near the
Masoudabad
region) after the surrender of the Nizari Ismaili leaders. Hulagu founds the
Ilkhanate
dynasty of Persia, which becomes one of the four main divisions of the
Mongol Empire
. The Nizari Ismaili government is disestablished, some of them migrate to
Afghanistan
,
Badakhshan
and
Sindh
(modern
Pakistan
).
Europe
[
edit
]
British Isles
[
edit
]
Levant
[
edit
]
Asia
[
edit
]
- October – The Japanese
Kench?
era ends and the
K?gen
era begins during the reign of the 13-year-old Emperor
Go-Fukakusa
.
By topic
[
edit
]
Natural Disaster
[
edit
]
Religion
[
edit
]
Births
[
edit
]
- January 6
–
Gertrude the Great
, German mystic (d.
1302
)
- January 24
–
Alonso Perez de Guzman
, Spanish
nobleman
(d.
1309
)
- February 9
–
William de Warenne
, English nobleman (d.
1286
)
- March 21
–
Henry I
(
Lackland
), German nobleman (d.
1318
)
- October 23
–
Mongke Temur
, Mongol ruler of
Shiraz
(d.
1282
)
- Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati
, Andalusian grammarian (d.
1344
)
- Adolph VI
, count of
Holstein-Pinneberg
-
Schauenburg
(d.
1315
)
- Ahmad al-Suhrawardi
, Persian calligrapher and musician (d.
1340
)
- Al-Dimashqi
, Syrian geographer, explorer and writer (d.
1327
)
- Andrea Dotti
, Italian nobleman, preacher and saint (d. 1315)
- Ibn al-Banna
, Almohad scholar and mathematician (d.
1321
)
- Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi
, Syrian scholar and philologist (d.
1341
)
- John Segrave
, English nobleman and
seneschal
(d.
1325
)
- Padishah Khatun
, Mongol female ruler and writer (d.
1295
)
- Robert of Clermont
, French prince and nobleman (d.
1317
)
- Roger Mortimer
, English nobleman and constable (d.
1326
)
Deaths
[
edit
]
- January 4
–
Bernhard von Spanheim
, German nobleman
- January 18
–
Maria of Brabant
, duchess of
Bavaria
(b.
1226
)
- January 28
–
William II of Holland
, king of
Germany
(b.
1227
)
- February 9
–
Alice de Lusigan
, English noblewoman (b.
1224
)
- February 16
–
Nicola Paglia
, Italian
Dominican
priest (b.
1197
)
- April 12
–
Margaret of Bourbon
, queen of
Navarre
(b.
1217
)
- April 23
–
Sabrisho V
, patriarch of the
Church of the East
- May 1
–
Mafalda of Portugal
, Spanish
abbess
and queen
- May 6
–
Peter Nolasco
, French religious leader (b.
1189
)
- May 12
–
Matilda of Amboise
, French noblewoman (b.
1200
)
- May 28
–
Guglielmo Fieschi
, Italian deacon and cardinal
- June 13
–
Tankei
, Japanese
Buddhist
sculptor (b.
1173
)
- September 1
–
Kuj? Yoritsune
, Japanese
shogun
(b.
1218
)
- September 21
–
William of Kilkenny
, English bishop of
Ely
- October 14
–
Kuj? Yoritsugu
, Japanese shogun (b.
1239
)
- November 5
–
Christina de Valognes
, Scottish noblewoman
- Bertram de Criol
(or
Criel
), English constable and diplomat
- Jacob Anatoli
, French Jewish translator and writer (b.
1194
)
- Johannes de Sacrobosco
, English scholar and astronomer
- Klement of Ruszcza
, Polish nobleman and knight (b.
1190
)
- Najm al-Din Razi
, Persian philosopher and writer (b.
1177
)
- Pandulf of Anagni
, Italian bishop and military commander
- Peter de Ramsay
, Scottish nobleman, cleric and bishop
- Þorður kakali Sighvatsson
, Icelandic chieftain (b.
1210
)
- Rodrigo Gonzalez Giron
, Spanish nobleman and knight
- Sibt ibn al-Jawzi
, Arab preacher and historian (b.
1185
)
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Steven Runciman
(1952).
A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre
, pp. 249?250.
ISBN
978-0-241-29877-0
.
- ^
Peacock, A.C.S.; Yildiz, Sara Nur, eds. (2013).
The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East
, pp. 118?119. I.B. Tauris.
ISBN
978-0-85773-346-7
.
- ^
Willey, Peter (2005).
Eagle's Nest: Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria
, pp. 75?85. Boomsbury Academic.
ISBN
978-1-85043-464-1
.
- ^
Setton, Kenneth M. (1976).
The Papacy and the Levant (1204?1571), Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries
, p. 78. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society.
ISBN
0-87169-114-0
.
- ^
Mazzon, Martino (2020).
"ZORZI, Marsilio"
.
Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
, Volume 100: Vittorio Emanuele I?Zurlo
(in Italian). Rome:
Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
.
ISBN
978-8-81200032-6
.
- ^
Steven Runciman (1952).
A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre
, p. 236.
ISBN
978-0-241-29877-0
.
- ^
The Seismicity of Egypt, Arabia and the Red Sea: A Historical Review
p. 40