?Xegwi language

?Xegwi
?Xegwi
gi?kwi?gwi ; ki?kwi?gwi
Native to	South Africa
Region	Lake Chrissie
Ethnicity	Tlou-tle
Extinct	1988, with the death of Jopi Mabinda
Language family	Tuu ?Kwi Eastern ?Xegwi ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	xeg
Linguist List	xeg.html
Glottolog	xegw1238
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?Xegwi (pronounced / ? z ? ? w iː / ZEH -gwee ), also known as Batwa, is an extinct ?Kwi language spoken at Lake Chrissie in South Africa , near the Swazi border. The last known speaker, Jopi Mabinda, was murdered in 1988. ^[2] However, a reporter for the South African newspaper Mail & Guardian reports that ?Xegwi may still be spoken in the Chrissiesmeer district. ^[3]

The ?Xegwi name for their language has been spelled gi?kwi?gwi or ki?kwi?gwi. Their name for themselves has been transcribed tlou tle or kxlou-kxle , presumably [k????ouk????e] . The Nguni (Zulu and Swazi) called them (a)batwa, amaNkqeshe, amaNgqwigqwi ; the Sotho called them Baroa/Barwa . ^[4]

Phonology [ edit ]

?Xegwi lost the abrupt clicks (the various manners of ? and ? ) found in its relatives. It reacquired ? from Nguni Bantu languages , but clicks remained relatively infrequent, compared to other Tuu languages. It also had a series of uvular plosives not found in other Tuu languages. ^[5]

Pulmonic and ejective consonants
		Bilabial	Alveolar		Palatal	Velar		Uvular	Glottal
		Bilabial	central	lateral	Palatal	central	lateral	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m	n		?	ŋ
Plosive	voiced	b	d		?	?		?
	tenuis	p	t			k		q	?
	aspirated	p?	t?		c?	k?		q?
	ejective		t?		c?	k??		q?
Affricate	voiceless		ts tx	t?	t?	kx	k??
	aspirated				t??		k???
	voiced		dz		d?
	ejective		ts?		t??	kx?	k???
Fricative	voiceless		s	?	?	x			h
Fricative	voiced	β	z	?	?				?
Sonorant			r	l	j	w

Lingual consonants
		Labial	Dental	Alveolar
		Labial	Dental	central	lateral
Nasal	modal	??	??	??	??
	glottalized		???	???	???
	murmured	???	???	???	???
Plosive	voiced		??	??	??
	aspirated		???	???	???
	tenuis	??	??	??	??
Affricate	tenuis	??x	??x	??x	??x
Affricate	ejective	??x?	??x?	??x?	??x?

Oral and nasal vowels
	Front	Back
High	i ?	u ?
Mid	e	o
Low	a a

Pharyngealized vowels ^[6]
	Front	Back
High	? ?ː	? ?ː
Mid	?	o?
Low	a? a?ː

References [ edit ]

^ ?Xegwi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Traill, A. (2002). "The Khoesan languages". In Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.). Language in South Africa . Cambridge University Press. p. 42. doi : 10.1017/CBO9780511486692.003 . ISBN 978-0-521-79105-2 .
^ Davie, Kevin. "The secret pool of surviving Bushmen at Chrissiesmeer" . The Mail & Guardian . Archived from the original on 2011-07-29 . Retrieved 2018-03-04 .
^ Treis, Yvonne (1998). "Names of Khoisan languages and their variants". In Schladt, Mathias (ed.). Language, identity, and conceptualization among the Khoisan . Rudiger Koppe Verlag. pp. 463?503. ISBN 978-3-89645-143-9 .
^ Traill, Anthony (1999). Extinct: South African Khoisan Languages (CD).
^ Honken, Henry (2020). "?X'egwi". In Vossen, Rainer; Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of African Languages . Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 670?681.

External links [ edit ]

?Xegwi basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database

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[e18-1] ?Xegwi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[2] Traill, A. (2002). "The Khoesan languages". In Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.). Language in South Africa . Cambridge University Press. p. 42. doi : 10.1017/CBO9780511486692.003 . ISBN 978-0-521-79105-2 .

[3] Davie, Kevin. "The secret pool of surviving Bushmen at Chrissiesmeer" . The Mail & Guardian . Archived from the original on 2011-07-29 . Retrieved 2018-03-04 .

[4] Treis, Yvonne (1998). "Names of Khoisan languages and their variants". In Schladt, Mathias (ed.). Language, identity, and conceptualization among the Khoisan . Rudiger Koppe Verlag. pp. 463?503. ISBN 978-3-89645-143-9 .

[5] Traill, Anthony (1999). Extinct: South African Khoisan Languages (CD).

[6] Honken, Henry (2020). "?X'egwi". In Vossen, Rainer; Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of African Languages . Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 670?681.

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