1991 killing of 41 civilians in Croatia
?iroka Kula massacre
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?iroka Kula on the map of Croatia. Serb-held territories in late December 1991 are highlighted in red.
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Location
| ?iroka Kula, near
Gospi?
,
Croatia
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Date
| 13?21 October 1991
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Target
| Croat
civilians and some
Serbs
suspected of assisting Croatian authorities
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Attack type
| Summary executions
,
ethnic cleansing
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Deaths
| 41
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Perpetrators
| SAO Krajina
police
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The
?iroka Kula massacre
was the killing of 41 civilians in the village of ?iroka Kula near
Gospi?
,
Croatia
during the
Croatian War of Independence
. The killings began on 13 October 1991 and continued until late October. They were perpetrated by the
Croatian Serb
SAO Krajina
police and generally targeted ethnic Croat civilians in ?iroka Kula. Several victims were ethnic Serbs suspected by the police of collaboration with Croatian authorities. Most of the victims' bodies were thrown into the Golubnja?a Pit, a nearby
karst cave
.
Thirteen individuals were charged and tried in connection with the killings, four were convicted
in absentia
in
Belgrade
. The other eleven were tried and convicted
in absentia
in Gospi?. One of those convicted by Gospi? County Court subsequently returned to Croatia, where he was granted a
retrial
and acquitted. A monument dedicated to the victims of the massacre was built in the village in 2003.
Background
[
edit
]
In August 1990,
an insurrection
took place in
Croatia
centred on the predominantly
Serb
-populated areas, including parts of
Lika
, around the city of
Gospi?
, with significant Serb populations.
The areas were subsequently named
SAO Krajina
and, after declaring its intention to integrate with
Serbia
, the
Government of Croatia
declared it to be a rebellion.
By March 1991, the conflict escalated into the
Croatian War of Independence
.
In June 1991, Croatia
declared its independence
as
Yugoslavia disintegrated
.
A three-month moratorium followed,
after which the decision came into effect on 8 October.
As the
Yugoslav People's Army
(JNA) increasingly supported the SAO Krajina, the
Croatian Police
were unable to cope. Thus, the
Croatian National Guard
(ZNG) was formed in May 1991.
The development of the
military of Croatia
was hampered by a UN
arms embargo
introduced in September,
while the
military conflict in Croatia continued to escalate
—the
Battle of Vukovar
started on 26 August.
By the end of August the fighting intensified in Lika as well, specifically as the
Battle of Gospi?
continued through much of September.
Killings
[
edit
]
SAO Krajina forces occupied the village of ?iroka Kula in September 1991. The village was located 11 kilometres (6.8 miles) northeast of Gospi? in Lika. It had an ethnically mixed prewar population of 536 consisting of Croats and Serbs, but most of the Croat population fled by the end of the month.
On 13 October, the chief of the SAO Krajina police in ?iroka Kula instructed the remaining Croats in the village to move to two houses before they were evacuated. After the civilians complied with the request, SAO Krajina forces shot at the assembled villagers, while houses owned by Croats were looted and torched by a mob. The attack resulted in thirteen civilian deaths. The victims were killed using
shotguns
and their bodies thrown into burning houses. Some of the victims were burned to death. Most of those killed were elderly, and at least two of the victims were children (13 and 17 years of age).
[12]
In the following days, the killings continued. According to a 2013 news report, a total of 41 civilians were killed in the village that month, and most of the corpses thrown into the Golubnja?a Pit,
22 of which were retrieved from the
karst cave
as of 2011
[update]
.
In November 1992,
Republic of Serbian Krajina
(RSK) police estimated that the bodies of approximately forty Croat civilians were thrown into the pit.
In mid-October, SAO Krajina police arrested four Serbian civilians in ?iroka Kula, Mane Raki? and his three children for allegedly collaborating with Croatian authorities. During the night of 20/21 October, the police searched Raki?'s home, and then killed his wife in another house in ?iroka Kula. Her body was doused with
kerosene
and torched. By the end of the month, Raki? and his children were also murdered and their remains thrown into the Golubnja?a Pit.
Aftermath
[
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]
Five SAO Krajina police officers were prosecuted by Knin District Court in 1992 for the murder of the Raki? family. The investigation was spurred on by requests from relatives of the victims, who threatened the RSK authorities that they would notify the
United Nations Protection Force
(UNPROFOR) unless the RSK authorities continued searching, which led đuro Kresovi?, president of Knin District Court to write to the Minister of the Interior of the RSK asking for instructions on how to proceed, stating that any attempt to retrieve the bodies of the Raki? family would uncover numerous other bodies in the Golubnja?a Pit. He requested instructions on how to proceed with the investigation and what to do if the UNPROFOR found out about the bodies in the pit.
Even though the RSK investigation was completed, trial of those suspected of involvement in the murders did not begin before 2010 in
Belgrade
.
The trial and the appeals process were concluded in 2013, resulting in four convictions: ?edo Budisavljevi? was sentenced to thirteen years in prison, while Mirko Malinovi?, Milan Bogunovi? and Bogdan Grui?i? were sentenced to twelve, ten, and eight years in prison respectively.
In 1994, the County Court in Gospi? tried and convicted
in absentia
a group of seven Croatian Serbs for their involvement in the killings of eight civilians (members of the Nik?i? and Ore?kovi? families, but not the Raki? family) in ?iroka Kula, handing out prison sentences. Nikola Zagorac, Miroslav Serdar and Dragan Vunjak were sentenced to 20 years in prison each, while Dane Serdar, Du?an Uzelac, Milorad Bara? and Dragan Uzelac each received sentences of 15 years in prison.
In 1997, the County Court in Gospi? also tried Vladimir Korica and Branko Banjeglav
in absentia
for taking part in the massacre. Both of them were convicted and sentenced to 12 years in prison.
None of those convicted
in absentia
served any prison time. Dane Serdar voluntarily returned to Croatia in September 2003 and was granted a
retrial
as he had been convicted
in absentia
.
Dane Serdar's 1994 conviction was overturned and he was acquitted in September 2004, after prosecution failed to present sufficient evidence against him.
A monument to the victims of the massacre, as well as 164
World War II
victims from the area of ?iroka Kula, was built in 2003. The monument, designed by Petar Doli? and named the
Croatian History Portal
(
Portal hrvatske povijesti
), was unveiled by the relatives of those killed in the 1991 massacre on 13 October, marking the 12th anniversary of the killings.
References
[
edit
]
- Books
- Central Intelligence Agency
, Office of Russian and European Analysis (2002).
Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict, 1990?1995, Volume 2
. Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency.
ISBN
978-0-16-066472-4
.
- Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States
. London, England: Routledge. 1999.
ISBN
978-1-85743-058-5
.
- Nazor, Ante, ed. (2009). "Zahtjev predsjednika Okru?nog suda u Kninu đure Kresovi?a MUP-u RSK za mi?ljenje u vezi s iskapanjem posmrtnih ostatka obitelji Raki? iz jame Golubnja?a u kojoj se nalazi i 40-ak le?eva osoba hrvatske nacionalnosti ubijenih tijekom 1991." [Request of the Knin District Court President đuro Kresovi? to the Ministry of the Interior of the RSK for an Opinion Regarding Exhumation of Remains of Raki? Family from the Golubnja?a Pit also Containing Approximately 40 Bodies of Croats Killed in 1991].
Republika Hrvatska i domovinski rat 1990-1995, dokumenti, Knjiga 6
[
The Republic of Croatia and the Croatian War of Independence 1990-1995, Volume 6
]
(PDF)
(in Serbian). pp. 322?323.
ISBN
978-953-7439-20-0
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2015-09-23
. Retrieved
2013-10-24
.
- News reports
- Bellamy, Christopher (10 October 1992).
"Croatia Built 'Web of Contacts' to Evade Weapons Embargo"
.
The Independent
.
- "Dvadeset dvije godine od stradanja u ?irokoj Kuli"
[Twenty-second Anniversary of ?iroka Kula Killings] (in Croatian).
Croatian Radiotelevision
. 13 October 2013.
Archived
from the original on 3 July 2018
. Retrieved
24 October
2013
.
- Engelberg, Stephen (3 March 1991).
"Belgrade Sends Troops to Croatia Town"
.
The New York Times
.
- Kalmeta, Lada (24 September 2004).
"Oslobođen Dane Serdar"
[Dane Serdar Acquitted].
Slobodna Dalmacija
(in Croatian).
- Kalmeta, Lada (29 January 2004).
"Strpan u zatvor na 15 godina bez novog suđenja!"
[Sent to Prison for 15 Years With no New Trial].
Slobodna Dalmacija
.
- "Pove?ali kaznu optu?enom za ubojstvo obitelji Raki? 1991"
[Raki? Family Murderer Sentence Extended].
Ve?ernji list
(in Croatian). 28 April 2013.
- "?iroka Kula: Otkriven spomenik - Portal hrvatske povijesti"
[?iroka Kula: Monument Unveiled - Portal of Croatian History] (in Croatian).
Index.hr
. 13 October 2003.
- Sudetic, Chuck
(2 April 1991).
"Rebel Serbs Complicate Rift on Yugoslav Unity"
.
The New York Times
.
- Sudetic, Chuck (26 June 1991).
"2 Yugoslav States Vote Independence To Press Demands"
.
The New York Times
.
Archived
from the original on 10 November 2012.
- Sudetic, Chuck (29 June 1991).
"Conflict in Yugoslavia; 2 Yugoslav States Agree to Suspend Secession Process"
.
The New York Times
.
- Vidovi?, Iva (13 October 2011).
"?iroka Kula: 20 godina od ubojstva 40 Hrvata, za nekima se jo? traga"
[?iroka Kula: 20 Years After the Murder of 40 Croats, Some are Still Missing].
Ve?ernji list
(in Croatian).
- Other sources
44°36′55″N
15°27′24″E
/
44.61528°N 15.45667°E
/
44.61528; 15.45667
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Prelude
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1991
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1992
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1993–94
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1995
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Internment camps
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Other
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