Italian politician and economist (born 1939)
"Prodi" redirects here. For other people with the surname, see
Prodi (surname)
.
Romano Prodi
OMRI
(
Italian:
[ro?maːno
?pr?ːdi]
ⓘ
; born 9 August 1939) is an Italian
politician
who served as
President of the European Commission
from 1999 to 2004 and twice as
Prime Minister of Italy
, from 1996 to 1998, and again 2006 to 2008.
[1]
[2]
Prodi is considered the founder of the
Italian centre-left
and one of the most prominent and iconic figures of the
Second Republic
. He is often nicknamed
Il Professore
("The Professor") due to his academic career.
[3]
A former professor of economics and international advisor to
Goldman Sachs
, Prodi ran as lead candidate of
The Olive Tree
coalition, winning the
1996 election
and serving as prime minister until losing a vote of confidence 1998. He was subsequently appointed President of the European Commission in 1999, serving until 2004. Following the victory of his new coalition,
The Union
, over the
House of Freedoms
led by
Silvio Berlusconi
, at the
2006 election
, Prodi became prime minister a second time. On 24 January 2008, he lost a vote of confidence in the Senate and consequently tendered his resignation as prime minister to President
Giorgio Napolitano
; he continued in office for almost four months for routine business until early elections were held and a new government was formed. Prodi was the first left-leaning candidate to finish first in an Italian general election since
1921
.
On 14 October 2007, Prodi became the founding president of the
Democratic Party
upon foundation of the party. On 12 September 2008, United Nations Secretary-General
Ban Ki-moon
selected Prodi as president of the
African Union
?United Nations peacekeeping panel.
[4]
Since 2021, he is serving as the United Nations
Special Envoy
for the
Sahel
.
Early life and family
[
edit
]
Prodi was born in
Scandiano
, near
Reggio Emilia
, in 1939; he is the eighth of nine children. His father, Mario Prodi, was an engineer grown up in a peasant family, and his mother, Enrichetta, was an elementary school teacher. Most of the brothers are, or have been, university professors, among them Giovanni Prodi (professor of mathematical analysis),
Vittorio Prodi
(professor of physics and
member of the European Parliament
),
Paolo Prodi
(professor of modern history),
Franco Prodi
[
it
]
(professor of atmospheric physics), and
Giorgio Prodi
(professor of general pathology).
[5]
In 1969, Prodi married Flavia Franzoni, at that time a student, who later became an economist and university professor. The couple was married by
Camillo Ruini
, now a well-known
cardinal
.
[6]
[7]
They have two sons, Giorgio and Antonio. His wife Flavia died on 13 June 2023, at the age of 76.
[8]
Academic career
[
edit
]
After completing his secondary education at the
Liceo Ludovico Ariosto
in Reggio Emilia, Prodi graduated in law at
Milan
's
Universita Cattolica
in 1961 with a thesis on the role of
protectionism
in the development of Italian industry. He then carried out postgraduate studies at the
London School of Economics
.
[9]
Prodi has received almost 20 honorary degrees from institutions in Italy, and from the rest of Europe, North America, Asia, and Africa.
[10]
Early political career
[
edit
]
Ministry of Industry and Aldo Moro's kidnapping
[
edit
]
On 25 November 1978, Prodi was appointed
Minister of Industry, Commerce, and Crafts
in the government of the
Christian Democracy
leader
Giulio Andreotti
. Even if he was a party member, Prodi was widely considered a technical minister. As minister, he promoted a law, known as Prodi law, which aimed a regulating of the extraordinary state administration procedure for the rescue of large enterprises in crisis.
[11]
On 2 April 1978, Prodi and other teachers at the
University of Bologna
passed on a tip-off that revealed the whereabouts of the
safe house
where the kidnapped
Aldo Moro
, the former prime minister, was being held captive by the
Red Brigades
. Prodi stated that he had been given this tip-off by the founders of Christian Democracy, contacted from beyond the grave via a
seance
and a
Ouija
board. Whilst during this supposed seance Prodi thought
Gradoli
referred to a town on the outskirts of Rome, it probably referred to the Roman address of a Red Brigades safe house, located at no. 96, Via Gradoli.
[12]
The information was trusted and a police group made an armed blitz in the town of Gradoli, 80 km from
Rome
, on the following day, 6 April,
[12]
although Moro was not found. The supernatural element was generally not overlooked during the investigations. For example, the Italian government had engaged a
diviner
, hoping that he would find Moro's location.
[13]
The police made another fruitless blitz in Viterbo after an abbess declared that, during a vision, she had seen him there.
[14]
Prodi spoke to the
Italian Parliament
's commission about the case in 1981. In the notes of the Italian Parliament commission on terrorism, the seance is described as a fake, used to hide the true source of the information.
[15]
In 1997, Andreotti declared that the information came from the Bologna section of
Autonomia Operaia
, a far-left organization with some ties with the Red Brigades, and that
Francesco Cossiga
also knew the true source. Judge
Ferdinando Imposimato
considered Andreotti's theory as possible but accused him of having kept information that could have been valuable in a trial about Moro's murder.
[16]
Moro's widow later declared that she had repeatedly informed the police that a Via Gradoli existed in Rome, but the investigators did not consider it; some replied to her that the street did not appear in Rome's maps. This is confirmed by other Moro relatives but strongly denied by Cossiga, who served as Interior Minister during Moro's kidnapping.
[17]
Mitrokhin Commission
[
edit
]
In the 1990s, the seance matter was reopened by the Italian Parliament's commission on terrorism. While Prodi (then Prime Minister) declared that he had no time for an interview, both
Mario Baldassarri
(senator and vice-minister in two
Silvio Berlusconi
cabinets) and
Alberto Clo
(Minister of Industry in
Lamberto Dini
's cabinet and owner of the house where the seance was performed) responded to the call; they confirmed the circumstances of the seance, and that
Gradoli
had appeared in several sessions, even if the participants had changed.
[18]
Later, other Italian members of the
European Commission
alleged that Prodi had invented this story to conceal the real source of the tip-off, which they believed to have originated somewhere among the far-left Italian political groups.
[18]
This issue came back again in 2005, when Prodi was accused of being "a
KGB
man" by
Mario Scaramella
.
[19]
The allegations were rejected by Prodi. Former
Federal Security Service
(FSB) officer
Alexander Litvinenko
also said that FSB deputy chief
Anatoly Trofimov
"did not exactly say that Prodi was a KGB agent, because the KGB avoids using that word."
[20]
The same accusation was raised in 2002 by the
Mitrokhin Commission
, which was closed in 2006 with a majority and a minority report, without reaching shared conclusions, and without any concrete evidence given to support the original allegations of KGB ties to Italian politicians contained in the
Mitrokhin Archive
. Led by the
centre-right coalition
majority, it was criticized as politically motivated, as it was focused mainly on allegations against opposition figures.
[21]
2006 saw the publication of telephone interceptions between the chairman of the Mitrokhin Commission,
Forza Italia
senator
Paolo Guzzanti
, and Scaramella. In the wiretaps, Guzzanti made it clear that the true intent of the Mitrokhin Commission was to support the hypothesis that Prodi would have been an agent financed or in any case manipulated by Moscow and the KGB.
[22]
[23]
According to the opposition, which submitted its own minority report, this hypothesis was false, and the purpose of the commission was therefore to discredit him.
[24]
In the wiretaps, Scaramella had the task of collecting testimonies from some ex-agents of the Soviet secret service refugees in Europe to support these accusations; he was later charged for
calumny
.
[25]
In November 2006, the new Italian Parliament with a
centre-left coalition
majority instituted a commission to investigate the Mitrokhin Commission for allegations that it was manipulated for political purposes.
[26]
In a December 2006 interview given to the television program
La storia siamo noi
,
[27]
colonel ex-KGB agent Oleg Gordievsky, whom Scaramella claimed as his source, confirmed the accusations made against Scaramella regarding the production of false material relating to Prodi and other Italian politicians,
[28]
and underlined their lack of reliability.
[29]
Despite this, those claims were further repeated by the
UK Independence Party
's
Gerard Batten
, the
member of the European Parliament
for
London
who stated that he was informed of this by Litvinenko, who was his constituent and former FSB operative. The 16 February 2018 indictment of
Paul Manafort
unsealed on 23 February,
[30]
as part of the
Mueller special counsel investigation
, alleges that foreign politicians hypothesized to be Prodi and
Alfred Gusenbauer
took payments exceeding $2 million from Manafort to promote the case of his client,
Viktor Yanukovich
; both denied this and said their work was focused to get closer
European Union?Ukraine relations
.
[31]
[32]
Business and administrative career
[
edit
]
After leaving his position in 1989, Prodi ran the
Bologna
based consulting company
Analisi e Studi Economici
, which he jointly owned along with his wife.
[33]
Between 1990 and 1993 the company earned
£
1.4 million, most of which was paid by the investment bank
Goldman Sachs
.
[33]
Second term as IRI President
[
edit
]
In 1993, Prodi was between the main candidates to become
Prime Minister of Italy
at the head of a
technocratic government
; instead, the Governor of the
Bank of Italy
,
Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
, was chosen for this office by President
Oscar Luigi Scalfaro
.
[34]
In 1993?1994, Prodi was appointed again President of the IRI, by Ciampi, where he oversaw extensive privatization of public assets. For his activities in this period Prodi would later twice come under investigation ? firstly for an alleged conflict of interest in relation to contracts awarded to his own economic research company in relation to the Italdel-
Siemens
merger, and secondly concerning the sale of the loss-making state-owned food conglomerate SME to the multinational
Unilever
, for which he had previously been a paid consultant.
[33]
Prodi's former employer Goldman Sachs was involved in both of the deals.
[33]
In February 2007 the Italian Treasury Police raided the
Milan
office of Goldman Sachs, where they removed a file called "
MTononi
/memo-Prodi02.doc".
[33]
They also obtained a letter to Siemens from the
Frankfurt
office of Goldman Sachs regarding the Italdel deal, which revealed that Prodi was made the Senior Advisor of Goldman Sachs International in Italy in March 1990.
[33]
In November 1996, after Prodi had been elected prime minister,
Rome
prosecutor Guiseppa Geremia concluded that there was enough evidence to press charges against Prodi for conflict of interest in the Unilever deal. The case was however shut down within weeks by superiors, while Geremia was "exiled to
Sardinia
".
[33]
First term as Prime Minister (1996?1998)
[
edit
]
On 25 May 1994, Prodi went to Palazzo Chigi to announce his resignation as IRI President to the new Prime Minister
Silvio Berlusconi
;
[35]
the resignation had been formalised on 31 May and became effective on 22 July.
[36]
On 11 August, Prodi announced to the
Gazzetta di Reggio
of his intent to enter politics.
[37]
A few months earlier, Prodi had rejected a proposal from the
Italian People's Party
(PPI) to run for the
1994 European election
.
[38]
The Olive Tree and 1996 election
[
edit
]
On 13 February 1995 Prodi, along with his close friend
Arturo Parisi
, founded his political alliance
The Olive Tree
.
[39]
Prodi's aim was to build a centre-left coalition composed by centrist and leftist parties, opposed to the centre-right alliance led by Silvio Berlusconi, who resigned from the office of prime minister few weeks before, when
Lega Nord
withdrew his support to the government. The movement was immediately supported by
Mariotto Segni
, leader of the centrist
Segni Pact
; after few weeks the post-communist
Democratic Party of the Left
of
Massimo D'Alema
, the PPI and the
Federation of the Greens
also joined the Olive Tree coalition.
On 19 February 1996, the outgoing Prime Minister
Lamberto Dini
announced that he would run in the election with a new party called
Italian Renewal
, allied with Prodi's Olive Tree rather than Berlusconi's
Pole for Freedoms
. Shortly after Berlusconi claimed that Dini "copied his electoral programme".
[40]
On election day, Prodi's Olive Tree coalition won over Berlusconi's Pole for Freedoms, becoming the first coalition composed of a post-communist party to win a general election since the
Second World War
. In the Senate, The Olive Tree obtained the majority; in the Chamber, it required the external support of
Communist Refoundation Party
. On 17 May 1996, Prodi received from President
Oscar Luigi Scalfaro
the task of forming a new government.
[41]
He ultimately formed a
23-member cabinet
that included 16 PDS ministers (including Deputy Prime Minister
Walter Veltroni
) and 10 PDS junior ministers?the first (former) Communists to take part in government in half a century.
Policies
[
edit
]
Prodi's economic programme consisted in continuing the past governments' work of restoration of the country's economic health, in order to pursue the then seemingly unreachable goal of leading the country within the strict
European Monetary System
parameters in order to allow the country to join the
Euro
currency. He succeeded in this in little more than six months.
During his first premiership, Prodi faced the
1997 Albanian civil unrest
; his government proposed the so-called
Operation Alba
("Sunrise"), a multinational peacekeeping force sent to
Albania
in 1997 and led by
Italy
. It was intended to help the Albanian government restore law and order in their troubled country after the
1997 rebellion in Albania
.
[42]
Following the degenerating loss of administrative control by the Government in the first days of March 1997, culminating in the desertion of most Police and many Republican Guard and Army units, leaving their armouries open to the inevitable looting which soon followed, several Nations autonomously helped evacuate their Nationals in
Operation Silver Wake
and
Operation Libelle
.
The
UN Security Council
therefore agreed the
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1101
as a stop-gap operation to manage this and buy time, laying the foundations for a planned reconstruction, which after six weeks of debate fell to the
Western European Union
, creating the Multinational Albanian Police Element around a command structure of Italian
Carabinieri
, which actually undertook the work of Judicial and Police reconstruction, extending into the elimination of the economic causes of the crisis.
The Italian
3rd Army Corps
assumed responsibility for the stop-gap mission as Operation Alba, the first multinational Italian-led Mission since World War II. Eleven contributing European Nations
[43]
brought humanitarian aid to a country that was in a dramatic economic and political situation.
[44]
In 1997, Prodi declared that "the problem of the safety of the country seems to be no longer one of external safety, but an internal one: the safety of
citizens
in their everyday life".
[45]
Resignation
[
edit
]
Prodi's government fell in 1998 when the
Communist Refoundation Party
withdrew its external support. This led to the formation of a
new government
led by
Massimo D'Alema
as prime minister. There are those who claim that D'Alema, along with People's Party leader
Franco Marini
, deliberately engineered the collapse of the Prodi government to become prime minister himself.
[46]
As the result of a vote of no confidence in Prodi's government, D'Alema's nomination was passed by a single vote. This was the first occasion in the history of the Italian Republic on which a vote of no confidence had ever been called; the Republic's many previous governments had been brought down by a majority "no" vote on some crucially important piece of legislation (such as the budget).
President of the European Commission (1999?2004)
[
edit
]
In September 1999 Prodi, a strong supporter of
European Integration
, became
President of the European Commission
, thanks to the support of both the conservative
European People's Party
, the social-democratic
Party of European Socialists
and the centrist
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
in the European Parliament.
His commission took office on 13 September 1999 following the scandal and subsequent resignation of the
Santer Commission
which had damaged the reputation of the institution. It took over from the interim Marin Commission. The College consisted of 20
Commissioners
which grew to 30 following the
Enlargement of the European Union
in 2004. It was the last commission to see two members allocated to the larger
member states
. This commission (the 10th) saw in increase in power and influence following
Amsterdam Treaty
. Some in the media described president Prodi as being the first "Prime Minister of the
European Union
".
Amsterdam Treaty
[
edit
]
It was during Prodi's presidency, in 2002, that 11 EU member states ditched their national currencies and adopted the euro as their common currency. This commission (the 10th) saw an increase in power and influence following the
Amsterdam Treaty
.
The treaty was the result of long negotiations which began in
Messina, Sicily
, on 2 June 1995, nearly forty years after the signing of the
Treaty of Rome
, and reached completion in
Amsterdam
on 18 June 1997. Following the formal signing of the Treaty on 2 October 1997, the member states engaged in an equally long and complex ratification process. The European Parliament endorsed the treaty on 19 November 1997, and after two referendums and 13 decisions by parliaments, the member states finally concluded the procedure. Under this treaty the member states agreed to devolve certain powers from national governments to the
European Parliament
across diverse areas, including legislating on immigration, adopting civil and criminal laws, and enacting
foreign and security policy
(CFSP), as well as implementing institutional changes for expansion as new member nations join the EU.
Due to this increased power of the Commission President, some media described President Prodi as being the first "Prime Minister of the European Union".
[47]
[48]
Nice Treaty
[
edit
]
As well as the enlargement and Amsterdam Treaty, the Prodi Commission also saw the signing and enforcement of the
Treaty of Nice
as well as the conclusion and signing of the
European Constitution
: in which he introduced the "Convention method" of negotiation. The treaty was signed by European leaders on 26 February 2001 and came into force on 1 February 2003.
It amended the
Maastricht Treaty
(or the Treaty on European Union) and the
Treaty of Rome
(or the Treaty establishing the European Community which, before the Maastricht Treaty, was the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community). The Treaty of Nice reformed the institutional structure of the European Union to withstand eastward expansion, a task which was originally intended to have been done by the
Amsterdam Treaty
, but failed to be addressed at the time. The entry into force of the treaty was in doubt for a time, after its initial
rejection by Irish voters
in a referendum in June 2001. This referendum result was reversed in a subsequent referendum held a little over a year later.
2004 enlargement and end of the mandate
[
edit
]
In 2004, his last year as Commission President, the European Union was enlarged to admit several more member nations, most formerly part of the
Soviet bloc
. It was the largest single expansion of the
European Union
(EU), in terms of territory, number of states, and population to date; however, it was not the largest in terms of gross domestic product. It occurred on 1 May 2004.
The simultaneous accessions concerned the following countries (sometimes referred to as the "A10" countries
[49]
[50]
):
Cyprus
, the
Czech Republic
,
Estonia
,
Hungary
,
Latvia
,
Lithuania
,
Malta
,
Poland
,
Slovakia
, and
Slovenia
. Seven of these were part of the former
Eastern Bloc
(of which three were from the former
Soviet Union
and four were and still are members of the Central European alliance
Visegrad Group
), one of the former
Yugoslavia
(together sometimes referred to as the
"A8" countries
), and the remaining two were
Mediterranean
islands and former
British colonies
.
Part of the same wave was the
2007 enlargement of the European Union
that saw accession of Bulgaria and Romania, who were unable to join in 2004, but, according to the Commission, constitute part of the fifth enlargement. The commission was due to leave office on 31 October 2004, but due to opposition from the
European parliament
to the proposed
Barroso Commission
which would succeed it, it was extended and finally left office on 21 November 2004. When his mandate expired, Prodi returned to domestic politics.
Return to Italian politics (2005?2006)
[
edit
]
The Union primary election
[
edit
]
Shortly before the end of his term as President of the European Commission, Prodi returned to national Italian politics at the helm of the enlarged centre-left coalition,
The Union
.
Having no party of his own, in order to officially state his candidacy for the
2006 general election
, Prodi came up with the idea of an apposite
primary election
, the first of such kind to be ever introduced in Europe and seen by its creator (Prodi himself) as a democratic move to bring the public and its opinion closer to the Italian politics.
When the
primary elections
were first proposed, they were mostly meant as a
plebiscite
for Romano Prodi, since there were no other candidates for the leadership of the coalition. The secretary of the Communist Refoundation Party,
Fausto Bertinotti
, then announced he would run for the leadership, even if only to act as a
symbolic candidate
, to avoid a one-candidate election. After some time, more candidates were presented, like
Union of Democrats for Europe
leader
Clemente Mastella
,
Italy of Values
leader and former magistrate
Antonio Di Pietro
,
Federation of the Greens
leader
Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio
and others few minor candidates.
[51]
The primary election may have been foreseen an easy win for Romano Prodi, with the other candidates running mostly to "measure their strengths" in the coalition, and they often talked about reaching a certain percentage rather than winning. However, there were rumours of supporters of the
House of Freedoms
trying to participate in the elections, and vote in favour of Mastella, reputed to be the least competent of the candidates and the least likely to win against Berlusconi, other than the most centrist; other rumours indicated such "fake" left-wing voters would vote for Bertinotti, because his leadership would likely lose any grip on the
political centre
.
[52]
The election had been held nationwide on 16 October 2005, from 8 am to 10 pm. Poll stations were mainly managed on a voluntary basis; they were hosted mainly in squares, local party quarters, schools, and even
restaurants
,
bars
,
campers
and a
hairdresser
; some polling stations were also provided outside the country for Italians abroad. Most of the party leaders claimed a result of 1 million voters would be a good success for the election, but over four million people for the occasion went to cast a vote in the primary election.
[53]
Second term as Prime Minister (2006?2008)
[
edit
]
Italian 2006 general election
[
edit
]
After having won the centre-left primary election, Prodi led The Union coalition in the
2006 election
. The Union was a heterogeneous alliance, which was formed by centrist parties like
UDEUR
and communists like PRC and
Party of Italian Communists
.
Prodi led his coalition to the electoral campaign preceding the election, eventually on 9 and 10 April won by a very narrow margin of 25,000 votes, and a final majority of two seats in the
Senate
. Initial exit polls suggested a victory for Prodi, but the results narrowed as the count progressed. On 11 April 2006, Prodi declared victory;
[54]
Berlusconi never conceded defeat explicitly but this is not required by the
Italian law
.
Preliminary results
showed The Union leading the House of Freedoms in the
Chamber of Deputies
, with 340 seats to 277, thanks to obtaining a majority bonus (actual votes were distributed 49.81% to 49.74%). One more seat is allied with The Union (
Aosta Valley
) and 7 more seats in the foreign constituency. The House of Freedoms had secured a slight majority of Senate seats elected within Italy (155 seats to 154), but The Union won 4 of the 6 seats allocated to
voters outside Italy
, giving them control of both chambers.
[55]
On 19 April 2006, Italy's
Supreme Court of Cassation
ruled that Prodi had indeed won the election, winning control of the Chamber of Deputies by only 24,755 votes out of more than 38 million votes cast, and winning 158 seats in the Senate to 156 for Berlusconi's coalition. Even so, Berlusconi refused to concede defeat, claiming unproven fraud.
Government formation
[
edit
]
Prodi's appointment was somewhat delayed, as the outgoing president of the Republic,
Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
, ended his mandate in May, not having enough time for the usual procedure (consultations made by the president, appointment of a prime minister, the motion of confidence and oath of office). After the acrimonious
election
of
Giorgio Napolitano
to replace Ciampi, Prodi could proceed with his transition to government. On 16 May he was invited by Napolitano to form a government. The following day, 17 May 2006, Prodi and his
second cabinet
were sworn into office.
Prodi's new cabinet drew in politicians from across his centre-left winning coalition, in addition to
Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa
, an unelected former official of the
European Central Bank
with no partisan membership. Romano Prodi obtained the support for his cabinet on 19 May at the
Senate
and on 23 May at the
Chamber of Deputies
.
The coalition led by Prodi, thanks to the electoral law which gave the winner a sixty-seat majority, can count on a good majority in the Chamber of Deputies but only on a very narrow majority in the Senate. The composition of the coalition was heterogeneous, combining parties of
communist
ideology, the
Party of Italian Communists
and
Communist Refoundation Party
, within the same government as parties of
Catholic
inspiration,
Democracy is Freedom ? The Daisy
and
UDEUR
. The latter was led by
Clemente Mastella
, former chairman of Christian Democracy. Therefore, according to critics,
[
by whom?
]
it was difficult to have a single policy in different key areas, such as economics and foreign politics (for instance, Italian military presence in
Afghanistan
).
Foreign policy
[
edit
]
In foreign policy, the Prodi II Cabinet continued the
engagement in Afghanistan
, under UN command, while withdrawing troops from post-invasion
Iraq
on 18 May 2006, when Prodi laid out some sense of his new
foreign policy
, pledging to withdraw Italian troops from
Iraq
and called the
Iraq War
a "grave mistake that has not solved but increased the problem of security".
[56]
The major effort of foreign minister
Massimo D'Alema
concerned the aftermath of the
2006 Lebanon War
, being the first to offer troops to the UN for the constitution of the
UNIFIL
force, and assuming its command in February 2007. In fact, Prodi had a key role in the creation of a multinational peacekeeping force in
Lebanon
following the Israel-Lebanon conflict.
Italy led negotiations with the Israeli foreign minister
Tzipi Livni
and was proposed by Israel to head the multinational peacekeeping mission, although the dangers of the mission for Italian troops sparked warnings from the center-right opposition that it could prove a "kamikaze" mission, with the peacekeepers sandwiched between Israel and the well-armed
Hezbollah
.
[57]
Prodi and D'Alema pledged Italy's willingness to enforce the United Nations resolution on Lebanon and urged other European Union member states to do the same because the stability of the Middle East should be a chief concern for Europeans.
[58]
Coalition's troubles
[
edit
]
Prodi's government faced a crisis over policies in early 2007, after just nine months of government. Three ministers in Prodi's Cabinet boycotted a vote in January to continue funding for Italian troop deployments in Afghanistan. Lawmakers approved the expansion of the US military base
Caserma Ederle
at the end of January, but the victory was so narrow that Deputy Prime Minister Francesco Rutelli criticised members of the coalition who had not supported the government. At around the same time,
Justice Minister
Clemente Mastella
, of the coalition member UDEUR, said he would rather see the government fall than support its unwed couples legislation.
[59]
Tens of thousands of people marched in
Vicenza
against the expansion of Caserma Ederle, which saw the participation of some leading far-left members of the government.
[60]
Harsh debates followed in the Italian Senate on 20 February 2007. Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Affairs Minister
Massimo D'Alema
declared during an official visit in
Ibiza
, Spain that, without a majority on foreign policy affairs, the government would resign. The following day, D'Alema gave a speech at the Senate representing the government, clarifying his foreign policy and asking the
Senate
to vote for or against it. In spite of the fear of many senators that Prodi's defeat would return
Silvio Berlusconi
to power, the Senate did not approve a motion backing Prodi's government foreign policy, two votes shy of the required majority of 160.
[61]
After a government meeting on 21 February, Romano Prodi tendered his resignation to the president,
Giorgio Napolitano
, who cut short an official visit to
Bologna
in order to receive the prime minister. Prodi's spokesman indicated that he would only agree to form a new Government "if, and only if, he is guaranteed the full support of all the parties in the majority from now on."
[62]
On 22 February, centre-left coalition party leaders backed a non-negotiable list of twelve political conditions given by Prodi as conditions of his remaining in office. President Napolitano held talks with political leaders on 23 February to decide whether to confirm Prodi's Government, ask Prodi to form a new government or call fresh elections.
[63]
Following these talks, on 24 February, President Napolitano asked Prodi to remain in office but to submit to a vote of confidence in both houses.
[63]
[64]
On 28 February, the Senate voted to grant confidence to Prodi's Government. Though facing strong opposition from the centre-right coalition, the vote resulted in a 162?157 victory. Prodi then faced a vote of confidence in the lower house on 2 March, which he won as expected with a large majority of 342?198.
[65]
On 14 October 2007, Prodi oversaw the merger of two main parties of the Italian centre-left,
Democrats of the Left
and
Democracy is Freedom ? The Daisy
, creating the
Democratic Party
. Prodi himself led the merger of the two parties, which had been planned over a twelve-year period, and became the first President of the party. He announced his resignation from that post on 16 April 2008, two days after the Democratic Party's defeat in the general election.
2008 crisis and resignation
[
edit
]
In early January 2008,
Justice Minister
and
Union of Democrats for Europe
's leader
Clemente Mastella
resigned after his wife Sandra Lonardo was put under house arrest for
corruption
charges. With three Senators, UDEUR was instrumental to ensure a narrow centre-left majority in the Italian Senate.
[66]
After first promising to support the government, he later retracted this support, and his party followed, in part also due to pressure from the
Vatican
, for which the government's proposed laws in regards to
registered partnerships
of same-sex couples, and other liberal reforms were objectionable.
[67]
Mastella also cited lack of solidarity from the majority parties after the arrest of his wife, and declared that his party would vote against the government bills since then.
The decision of former Minister of Justice Mastella arrived a few days after the confirmation of the
Constitutional Court
which confirmed the
referendum
to modify the electoral system.
[68]
As stated many times by Minister Mastella, if the referendum had been confirmed, it would lead directly to the fall of the government
[69]
[70]
and it happened.
The fall of the government would disrupt a pending election-law referendum that if passed would make it harder for small parties like Mastella's to gain seats in parliament.
[71]
The UDEUR defection forced caused Prodi to ask for a confidence vote in both Chambers: he won a clear majority in the Chamber of Deputies on 23 January,
[72]
but was defeated 156 to 161 (with 1 abstention)
[73]
in the Senate the next day. He therefore tendered his resignation as prime minister to President
Giorgio Napolitano
, who accepted it and appointed the President of the Senate,
Franco Marini
, with the task of evaluating possibilities for forming interim government to implement electoral reforms prior to holding elections. Marini, after consultation with all major political forces, acknowledged the impossibility of doing so on 5 February, forcing Napolitano to announce the end of the legislature.
[74]
Prodi said that he would not seek to lead a new government and snap election were called.
[75]
In the
election
that followed in April 2008, Berlusconi's centre-right
The People of Freedom
and allies defeated the
Democratic Party
.
[76]
After the premiership (2008?present)
[
edit
]
On 19 March 2008, during the political campaign for the snap general election, Romano Prodi stated "I called it a day with Italian politics and maybe with politics in general."
[77]
On 12 September 2008, Prodi was named by the UN as head of a joint
AU
-UN panel aimed at enhancing peacekeeping operations in Africa.
[78]
On 6 February 2009, he was appointed Professor-at-Large at the
Watson Institute for International Studies
of
Brown University
.
[79]
Since 2010 Romano Prodi is the chair for Sino-European dialogue at the China Europe International Business School (CEIBS ? Shanghai&Beijing), China's leading business school.
On 9 October 2012, Romano Prodi was appointed by the
UN Secretary-General
Ban Ki-moon
as his Special Envoy for the Sahel. He served in that position until 31 January 2014.
[80]
Prodi is also a member of the Club de Madrid, an international organization of former democratic statesmen, which works to strengthen democratic governance and leadership.
[81]
He is a former member of the Steering Committee of the
Bilderberg Group
.
[82]
2013 presidential candidate
[
edit
]
Prodi was drafted by
Democratic Party
parliamentarians to be
President of Italy
during the
2013 presidential election
after Democratic Party?
People of Freedom
compromise candidate
Franco Marini
failed to receive sufficient votes on the first ballot.
[
citation needed
]
During the first three rounds of voting, few people cast ballots for Prodi (14 on the first ballot, 13 on the second and 22 on the third).
[
citation needed
]
On 16 April 2013, just a few days prior to the fourth ballot, Prodi gave a
lectio magistralis
at the
Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas,
Angelicum
entitled "I grandi cambiamenti della politica e dell'economia mondiale: c'e un posto per l'Europa?" ("The Great Changes in Politics and the World Economy: Is there Room for Europe?). Prodi was sponsored by the
Angelicum
and the Universita degli Studi Guglielmo Marconi
[83]
on behalf of the Political Science program "Scienze Politiche e del Buon Governo."
[84]
A few days later on 19 April, starting on the fourth ballot Prodi was looked at seriously as a possible candidate. However, Prodi announced he was pulling out of the race for President after more than 100 centre-left electors did not vote for him as he received only 395 (of 504 votes needed to be elected). After this vote,
Pier Luigi Bersani
, leader of centre-left Democratic Party, announced his resignation as party's secretary.
[85]
As of September 2020, he is a member of the Italian
Aspen Institute
.
[86]
Electoral history
[
edit
]
- ^
Elected in a
closed list
proportional representation system.
First-past-the-post elections
[
edit
]
Honours and awards
[
edit
]
Academic awards
[
edit
]
- Laurea in Giurisprudenza (110 e lode) Universita Cattolica Milano (1961)
- Madras University
(India, 1998)
- Sofia University
(Bulgaria, 1998)
- Universitat Politecnica de Barcelona
(Spain, 1998)
- Brown University
(United States, 1999)
- University of Michigan
(United States, 1999)
- Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies
(Romania, 2000)
- Catholic University of Leuven
(Belgium, 2000)
- University of Malta
(Malta, 2000)
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
(Italy, 2000)
- University of Ottawa
(Canada, 2000)
- St. Gallen University
(Switzerland, 2000)
- Kyung Hee University
, (South Korea, 2000)
- Pisa University
(Italy, 2001)
- University of Tirana
(Albania, 2001)
- Carleton University
(Canada, 2001)
- Instituto de Empresa de Madrid
(Spain, 2002)
- University of Oxford
, (United Kingdom, 2002)
- Pavia University
, (Italy, 2002)
- Skopje University
, (North Macedonia, 2003)
- Tunis University
, (Tunisia, 2003)
- University of Calabria
(Italy, 2003)
- Torino University
(Italy, 2004)
- Lublin University
(Poland, 2004)
- Tongji University
(P.R.China, 2006)
- Catholic University of Milan
(Italy, 2007)
- Addis Abeba University
(2007)
- University of Calcutta
(
2007
)
- University of Freiburg
(2008)
- MIRBIS University Moscow (2009)
- Chinese Academy of Governance
(P.R.China, 2010)
- University of Nova Gorica
(2010)
- Nankai University
(P.R.China, 2010)
- University of Halle-Wittenberg
(Germany, 2011)
Publications
[
edit
]
- Modello di sviluppo di un settore in rapida crescita: l'industria della ceramica per l'edilizia
, Milan, ed. Franco Angeli, 1966
- Concorrenza dinamica e potere di mercato. Politica industriale e fusioni d'impresa
, Milan, ed. Franco Angeli, 1967
- La diffusione dell'innovazione nell'industria italiana
, Bologna, ed. Il Mulino, 1973
- Sistema economico e sviluppo industriale in Italia
, Bologna, ed. Il Mulino, 1973
- Per una riconversione e ristrutturazione dell'industria italiana
, Bologna, ed. Il Mulino, 1980
- C'e un posto per l'Italia fra i due capitalismi?
, Bologna, ed. Il Mulino, 1991
- Una crisi non solo politica: L'industria italiana a rischio
, Bologna, ed. Il Mulino, 1991
- Modello strategico per le privatizzazioni
, Bologna, ed. Il Mulino, 1992
- La societa istruita. Perche il futuro italiano si gioca in classe
, Bologna, ed. Il Mulino, 1993
- Il capitalismo ben temperato
, Bologna, ed. Il Mulino, 1995
- La mia Italia
, Rome, ed. Carmenta, 1995.
- Un'idea dell'Europa (Contemporanea)
, Bologna, ed. Il Mulino, 1999 (trad.
Europe as I See It
, Cambridge, ed. Polity Press, 2000).
- Una nuova anima europea
, Rome, ed. AVE, 2002.
- La mia visione dei fatti. Cinque anni di governo in Europa
, Bologna, ed. Il Mulino, 2008.
- Capire il mondo. Il futuro sfida l'Europa
, Rome, ed. Cittadella, 2012.
- Missione incompiuta: Intervista su politica e democrazia
, Rome/Bari, ed. Editori Laterza, 2015.
- Tra politica e politiche: La lezione di Nino
(with Enrico Letta), Bologna, ed. Il Mulino, 2016.
- Il piano inclinato: Conversazione con Giulio Santagata e Luigi Scarola (Voci)
, Bologna, ed. Il Mulino, 2017.
- L'acqua: armonie, disarmonie, conflitti
(with Giuseppe Zaccaria), Padova, ed. Padova University Press, 2019.
- Strana vita, la mia
, Milan, ed. Solferino, 2021.
- Le immagini raccontano l'Europa
, Milan, ed. Rizzoli, 2021.
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
Romano Prodi ? Biografia
- ^
Quegli incarichi mai arrivati a Prodi. Il premier e il distacco dal Professore
- ^
"Il professor Romano Prodi Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri"
. Archived from
the original
on 4 August 2018
. Retrieved
2 May
2017
.
- ^
"Former Italian PM to head African Union-UN peacekeeping panel"
.
Romano Prodi website
. 12 September 2008
. Retrieved
29 June
2010
.
- ^
Alberto Statera (9 June 2010).
"I massoni di sinistra. Nelle logge sono 4mila"
[Freemasons of left wing. In the lodges are 4 thousands.].
La Repubblica
(in Italian).
Archived
from the original on 12 June 2010.
- ^
"Profile: Romano Prodi"
.
BBC
. 10 May 1999
. Retrieved
25 February
2007
.
- ^
Fisher, Ian (12 April 2006).
"A tenuous time for Mr. Serenity"
.
International Herald Tribune
. Retrieved
25 February
2007
.
- ^
E morta Flavia Franzoni, moglie di Romano Prodi
. Il Sole 24 Ore
- ^
Biography of Romano Prodi
Archived
11 September 2012 at
archive.today
(in Italian)
- ^
Romano Prodi ? Onoreficenze
Archived
11 September 2012 at
archive.today
- ^
Detta anche Legge Prodi, ha introdotto nel nostro ordinamento l'amministrazione straordinaria delle grandi imprese in crisi
- ^
a
b
"Moro e i segreti, by Paolo Avanti, page at Cronologia italiana history website"
. Cronologia.leonardo.it. Archived from
the original
on 30 January 2013
. Retrieved
5 May
2013
.
- ^
Agnoli, Francesco (2004).
"La seduta spiritica di Prodi e l'omicidio Moro"
.
Salpan
(in Italian)
. Retrieved
10 August
2023
.
- ^
Flamigni, Sergio.
La tela del ragno
. pp. 102?103.
- ^
"Pellegrino: un'intelligence a caccia delle carte di Moro, on
La Repubblica online website
, 28 July 1999"
. Repubblica.it
. Retrieved
5 May
2013
.
- ^
Dino Martiniano. "Macche seduta spiritica per Moro".
Corriere della Sera
. 12 April 1999.
- ^
Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta sul terrorismo in Italia e sulle cause della mancata individuazione dei responsabili delle stragi, 48th session, interview of Giovanni Moro, 9 March 1999
, in Archivio storico del
Senato della Repubblica
(ASSR), Terrorismo e stragi (X-XIII leg.), 1.48].
- ^
a
b
Willan, Philip (3 August 1999).
"Seance points to problem for Prodi"
.
The Guardian
. UK
. Retrieved
25 February
2007
.
- ^
"
'Multiple attempts' on Litvinenko"
.
BBC
. London. 22 January 2007. Archived from
the original
on 10 May 2008.
- ^
"Prodi slams TV over spy claim"
.
Reuters
. 23 January 2007.
Archived
from the original on 12 November 2021
. Retrieved
12 November
2021
.
- ^
Stille, Alexander (11 December 2006).
"The Secret Life of Mario Scaramella"
.
Slate
.
Archived
from the original on 20 September 2018
. Retrieved
19 July
2023
.
- ^
"
'Cosi la Mitrokhin indagava su Prodi'
"
.
Corriere della Sera
(in Italian). 30 November 2006
. Retrieved
24 July
2022
.
- ^
"Mitrokhin, la magistratura indaga, l'Udc prende le distanze"
.
L'Unita
(in Italian). 1 December 2006. Archived from
the original
on 29 September 2007
. Retrieved
24 July
2023
.
- ^
"Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta concernente il 'dossier Mitrokhin' e l'attivita di'intelligence italiana ? Relazione di minoranza sull'attivita istruttoria svolta sull'operazione Impedian"
(PDF)
(in Italian). Italian Parliament. 16 December 2004
. Retrieved
24 July
2023
.
- ^
Popham, Peter (28 December 2006).
"Scaramella questioned in Rome over arms trafficking allegations"
.
The Independent
. London. Archived from
the original
on 6 September 2008
. Retrieved
24 January
2007
.
- ^
"Archived copy"
. Archived from
the original
on 30 September 2007
. Retrieved
23 July
2023
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
link
)
- ^
"Licenza di uccidere?"
.
La storia siamo noi
(in Italian). December 2006. Archived from
the original
on 13 February 2007
. Retrieved
23 July
2023
.
- ^
"
'Il gruppo della Mitrokhin voleva Prodi e D'Alema'
"
.
La Repubblica
(in Italian). 27 November 2006
. Retrieved
26 July
2023
.
- ^
Bonini, Carlo; D'Avanzo, Giuseppe (7 December 2006).
"L'ex spia del Kgb su Scaramella 'Un bugiardo, voleva rovinare Prodi'
"
.
La Repubblica
(in Italian)
. Retrieved
22 July
2023
.
- ^
Reilly, Ryan J. (23 February 2018).
"Former Trump Campaign Chair Paul Manafort Indicted Yet Again"
.
HuffPost
. Retrieved
5 October
2021
.
- ^
Erlanger, Steven; Horowitz, Jason (24 February 2018).
"European Ex-Officials Deny Being Paid by Manafort to Lobby for Ukraine"
.
The New York Times
.
ISSN
0362-4331
. Retrieved
26 July
2023
.
On Saturday, Romano Prodi, a former prime minister of Italy, said in an interview that he and an ex-chancellor of Austria, Alfred Gusenbauer, had worked to try to bring Ukraine and the European Union closer together. But Mr. Prodi said the funds he had been paid by Mr. Gusenbauer did not come, to his knowledge, from Mr. Manafort. The compensation from Mr. Gusenbauer was a result of the 'normal private relations I had with him,' Mr. Prodi said, but 'not any money from external sources.' He added: 'I tell you I have never been paid from any lobby group in America.' In a statement to the BBC, Mr. Gusenbauer, who led Austria from January 2007 to December 2008, denied any involvement in Mr. Manafort's work in Ukraine but acknowledged that he had met him twice and talked to European and American politicians about Ukraine, as Mr. Prodi had also done. ... Mr. Prodi said that Mr. Gusenbauer was the 'coordinator' of a group of like-minded liberal and center-left politicians on the issue. ... Mr. Prodi recalled meeting members of Congress interested in Ukraine, but said he had not heard of Mercury. Asked who scheduled the meetings in Washington, Mr. Prodi said, 'I imagine it was Gusenbauer.' ... Asked if the money Mr. Gusenbauer received came from Mr. Manafort, Mr. Prodi seemed skeptical but said that he didn't know. 'Go ask Gusenbauer,' he said, adding that he thought that it was more likely that the money came from European businessmen interested in keeping Europe and Ukraine close.
- ^
Meyer, Theodoric; Gerstein, Josh (23 February 2018).
"Former Austrian chancellor appears to have lobbied as part of Manafort scheme"
.
Politico
. Retrieved
5 October
2021
.
Kutler also accompanied Romano Prodi, a former Italian prime minister, to meetings with Royce and a staffer for House Majority Whip Eric Cantor months beforehand. Gusenbauer and Prodi said their work was focused on bringing Ukraine and the European Union closer together and denied being paid by Yanukovych or Manafort. ... Prodi told The New York Times on Saturday that he'd been paid by Gusenbauer as part of the 'normal private relations I had with him' and they the money had not, to his knowledge, come from Manafort. He said he'd never heard of the Hapsburg Group. 'It was Gusenbauer heading the group; we did all our efforts to have peace in Ukraine,' Prodi said. The group, which consisted of 'experts and former politicians,' broke up when it became clear that 'a stronger relationship with the European Union was impossible,' he added.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose (19 June 2007).
"Italians claim country run by Goldman Sachs"
. London:
Telegraph Media Group
.
Archived
from the original on 12 January 2022
. Retrieved
5 August
2013
.
- ^
Governo Ciampi
- ^
Quel summit Prodi-Berlusconi
- ^
Iri, comincia il dopo Prodi
- ^
Prodi: "Pronto a lavorare per il Centro"
- ^
Europee, si candidano tutti i leader
- ^
E Berlusconi prepara un "contratto con gli Italiani"
- ^
"Cronoligia, anno 1996 ? Mese di Febbraio"
. Archived from
the original
on 8 December 2015
. Retrieved
3 May
2017
.
- ^
La storia del governo Prodi
- ^
"Operation Alba"
. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008
. Retrieved
8 May
2017
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
link
)
- ^
Colonel Marchio, Riccardo (2000).
"Operation Alba": A European Approach to Peace Support Operations in the Balkans
. p. iii. Archived from
the original
on 23 July 2013.
"This operation, in which 11 European countries took part"
- ^
NATO,
NRDC-IT Emblem
, accessed November 2011
- ^
Benjamin Goold (2017).
Crime and Security
. Taylor & Francis. p. 399.
ISBN
9781351570732
.
- ^
"Cosi io e D'Alema facemmo cadere Prodi"
. May 2001.
- ^
Prodi to Have Wide, New Powers as Head of the European Commission
iht.com 16 April 1999
- ^
Commentary: Romano Prodi: Europe's First Prime Minister? (int'l edition)
Businessweek.com 1999
- ^
"Essential information for new arrivals in Derbyshire"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 6 October 2018
. Retrieved
8 May
2017
.
- ^
Twenty years of Tony Blair: totting up the balance sheet
- ^
Primarie Pd, la storia: parti tutto da Prodi nel 2005
- ^
Quattro milioni e 300mila, Prodi al 74,1%
- ^
Unione, quasi 4 milioni di elettori. Prodi supera il 73%, Bertinotti al 15,4%
- ^
Centre-left claims Italy victory
,
BBC News
- ^
"Berlusconi refuses to concede"
.
CNN
. Archived from
the original
on 12 April 2006
. Retrieved
11 April
2006
.
- ^
Sturcke, James (18 May 2006).
"Prodi condemns Iraq war as 'grave mistake'
"
.
The Guardian
. UK
. Retrieved
25 February
2007
.
- ^
"Italy to send up to 3,000 troops to Lebanon, largest pledge so far"
.
Haaretz
. 22 August 2006. Archived from
the original
on 1 September 2006
. Retrieved
22 August
2006
.
- ^
Smith, Craig S. (24 August 2006).
"France Pledges More Troops to Lebanon"
.
New York Times
. Retrieved
12 May
2010
.
- ^
"Rift threatens Italian coalition"
.
BBC News
. 2 February 2007
. Retrieved
25 February
2007
.
- ^
"Italians march in US base protest"
.
BBC News
. 17 February 2007
. Retrieved
25 February
2007
.
- ^
"Italian PM Prodi resigns after foreign policy defeat"
.
CBC News
. 21 February 2007
. Retrieved
25 February
2007
.
- ^
"Italian PM hands in resignation"
.
BBC News
. 21 February 2007
. Retrieved
24 February
2007
.
- ^
a
b
"Italian coalition 'to back Prodi"
.
BBC News
. 23 February 2007
. Retrieved
24 February
2007
.
- ^
"Italian PM asked to resume duties"
.
BBC News
. 24 February 2007
. Retrieved
24 February
2007
.
- ^
[1]
[
dead link
]
- ^
"Italy's ruling coalition weakened"
. BBC News. 17 January 2008
. Retrieved
24 January
2008
.
- ^
Jeff Israely (24 January 2008).
"How An Italian Government Falls"
.
TIME
. Archived from
the original
on 29 January 2008
. Retrieved
27 January
2008
.
- ^
"Italian court okays referendum on election law"
Reuters, 16 January 2008
- ^
"Legge elettorale, Mastella minaccia la crisi"
Corriere della Sera
, 10 April 2007
- ^
"Mastella: Se c'e referendum si rischia la crisi di governo"
Archived
28 August 2007 at the
Wayback Machine
La Stampa
, 10 April 2007
- ^
"Prodi Likely to Quit, Prompt Vote or Election Reform"
Archived
13 June 2010 at the
Wayback Machine
Bloomberg.com
- ^
"Embattled Italy PM backed by MPs"
. BBC News. 23 January 2008
. Retrieved
24 January
2008
.
- ^
(in Italian)
Crisi di governo: il Senato sfiducia Prodi ? Wikinotizie
. It.wikinews.org. Retrieved on 24 August 2013.
- ^
"Domani Lo Scioglimento Delle Camere"
(in Italian).
Ansa
. 5 February 2008. Archived from
the original
on 4 February 2008
. Retrieved
5 February
2008
.
- ^
Andrew Davis and Steve Scherer,
"Prodi Government Near Collapse After Key Ally Defects (Update2)"
Archived
13 June 2010 at the
Wayback Machine
, Bloomberg.com, 22 January 2008.
- ^
"Berlusconi declares election win"
. BBC News. 14 April 2008.
- ^
ANSA.
"Prodi, lascio la politica ma il mondo e pieno di occasioni"
. Archived from
the original
on 30 March 2008
. Retrieved
3 September
2008
.
- ^
Thomson Reuters Foundation | News, Information and Connections for Action
. Alertnet.org. Retrieved on 24 August 2013.
- ^
"Former Italian Prime Minister Appointed Professor-at-Large"
. Brown University. 6 February 2009
. Retrieved
29 June
2010
.
- ^
Secretary-General Appoints Romano Prodi of Italy as Special Envoy for Sahel
. Un.org. Retrieved on 24 August 2013.
- ^
"Prodi, Romano"
. Club de Madrid. Archived from
the original
on 26 June 2012
. Retrieved
22 December
2012
.
- ^
"Former Steering Committee Members"
.
bilderbergmeetings.org
.
Bilderberg Group
. Archived from
the original
on 2 February 2014
. Retrieved
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2014
.
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it:Universita degli Studi "Guglielmo Marconi"
Accessed 17, 2013
- ^
http://angelicumnewsletterblog.blogspot.com/
Archived
21 March 2015 at the
Wayback Machine
Accessed 17 April
- ^
Italy centre-left leader Bersani quits after vote debacle
Reuters.
19 April 2013. Accessed 20 April 2013
- ^
executive Committee
Archived
9 October 2010 at the
Wayback Machine
, aspeninstitute.it/
- ^
Received a copy of the key of the city of Tirana
Archived
11 October 2011 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
"Romano Prodi bientot grand-croix de la Legion d'honneur"
.
lefigaro.fr
. 11 December 2013.
- ^
"Romano Prodi"
.
quirinale.it
.
- ^
http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/info/conferment/pdfs/2012_au.pdf
[
bare URL PDF
]
- ^
"Prezidentka Slovenskej republiky | Vyznamenania"
.
- ^
"Boletin Oficial del Estado: lunes 28 de septiembre de 1998, Num. 232"
.
boe.es
.
External links
[
edit
]
Romano Prodi
|
---|
|
---|
| |
---|
| |
---|
| |
---|
|
- Jean Rey
(
Rey Commission, 1967?70
)
- Franco Maria Malfatti
(
Malfatti Commission, 1970?72
)
- Sicco Mansholt
(
Mansholt Commission, 1972?73
)
- Francois-Xavier Ortoli
(
Ortoli Commission, 1973?77
)
- Roy Jenkins
(
Jenkins Commission, 1977?81
)
- Gaston Thorn
(
Thorn Commission, 1981?85
)
- Jacques Delors
(
Delors Commission, 1985?95
)
- Jacques Santer
(
Santer Commission, 1995?99
)
- Acting:
Manuel Marin
(
Santer Commission, 1999
)
- Romano Prodi
(
Prodi Commission, 1999?2004
)
- Jose Durao Barroso
(
Barroso Commission, 2004?09
)
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