International non-governmental group
Human Rights Watch
(
HRW
) is an international
non-governmental organization
headquartered in New York City that conducts research and
advocacy
on
human rights
.
[2]
The group pressures governments, policymakers, companies, and individual human rights abusers to denounce abuse and respect human rights, and often works on behalf of refugees, children, migrants, and political prisoners.
In 1997, Human Rights Watch shared the
Nobel Peace Prize
as a founding member of the
International Campaign to Ban Landmines
.
[3]
It played a leading role in the
2008 treaty banning cluster munitions
.
[4]
HRW's annual expenses totaled $50.6 million in 2011,
[5]
$69.2 million in 2014,
[6]
and $75.5 million in 2017.
[7]
[
needs update
]
History
[
edit
]
Human Rights Watch was co-founded by
Robert L. Bernstein
,
[8]
Jeri Laber
, and
Aryeh Neier
[9]
as a private American
NGO
in 1978, under the name
Helsinki Watch
, to monitor the then-
Soviet Union
's compliance with the
Helsinki Accords
.
[10]
Helsinki Watch adopted a practice of publicly "
naming and shaming
" abusive governments through media coverage and direct exchanges with policymakers. Helsinki Watch says that, by shining the international spotlight on human rights violations in the Soviet Union and its European partners, it contributed to the region's
democratic
transformations in the late 1980s.
[10]
Americas Watch was founded in 1981 while bloody
civil wars
engulfed Central America. Relying on extensive on-the-ground fact-finding, Americas Watch not only addressed perceived abuses by government forces but also applied
international humanitarian law
to investigate and expose
war crimes
by rebel groups. In addition to raising concerns in the affected countries, Americas Watch also examined the role played by foreign governments, particularly the
United States government
, in providing military and political support to abusive regimes.
[
citation needed
]
Asia Watch (1985), Africa Watch (1988) and Middle East Watch (1989) were added to what was known as "The Watch Committees". In 1988, these committees united under one umbrella to form Human Rights Watch.
[11]
[12]
In April 2021, Human Rights Watch released a report
accusing Israel of apartheid
and calling on the
International Criminal Court
to investigate "systematic discrimination" against Palestinians, becoming the first major international rights
NGO
to do so.
[13]
[14]
In August 2020, the Chinese government sanctioned HRW executive director Kenneth Roth?along with the heads of four other U.S.-based democracy and human rights organizations and six U.S. Republican lawmakers?for supporting the Hong Kong pro-democracy movement in the
2019?20 Hong Kong protests
. The five organizations' leaders saw the sanctioning, whose details were unspecified, as a tit-for-tat measure in response to the earlier U.S. sanctioning of 11 Hong Kong officials. The latter step had in turn been a reaction to the enactment of the
Hong Kong National Security Law
in June.
[15]
In October 2021,
The New York Times
reported that HRW left Hong Kong as a result of the Chinese sanctions, with the situation in Hong Kong henceforth to be monitored by HRW's China team. The decision to leave came amid a wider crackdown on civil society groups in Hong Kong.
[16]
On 8 March 2023,
Bahrain
canceled two HRW staff members' entry permit visas to attend the 146th Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) Assembly. The permits were issued on 30 January 2023. Holding a constant observer status with IPU, HRW authorities had a permanent access to attend the organization's assemblies. Bahrain held the IPU Meeting from 11-15 March 2023.
[17]
Profile
[
edit
]
Pursuant to the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(UDHR), Human Rights Watch opposes violations of what the UDHR considers
basic human rights
. This includes
capital punishment
and
discrimination
on the basis of
sexual orientation
. HRW advocates freedoms in connection with fundamental human rights, such as
freedom of religion
and
freedom of the press
. It seeks to achieve change by publicly pressuring governments and their policymakers to curb human rights abuses, and by convincing more powerful governments to use their influence on governments that violate human rights.
[18]
[2]
Human Rights Watch publishes research reports on violations of
international human rights norms
as set out by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and what it perceives to be other internationally accepted human-rights norms. These reports are used as the basis for drawing international attention to abuses and pressuring governments and international organizations to reform. Researchers conduct fact-finding missions to investigate suspect situations, also using diplomacy, staying in touch with victims, making files about public and individuals, providing required security for them in critical situations, and generating local and international media coverage. Issues HRW raises in its reports include social and
gender discrimination
,
torture
,
military use of children
,
political corruption
, abuses in
criminal justice
systems, and the legalization of
abortion
.
[10]
HRW has documented and reported various violations of the laws of war and
international humanitarian law
, most recently in Yemen.
[19]
Human Rights Watch also supports writers worldwide who are persecuted for their work and in need of financial assistance. The Hellman/Hammett grants are financed by the estate of the playwright
Lillian Hellman
in funds set up in her name and that of her longtime companion, the novelist
Dashiell Hammett
. In addition to providing financial assistance, the Hellman/Hammett grants help raise international awareness of activists who have been silenced for speaking out in defence of human rights.
[20]
Each year, Human Rights Watch presents the
Human Rights Defenders Award
to activists who demonstrate leadership and courage in defending human rights. The award winners work closely with HRW to investigate and expose human rights abuses.
[21]
[22]
Human Rights Watch was one of six international NGOs that founded the
Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers
in 1998. It is also the co-chair of the
International Campaign to Ban Landmines
, a global coalition of civil society groups that successfully lobbied to introduce the
Ottawa Treaty
, which prohibits the use of anti-personnel landmines.
[
citation needed
]
Human Rights Watch is a founding member of the
International Freedom of Expression Exchange
, a global network of
non-governmental organizations
that monitor
censorship
worldwide. It also co-founded the
Cluster Munition Coalition
, which brought about an international convention banning the weapons. HRW employs more than 275 staff?country experts, lawyers, journalists, and academics?and operates in more than 90 countries around the world. Headquartered in
New York City
, it has offices in
Amsterdam
,
Beirut
,
Berlin
,
Brussels
,
Chicago
,
Geneva
,
Johannesburg
,
London
,
Los Angeles
,
Nairobi
,
Seoul
,
Paris
,
San Francisco
,
Sydney
,
Tokyo
,
Toronto
,
Washington, D.C.
, and
Zurich
.
[2]
[23]
HRW maintains direct access to the majority of countries it reports on.
Cuba
,
North Korea
,
Sudan
,
Iran
,
Israel
,
Egypt
, the
United Arab Emirates
,
Uzbekistan
and
Venezuela
are among the handful of countries that have blocked HRW staff members' access.
[24]
HRW's former executive director is
Kenneth Roth
, who held the position from 1993 to 2022. Roth conducted investigations on abuses in
Poland
after martial law was declared 1981. He later focused on
Haiti
, which had just emerged from the
Duvalier dictatorship
but continued to be plagued with problems. Roth's awareness of the importance of human rights began with stories his father had told about escaping
Nazi Germany
in 1938. He graduated from
Yale Law School
and
Brown University
.
[25]
Tirana Hassan
became the group's executive director in 2023.
[26]
Hassan is a qualified social worker who has worked with
Medecins Sans Frontieres
(MSF), the
United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
(UNICEF),
Save the Children
, and most recently as director of
Amnesty International
's Crisis Response Program.
[27]
Hassan holds honors degrees in social work and law from Australia and a master's degree in international human rights law from
Oxford University
.
[27]
Comparison with Amnesty International
[
edit
]
Human Rights watch and
Amnesty International
are both international non-governmental organizations headquartered in the North Atlantic
Anglosphere
that report on global human rights violations.
[22]
The major differences lie in the groups' structures and methods for promoting change.
Amnesty International is a mass-membership organization. Mobilization of those members is the organization's central advocacy tool. Human Rights Watch's main products are its crisis-directed research and lengthy reports, whereas Amnesty International lobbies and writes detailed reports but also focuses on mass letter-writing campaigns, adopting individuals as "
prisoners of conscience
" and lobbying for their release. HRW openly lobbies for specific actions for other governments to take against human rights offenders, including naming specific individuals for arrest, or
sanctions
to be levied against certain countries, such as calling for punitive sanctions against the top leaders in
Sudan
who oversaw a killing campaign in
Darfur
. The group also called for human rights activists who had been detained in Sudan to be released.
[28]
HRW's documentations of human rights abuses often include extensive analyses of conflicts' political and historical backgrounds, some of which have been published in academic journals. AI's reports, on the other hand, tend to contain less analysis, instead focusing on specific abuses of rights.
[29]
In 2010,
Jonathan Foreman
wrote that HRW had "all but eclipsed" Amnesty International. According to Foreman, instead of being supported by a mass membership, as AI is, HRW depends on wealthy donors who like to see the organization's reports make headlines. For this reason, according to Foreman, it may be that organizations like HRW "concentrate too much on places that the media already cares about," especially Israel.
[30]
Financing and services
[
edit
]
For the financial year ending June 2008, HRW reported receiving approximately US$44 million in public donations.
[31]
In 2009, HRW said it received almost 75% of its financial support from North America, 25% from Western Europe and less than 1% from the rest of the world.
[32]
According to a 2008 financial assessment, HRW reports that it does not accept any direct or indirect funding from governments and is financed through contributions from private individuals and foundations.
[33]
Financier
George Soros
of the
Open Society Foundations
announced in 2010 his intention to grant US$100 million to HRW over ten years to help it expand its efforts internationally: "to be more effective", he said, "I think the organization has to be seen as more international, less an American organization." He continued, "Human Rights Watch is one of the most effective organizations I support. Human rights underpin our greatest aspirations: they're at the heart of open societies."
[34]
[35]
[36]
The donation, the largest in HRW's history, increased its operating staff of 300 by 120 people.
[37]
Charity Navigator
gave HRW a three-star rating for 2018. Its financial rating increased from three stars in 2015 to the maximum four as of 2016.
[38]
The
Better Business Bureau
said HRW meets its standards for charity accountability.
[39]
Notable staff
[
edit
]
Some notable current and former staff members of Human Rights Watch:
[40]
- Robert L. Bernstein
, founding chair emeritus
- Neil Rimer
, co-chair, international board of directors
[41]
- Kenneth Roth
, former executive director
- Jan Egeland
, deputy director and director of Human Rights Watch Europe
- John Studzinski
, vice chair;
[42]
developed European arm;
[43]
[44]
former director; member of executive committee; chairman of investment committee
[45]
[46]
[47]
[48]
[49]
- Minky Worden
, media director
- Jamie Fellner
, senior counsel for the United States Program
- Brad Adams
, Asia Director
- Scott Long
, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Rights Director
- Sarah Leah Whitson
, former Middle East and North Africa Director
- Joe Stork
, deputy director for Middle East and North Africa
- Marc Garlasco
, former staff member, resigned due to a scandal involving his
Nazi memorabilia
collection
[50]
- Sharon Hom
, member of the advisory board of Human Rights Watch/Asia
- Tae-Ung Baik
, former research consultant
- Nabeel Rajab
, member of the Advisory Committee of Human Rights Watch's Middle East Division
- Tejshree Thapa
, former Senior South Asia researcher
[51]
- Habib Rahiab
, former field researcher in Afghanistan and Pakistan
[52]
- Ben Rawlence
, journalist and former researcher
Publications
[
edit
]
Human Rights Watch publishes reports on many different topics
[53]
and compiles an annual
World Report
presenting an overview of the worldwide state of human rights.
[54]
It has been published by
Seven Stories Press
since 2006; the current edition,
World Report 2020
, was released in January 2020, and covers events of 2019.
[55]
[56]
World Report 2020
, HRW's 30th annual review of human rights practices around the globe, includes reviews of human rights practices and trends in nearly 100 countries, and an introductory essay by Executive Director Kenneth Roth, "China's Global Threat to Human Rights". HRW has reported extensively on subjects such as the
Rwandan genocide
of 1994,
[57]
the
Democratic Republic of the Congo
,
[58]
and the excessive breadth of
U.S. sex offender registries
and their application to juveniles.
[59]
[60]
In the summer of 2004, the
Rare Book and Manuscript Library
at
Columbia University
in New York became the depository institution for the Human Rights Watch Archive, an active collection that documents decades of human rights investigations around the world. The archive was transferred from the Norlin Library at the
University of Colorado, Boulder
. It includes administrative files, public relations documents, and case and country files. With some exceptions for security considerations, the Columbia University community and the public have access to field notes, taped and transcribed interviews with alleged victims of human rights violations, video and audiotapes, and other materials documenting HRW's activities since its founding in 1978 as Helsinki Watch.
[61]
Some parts of the HRW archive are not open to researchers or to the public, including the records of the meetings of the board of directors, the executive committee, and the various subcommittees, limiting historians' ability to understand the organization's internal decision-making.
[62]
Criticism
[
edit
]
HRW has been criticized for perceived bias by the national governments it has investigated for human rights abuses.
[63]
[64]
[65]
Some sources allege HRW is biased against Israel in its coverage of the
Israel-Palestine conflict
.
[8]
[66]
In 2014, two
Nobel Peace Laureates
,
Adolfo Perez Esquivel
and
Mairead Maguire
, wrote a letter signed by 100 other human rights activists and scholars criticizing HRW for its revolving-door hiring practices with the U.S. government, its failure to denounce the U.S. practice of
extrajudicial rendition
, its endorsement of the U.S.
2011 military intervention in Libya
, and its silence during the
2004 Haitian coup d'etat
.
[67]
In 2020, HRW's board of directors discovered that HRW accepted a $470,000 donation from Saudi real estate magnate Mohamed Bin Issa Al Jaber, owner of a company HRW "had previously identified as complicit in labor rights abuse", under the condition that the donation not be used to support LGBT advocacy in the Middle East and North Africa. After
The Intercept
reported the donation, it was returned, and HRW issued a statement that accepting it was "deeply regrettable".
[68]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
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Friedman, Matti (November 30, 2014).
"What the Media Gets Wrong About Israel"
.
Archived
from the original on December 10, 2014
. Retrieved
May 14,
2020
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- ^
Davis, Stuart (2023).
Sanctions as War: Anti-Imperialist Perspectives on American Geo-Economic Strategy
. Haymarket Books. p. 94.
ISBN
978-1-64259-812-4
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OCLC
1345216431
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- ^
Emmons, Alex (March 2, 2020).
"Human Rights Watch Took Money From Saudi Businessman After Documenting His Coercive Labor Practices"
.
Archived
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March 10,
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