Former American computer animation film studio
For the production company owned by Sky Group, see
Sky Studios
.
Blue Sky Studios, Inc.
was an American
visual effects
and
computer animation
studio based in
Greenwich, Connecticut
. It was founded on February 22, 1987, by
Chris Wedge
, Michael Ferraro, Carl Ludwig, Alison Brown, David Brown, and Eugene Troubetzkoy after their employer,
MAGI
, one of the visual effects studios behind
Tron
, shut down. Using its in-house rendering software, the studio created visual effects for commercials and films before dedicating itself to animated film production. It produced
13 feature films
, the first being
Ice Age
, released in 2002 by
20th Century Fox
, and the final one being
Spies in Disguise
, released in 2019.
[7]
[8]
Blue Sky Studios was a subsidiary of
20th Century Animation
until its acquisition by
Disney
, as part of their
acquisition
of
21st Century Fox
assets in 2019. Blue Sky was shut down in April 2021 by Disney due to the
economic impact
of the
COVID-19 pandemic
on its business operations.
[6]
[9]
Ice Age
and
Rio
were the studio's most commercially successful franchises, while
Robots
(2005),
Horton Hears a Who!
(2008),
The Peanuts Movie
(2015), and the aforementioned
Spies in Disguise
were among its most critically praised films.
[10]
Scrat
, a character from the
Ice Age
franchise, was the studio's mascot.
History
[
edit
]
1980?1989: Formation and early computer animation
[
edit
]
In the late 1970s,
Chris Wedge
, then an undergraduate at
Purchase College
studying film, was employed by
Mathematical Applications Group, Inc.
(MAGI). MAGI was an early computer technology company which produced SynthaVision, a software application that could replicate the laws of physics to measure
nuclear radiation
rays for
U.S. government
contracts.
[11]
: 12?13
At MAGI, Wedge met Eugene Troubetzkoy, who held a
Ph.D
in
theoretical physics
and was one of the first
computer animators
. Using his background in character animation, Wedge helped MAGI produce animation for television commercials, which eventually led to an offer from
Walt Disney Productions
to produce animation for the film
Tron
(1982). After
Tron
, MAGI hired Carl Ludwig, an
electrical engineer
,
[11]
: 13
and Mike Ferraro transferred to the film division from the
Cad
Cam
division of MAGI. As MAGI's success began to decline, the company employed David Brown from
CBS/Fox Video
to be a marketing executive and Alison Brown to be a managing producer.
[11]
: 12?13
After MAGI was sold to Vidmax (Canada), the six individuals?Wedge, Troubetzkoy, Ferraro, Ludwig, David Brown, and Alison Brown?founded Blue Sky Studios in February 1987 to continue the software design and produce computer animation.
[11]
: 13
[12]
At Blue Sky, Ferraro and Ludwig expanded on CGI Studio, the studio programming language they started at
MAGI
and began using it for animation production.
[11]
: 12?13
At the time,
scanline renderers
were prevalent in the computer graphics industry, and they required computer animators and digital artists to add lighting effects in manually;
[11]
: 13
Troubetzkoy and Ludwig adapted MAGI's
ray tracing
,
[13]
algorithms which simulate the physical properties of light in order to produce lighting effects automatically.
[11]
: 13?14
To accomplish this, Ludwig examined how light passes through water, ice, and crystal, and programmed those properties into the software.
[11]
: 13
Following the
stock market crash of 1987
, Blue Sky Studios did not find their first client until about two years later: a company "that wanted their logo animated so it would be seen flying over the ocean in front of a sunset."
[11]
: 13?14
In order to receive the commission, Blue Sky spent two days rendering a single frame and submitted it to the prospective client. However, once the client accepted their offer, Blue Sky found that they could not produce the entire animation in time without help from a local graphics studio, which provided them with extra computer processors.
[11]
: 14
1989?2002: Television commercials, visual effects and
Bunny
[
edit
]
Throughout the late 1980s and 1990s, Blue Sky Studios concentrated on the production of television commercials and visual effects for film. The studio began by animating commercials that depicted the mechanisms of time-release
capsules
for
pharmaceutical corporations.
The studio also produced a
Chock Full O' Nuts
commercial with a talking coffee bean and developed the first computer-animated
M&M's
.
[11]
: 14
Using CGI Studio, the studio produced over 200 other commercials for clients such as
Chrysler
,
General Foods
,
Texaco
,
Pepsi
, and the
United States Marines
.
[14]
They made a cartoon bumper for
Nicktoons
that features an orange blob making a dolphin, a dinosaur, and a walking person.
[15]
In 1996,
MTV
collaborated with Blue Sky Studios on the film
Joe's Apartment
, for which Blue Sky animated the insect characters. Other clients included
Bell Atlantic
,
Rayovac
,
Gillette
and
Braun
.
[11]
: 14
The Braun commercial was awarded a
CLIO Award for Advertising
.
[11]
: 14
Recalling the award, Carl Ludwig stated that the judges had initially mistaken the commercial as a live action submission as a result of the photorealism of the computer-animated razor.
[13]
[16]
In August 1997,
20th Century Fox
's Los Angeles-based visual effects company, VIFX, acquired
majority interest
in Blue Sky Studios to form a new visual effects and animation company, temporarily renamed "Blue Sky/VIFX".
[17]
Following the studio's expansion, Blue Sky produced character animation for the films
Alien Resurrection
(1997),
A Simple Wish
(1997),
Mouse Hunt
(1997),
Star Trek: Insurrection
(1998) and
Fight Club
(1999).
[11]
: 15
Meanwhile, starting in 1990, Chris Wedge had been working on a short film named
Bunny
, intended to demonstrate CGI Studio. The film revolves around a rabbit widow who is irritated by a moth. The moth subsequently leads the rabbit into "a heavenly glow, reuniting her with her husband."
[11]
: 15
At the time, Wedge had been the thesis advisor for
Carlos Saldanha
while Saldanha was a graduate student at the
School of Visual Arts
; Wedge shared storyboard panels for
Bunny
with Saldanha during this time. After Saldanha's graduation, Blue Sky Studios hired him as an animator, and he later directed a few commercials. It was not until 1996 when Nina Rappaport, a producer at Blue Sky Studios, assigned Wedge to complete the
Bunny
project, which required CGI Studio to render fur, glass, and metal from multiple light sources, such as a swinging light bulb and an "ethereal cloudscape". In the initial stages of the
Bunny
project, Carl Ludwig modified CGI Studio to simulate
radiosity
, which tracks light rays as they reflect off of multiple surfaces. Blue Sky Studios released
Bunny
in 1998, and it received the
Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film
.
Bunny
's success gave Blue Sky Studios the opportunity to produce feature-length films.
[11]
: 15
2002?2019: Feature films under 20th Century Fox
[
edit
]
In March 1999, Fox decided to sell VIFX to another visual effects house,
Rhythm & Hues Studios
, while Blue Sky Studios would remain under Fox.
[18]
According to Chris Wedge, Fox considered selling Blue Sky as well by 2000 due to financial difficulties in the visual effects industry in general. Instead, Wedge, film producer Lori Forte, and animation executive
Chris Meledandri
presented Fox with a script for a comedy
feature film
titled
Ice Age
.
[19]
Studio management pressured staff to sell their remaining shares and options to Fox on the promise of continued employment on feature-length films. The studio moved to White Plains NY and started production on
Ice Age
. As the film wrapped, Fox feared that it might bomb at the box office. They terminated half of the production staff and tried unsuccessfully to find a buyer for the film and the studio.
[
citation needed
]
Instead,
Ice Age
was released by 20th Century Fox on March 15, 2002, and was a critical and commercial success, receiving a nomination for an
Academy Award for Best Animated Feature
at the
75th Academy Awards
in 2003.
[20]
The film established Blue Sky as the third studio, after
Pixar
and
DreamWorks Animation
, to launch a successful CGI franchise.
[19]
In January 2009, the studio moved from
White Plains, New York
to
Greenwich, Connecticut
, taking advantage of the state's 30 percent tax credit and having more space to grow.
[21]
[22]
The studio stated in April 2017 that it intended to stay in Connecticut until 2025.
[23]
In 2013, Chris Wedge took a leave of absence to direct
Paramount Animation
's live-action/computer-animated film
Monster Trucks
.
[24]
He then returned to Blue Sky Studios and worked on multiple projects for the company, such as serving as an executive producer.
[25]
2019?2021: Disney acquisition and closure
[
edit
]
Ownership of Blue Sky Studios was assumed by
The Walt Disney Company
as part of their
acquisition
of
21st Century Fox
,
[26]
which concluded on March 20, 2019.
[27]
On March 21, Disney announced that Blue Sky Studios and its parent company 20th Century Fox Animation (now
20th Century Animation
) would be integrated as units within the
Walt Disney Studios
with co-presidents Andrea Miloro and Robert Baird continuing to lead the studio, while reporting to Walt Disney Studios chairman
Alan Horn
.
[28]
In July 2019, Miloro announced that she would be stepping down from her role as co-president, thus leaving Baird as sole president.
[29]
In August 2019, former
Walt Disney Animation Studios
head Andrew Millstein was named as co-president of Blue Sky Studios alongside Baird, while
Pixar Animation Studios
president
Jim Morris
also took a supervising role.
[3]
[4]
Spies in Disguise
was released by 20th Century Fox on December 25, 2019. It ended up as the final feature film released under the Blue Sky name, and the only feature film produced by Blue Sky that Disney released.
On February 9, 2021, Disney announced that it would close Blue Sky Studios in April 2021. A spokesperson for the company explained that in light of the ongoing
COVID-19 pandemic
's continued economic impact on all of its businesses, it was no longer sustainable for them to run a third feature animation studio. In addition, production on a film adaptation of the webcomic
Nimona
,
[30]
originally scheduled to be released on January 14, 2022, was cancelled as a result of its closure. The studio's film library and intellectual properties are retained by Disney.
[6]
[9]
Although Disney did not give an exact date as to when the studio would be closing down initially, former animator Rick Fournier confirmed on April 10 it was their last day of operation,
[31]
three days after co-founder Chris Wedge released a farewell letter on social media.
[32]
As of June 19, 2021, Blue Sky Studios' website now redirects to
Disney.com
.
2021?present: Aftermath
[
edit
]
On May 4, 2021, fan site Disney Television Animation News reported that it was rumored that a short series produced by Blue Sky known as
Scrat Tales
would be coming to
Disney+
. The series would follow the titular
Scrat
, who discovers that he has a son.
[33]
Footage of the series was later
leaked
onto
YouTube
, with former Blue Sky animators revealing that the series would be coming to Disney+ in 2022 after
The Ice Age Adventures of Buck Wild
. On February 22, 2022, Disney officially announced the series, with a release date for April 13, 2022.
[34]
A spin-off film in the
Ice Age
franchise, titled
The Ice Age Adventures of Buck Wild
, was produced by
Walt Disney Pictures
, and without the involvement of Blue Sky Studios. Although Blue Sky was not involved with the film before closure, the film was originally produced by 20th Century Studios and 20th Century Animation before being moved to Walt Disney Pictures during production for unknown reasons. It was animated by Canadian animation studio
Bardel Entertainment
and was released on Disney+ on January 28, 2022 to negative reception.
Additionally, in January 2022, a third film in the
Rio
franchise was revealed to be in development for Disney+.
[35]
Days after the release of
The Ice Age Adventures of Buck Wild
, it was reported that Disney had lost the rights of Scrat to fashion designer and artist
Ivy Supersonic
. She was said to have originally created Scrat under the name "Sqrat" and pitched the character to Fox, only to get turned down by the studio. Supersonic claims the studio's own documents actually identified the character in
Ice Age
as "Sqrat", though her creation was not saber-toothed.
[36]
Supersonic was offered a $300,000 settlement by Fox, but she turned it down and subsequently lost in court. The case later went to appeal (Case # 04401 Court of Appeals, Second Circuit, NYC). Supersonic still had hopes of receiving damages for her claimed infringement,
[36]
later winning a partial summary judgment from the
Trademark Trial and Appeal Board
in a reverse suit, Fox Entertainment Group and Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation v. Ivy Silberstein (her real name), in which Fox had tried to prevent her from registering the trademark "SQRAT".
[37]
Rumors originally circulated in 2020 that Disney lost the rights to the character following the trademark dispute and later circulated as Scrat was not featured in
The Ice Age Adventures of Buck Wild
.
[38]
[39]
However, after the unveiling of
Scrat Tales
, it was revealed that Disney did not lose the rights to Scrat.
[
citation needed
]
In March 2022, amid the controversy of Disney's involvement in
Florida House Bill 1557
, referred to by some as the
Don't Say Gay
bill,
[40]
[41]
and lack of criticism from CEO
Bob Chapek
until
after the bill had passed
,
Insider
reported that three former Blue Sky staff members stated
Nimona
received pushback from Disney leadership in mid-2020, centered around the film's LGBT themes and a same-sex kiss. Initially, Blue Sky leadership removed the same-sex kiss from "presentations to Disney, despite hoping to ultimately include it in the film, the sources said. [...] Blue Sky leadership eventually showed reels to staffers that included the kiss, the sources said, but the studio was shut down soon after".
[42]
Nimona
was picked up by
Annapurna Pictures
on April 11, 2022, with
DNEG
Animation taking over production, for release on
Netflix
on June 30, 2023.
[43]
Ice Age: Scrat Tales
, the last official Blue Sky production, was released as scheduled on April 13, 2022. The final episode of the series, "Nut The End", concluded its ending credits with a parting message from the company:
Scrat was the first character to appear in Blue Sky's first movie, "Ice Age".
Like him, we were reaching for something that might have been unattainable.
Yet time after time both we and Scrat have managed to
get our arms around versions of that elusive acorn.
Unfortunately it's not possible to hold on to anything forever.
We've had more fun bringing our movies to life than anyone should be allowed.
We hope you've been able to feel some of that joy.
Thank you, from the bottom of our Blue Sky collective hearts,
for being with us all those years.
[44]
On the same day, a short video was uploaded to YouTube by an unlisted channel known as Finale, titled "The End", which featured Scrat finally capturing his acorn and eating it before scurrying away. The description revealed this was the final piece of animation made by Blue Sky Studios, done in their final days of operation by a small team of artists as "a farewell, a send-off, on our own terms."
[45]
Filmography
[
edit
]
No.
|
Title
|
Release date
|
Distributor/Co-production with
|
1
|
Ice Age
|
March 15, 2002
|
20th Century Fox
20th Century Fox Animation
|
2
|
Robots
|
March 11, 2005
|
3
|
Ice Age: The Meltdown
|
March 31, 2006
|
4
|
Dr. Seuss' Horton Hears a Who!
|
March 14, 2008
|
5
|
Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs
|
July 1, 2009
|
6
|
Rio
|
April 15, 2011
|
7
|
Ice Age: Continental Drift
|
July 13, 2012
|
8
|
Epic
|
May 24, 2013
|
9
|
Rio 2
|
April 11, 2014
|
10
|
The Peanuts Movie
|
November 6, 2015
|
11
|
Ice Age: Collision Course
|
July 22, 2016
|
12
|
Ferdinand
|
December 15, 2017
|
20th Century Fox
20th Century Fox Animation
Davis Entertainment
|
13
|
Spies in Disguise
|
December 25, 2019
|
20th Century Fox
20th Century Fox Animation
Chernin Entertainment
|
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
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.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Friedman, Jake S. (2014).
The Art of Blue Sky Studios
. San Rafael, California: Insight Editions.
ISBN
9781608873173
.
External links
[
edit
]
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Feature films
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Short films
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Television
specials and series
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Associated
productions
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Franchises
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People
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See also
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Articles related to Blue Sky Studios
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| Film production
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TV production
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Other
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Predecessors
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Defunct or sold units
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See also
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Lists of films
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| Feature films
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Short films
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Television specials
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Associated
productions
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Franchises
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People
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Related
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International
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National
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Other
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