Gibraltar
(
jih-
BRAWL
-t?r
,
Spanish:
[xiβ?al?ta?]
) is a
British Overseas Territory
[a]
and city
[7]
located at the southern tip of the
Iberian Peninsula
, on the
Bay of Gibraltar
, near the exit of the
Mediterranean Sea
into the
Atlantic Ocean
(
Strait of Gibraltar
).
[8]
[9]
It has an area of 6.7?km
2
(2.6?sq?mi) and is
bordered to the north
by
Spain
(
Campo de Gibraltar
). The landscape is dominated by the
Rock of Gibraltar
, at the foot of which is a densely populated town area, home to some 32,688 people (2022 estimate), primarily
Gibraltarians
.
[10]
Gibraltar was founded as a permanent watchtower by the
Almohads
in 1160. It switched control between the
Nasrids
,
Castilians
and
Marinids
in the
Late Middle Ages
, acquiring larger strategic clout upon the destruction of nearby
Algeciras
c.
?1375
. It became again part of the Crown of Castile in 1462. In 1704, Anglo-Dutch forces
captured Gibraltar
from Spain during the
War of the Spanish Succession
, and it was ceded to
Great Britain
in perpetuity under the
Treaty of Utrecht
in 1713. It became an important base for the
Royal Navy
, particularly during the
Napoleonic Wars
and
World War II
, as it controlled the
narrow entrance and exit
to the
Mediterranean Sea
, the
Strait of Gibraltar
, with half the world's seaborne trade passing through it.
[11]
[12]
[13]
The sovereignty of Gibraltar is a point of contention in
Anglo-Spanish relations
, as Spain asserts
a claim to the territory
.
[14]
[15]
Gibraltarians overwhelmingly rejected proposals for Spanish sovereignty in a
1967 referendum
, and for shared sovereignty in a
2002 referendum
.
[16]
[17]
Nevertheless, Gibraltar maintains close economic and cultural links with Spain, with many Gibraltarians speaking Spanish as well as a local dialect known as
Llanito
.
[18]
[19]
[20]
Gibraltar's economy rests on financial services, e-gaming, tourism and the port.
[21]
With one of the world's lowest unemployment rates, the largest part of the labour force are resident in Spain or non-Gibraltarians, especially in the private sector. Since
Brexit
, Gibraltar is not a member of the European Union but negotiations are under way to have it participate in the
Schengen Agreement
to facilitate border movements between Gibraltar and Spain.
[22]
As of March 2023
[update]
, talks seem deadlocked.
[23]
Name
History
Prehistory and ancient history
Evidence of
Neanderthal
habitation in Gibraltar from around 50,000 years ago has been discovered at
Gorham's Cave
.
[25]
The caves of Gibraltar continued to be used by
Homo sapiens
after the final extinction of the Neanderthals. Stone tools, ancient hearths and animal bones dating from around 40,000 years ago to about 5,000 years ago have been found in deposits left in Gorham's Cave.
[26]
Numerous
potsherds
dating from the
Neolithic
period have been found in Gibraltar's caves, mostly of types typical of the
Almerian culture
found elsewhere in
Andalusia
, especially around the town of
Almeria
, from which it takes its name.
[27]
There is little evidence of habitation in the
Bronze Age
when people had largely stopped living in caves.
[28]
During ancient times, Gibraltar was regarded by the peoples of the Mediterranean as a place of religious and symbolic importance. The
Phoenicians
were present for several centuries since around 950 BC, apparently using Gorham's Cave as a shrine to the
genius loci
,
[29]
as did the
Carthaginians
and
Romans
after them. Gibraltar was known as
Mons Calpe
, a name perhaps of Phoenician origin.
[17]
Mons Calpe
was considered by the ancient Greeks and Romans as one of the
Pillars of Hercules
, after the
Greek
legend of the creation of the
Strait of Gibraltar
by
Heracles
. There is no known archaeological evidence of permanent settlements from the ancient period.
[30]
They settled at the head of the bay in what is today known as the
Campo
(hinterland) of Gibraltar
.
The town of
Carteia
, near the location of the modern Spanish town of
San Roque
, was founded by the Phoenicians around 950 BC on the site of an early settlement of the native
Turdetani
people.
[32]
Middle Ages
After the collapse of the
Western Roman Empire
, Gibraltar came briefly under the control of the
Vandals
, who crossed into Africa at the invitation of
Boniface
, the Count (or commander) of the territory.
[
citation needed
]
The area later formed part of the
Visigothic Kingdom
of
Hispania
for almost 300 years, from 414 until 711 AD.
[
citation needed
]
Following a raid in 710, a predominantly Berber army under the command of
Tariq ibn Ziyad
crossed from North Africa in April 711 and landed somewhere in the vicinity of Gibraltar (though most likely not in the bay or at the Rock itself).
[33]
Tariq's expedition led to the
Islamic conquest of most of the Iberian peninsula
.
Mons Calpe
was renamed
Jabal ??riq
(
??? ????
), "the Mount of Tariq", subsequently corrupted into
Gibraltar
.
[17]
In 1160 the
Almohad
Sultan
Abd al-Mu'min
ordered that a permanent settlement, including a castle, be built. It received the name of Medinat al-Fath (City of the Victory).
[35]
The Tower of Homage of the
Moorish Castle
remains standing today.
From 1274 onwards, the town was fought over and captured by the
Nasrids
of
Granada
(in 1237 and 1374), the
Marinids
of
Fez
(in 1274 and 1333) and the kings of
Castile
(in 1309). Upon the Nasrid destruction and abandonment of
Algeciras
c.
?1375
and Nasrids' procurement of Gibraltar away from Marinids in 1375, the Nasrids favoured Gibraltar (a worse natural harbor than Algeciras but featuring better defence capabilities) as a military and urban outpost in the Strait, although Gibraltar did not ever reach a large population during this period.
[36]
Modern era
In 1462, Gibraltar was
captured
by
Juan Alonso de Guzman, 1st Duke of Medina Sidonia
, from the
Emirate of Granada
.
[37]
After the conquest,
Henry IV of Castile
assumed the additional title of
King of Gibraltar
, establishing it as part of the
comarca
of the
Campo Llano de Gibraltar
.
[38]
Six years later, Gibraltar was restored to the Duke of Medina Sidonia, who sold it in 1474 to a group of 4,350
conversos
(Christian converts from Judaism) from
Cordova
and
Seville
and in exchange for maintaining the garrison of the town for two years, after which time they were expelled, returning to their home towns or moving on to other parts of Spain.
[39]
In 1501, Gibraltar passed back to the Spanish Crown, and
Isabella I of Castile
issued a
Royal Warrant
granting Gibraltar the coat of arms that it still uses.
[
citation needed
]
In 1704, during the
War of the Spanish Succession
, a combined
Anglo
-
Dutch
fleet, representing the
Grand Alliance
,
captured the town of Gibraltar
on behalf of the
Archduke Charles of Austria
in his campaign to become King of Spain. Subsequently, most of the population left the town, with many settling nearby.
[40]
As the Alliance's campaign faltered, the 1713
Treaty of Utrecht
was negotiated, which ceded control of Gibraltar to Britain to secure Britain's withdrawal from the war. Unsuccessful attempts by Spanish monarchs to regain Gibraltar were made, with the
siege of 1727
, and again with the
Great Siege of Gibraltar
(1779 to 1783), during the
American War of Independence
.
[
citation needed
]
After the destructive Great Siege, the town was almost entirely rebuilt.
[41]
Giovanni Maria Boschetti, who arrived in Gibraltar in 1784 as a 25-year-old from Milan, where he is thought to have been a stonemason or engineer, built the Victualling Yard (completed in 1812) and many other buildings. Boschetti is regarded as having been responsible for setting the old town's style, described by Claire Montado, chief executive of the Gibraltar Heritage Trust, as "military-ordnance-style arched doorways, Italianate stucco relief, Genoese shutters, English Regency ironwork balconies, Spanish stained glass and Georgian sash and casement windows."
[41]
During the
Napoleonic Wars
, Gibraltar became a key base for the
Royal Navy
and played an important role leading up to the
Battle of Trafalgar
(21 October 1805). Designated one of four
Imperial fortresses
(along with
Halifax, Nova Scotia
,
Bermuda
, and
Malta
),
[42]
its strategic location made it a key base during the
Crimean War
of 1854?1856. In the 18th century, the peacetime military garrison fluctuated in numbers from a minimum of 1,100 to a maximum of 5,000. The first half of the 19th century saw a significant increase of population to more than 17,000 in 1860, as people from Britain and all around the Mediterranean ? Italian, Portuguese, Maltese, Jewish and French ? took up residence in the town.
[43]
Its strategic value increased with the opening of the
Suez Canal
, as it lay on the sea route between the UK and the
British Empire
east of Suez. In the later 19th century, major investments were made to improve the fortifications and the port.
[44]
Contemporary history
During the Second World War
, most of Gibraltar's
civilian population was evacuated
, mainly to London, but also to parts of
Morocco
and
Madeira
and to
Gibraltar Camp
in
Jamaica
. The Rock was strengthened as a
fortress
. On 18 July 1940, the
Vichy French
air force
attacked Gibraltar in retaliation for the
British bombing
of the Vichy navy. The naval base and the ships based there played a key role in the provisioning and supply of the island of
Malta
during
its long siege
. As well as frequent short runs, known as "Club Runs", towards Malta to fly off aircraft reinforcements (initially
Hurricanes
, but later, notably from the USN aircraft carrier
Wasp
,
Spitfires
), the critical
Operation Pedestal
convoy was run from Gibraltar in August 1942. This resupplied the island at a critical time in the face of concentrated air attacks from German and Italian forces. Spanish dictator
Francisco Franco
's reluctance to allow the
German Army
onto Spanish soil frustrated a German plan to capture the Rock, codenamed
Operation Felix
.
[
citation needed
]
In the 1950s, Franco renewed Spain's claim to sovereignty over Gibraltar and restricted movement between Gibraltar and Spain. Gibraltarians voted overwhelmingly to remain under British sovereignty in the
1967 Gibraltar sovereignty referendum
, which led to the passing of the
Gibraltar Constitution Order
in 1969. In response, Spain completely closed the border with Gibraltar and severed all communication links.
[45]
The border with Spain was partially reopened in 1982 and fully reopened in 1985 before Spain's accession to the
European Community
.
[
citation needed
]
In the early 2000s, Britain and Spain were in negotiations over a potential agreement that would see them sharing sovereignty over Gibraltar. The government of Gibraltar organised a
referendum
on the plan, and 99% of the population voted to reject it.
[46]
[47]
In 2008, the British government committed to respecting the Gibraltarians' wishes.
[48]
A
new Constitution Order
was approved in referendum in 2006. A process of tripartite negotiations started in 2006 between Spain, Gibraltar and the UK, ending some restrictions and dealing with disputes in some specific areas such as air movements, customs procedures, telecommunications, pensions and cultural exchange.
[49]
In the
British referendum on membership of the European Union
96% of
Gibraltarians voted to remain
on an 84% turnout.
[50]
Spain renewed calls for joint Spanish?British control of the peninsula;
[51]
these were strongly rebuffed by Gibraltar's Chief Minister.
[52]
On 18 October 2018, however, Spain seemed to have reached an agreement with the United Kingdom in relation to its objections to Gibraltar leaving the EU with the UK, with Spain's prime minister
Pedro Sanchez
stating, "Gibraltar will no longer be a problem in arriving at a Brexit deal."
[53]
On 31 January 2020, the
UK left the European Union
and
consequently
so did Gibraltar. Under the terms of the transition phase in the
Brexit withdrawal agreement
, Gibraltar's relationship with the EU continued unchanged until the end of 2020 when it was replaced by the
EU?UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement
. On 31 December 2020, the UK and Spain agreed in principle on a basis for the EU and the UK to negotiate an agreement through which Gibraltar would participate in the
Schengen Area
,
[22]
to avoid a hard border with Spain. The arrangements have not entered into force.
[22]
[54]
[55]
[56]
In 2022, Gibraltar launched a bid for city status as part of the
Platinum Jubilee Civic Honours
. The bid was refused, but when researchers looked through
the National Archives
, they found that it had already been recognised as a city by
Queen Victoria
in 1842.
[57]
The status came into force on 29 August 2022.
[57]
Governance
Under its current
constitution
, Gibraltar has almost complete internal
self-governance
through a
parliament
[58]
[59]
[60]
elected for a term of up to four years. The
unicameral
parliament presently consists of 17 elected members, and the
Speaker
who is not elected but appointed by a resolution of the parliament.
[61]
The
government
consists of 10 elected members. The head of state is the British monarch
King Charles III
, who is represented by the
Governor of Gibraltar
. The governor enacts day-to-day matters on the advice of the Gibraltar Parliament but is responsible to the British government in respect of defence, foreign policy, internal security and general good governance. Judicial and other appointments are made on behalf of the monarch in consultation with the
head of the elected government
.
[62]
[63]
[64]
The
2011 election
was contested by the
Gibraltar Social Democrats
(GSD),
Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party
(GSLP)-
Liberal Party of Gibraltar
(LPG) Alliance and the
Progressive Democratic Party
(PDP). The PDP was a new party, formed in 2006 and fielded candidates in the 2007 election, but none were elected. The head of government is the
Chief Minister
(as of December?2011
[update]
,
Fabian Picardo
). All local political parties oppose any transfer of sovereignty to Spain, instead supporting
self-determination
. The main UK opposition parties also support this policy, and it is British government policy not to engage in talks about the sovereignty of Gibraltar without the consent of the people of Gibraltar.
[65]
Gibraltar was part of the
European Union
, having joined through the
European Communities Act 1972 (UK)
, which gave effect to the
Treaty of Accession 1972
, as a dependent territory of the United Kingdom under what was then article 227(4) of the
Treaty Establishing the European Community
covering
special member state territories
, with exemption from some areas such as the
European Union Customs Union
,
Common Agricultural Policy
and the
Schengen Area
. It is the only
British Overseas Territory
which was part of the European Union. After a 10-year campaign for the right to vote in
European elections
, from 2004 to 2019 the people of Gibraltar participated in elections for the
European Parliament
as part of the
South West England constituency
.
[66]
On 23 June 2016 Gibraltar voted along with the United Kingdom in the
EU referendum
; 96% of its population voted to remain, but the overall United Kingdom result gave a 51.9% majority to leaving the EU.
[67]
Nevertheless, Spanish Prime Minister
Pedro Sanchez
stated on 18 October 2018 that the Gibraltar protocol had been "resolved" and that Spain will hold no objection when Gibraltar leaves the EU with Britain.
[68]
[69]
Gibraltar was nominated to be included on the
United Nations list of non-self-governing territories
by the United Kingdom when the list was created in 1946
[70]
and has been listed ever since.
[71]
The government of Gibraltar has actively worked to have Gibraltar removed from the list,
[72]
and in 2008 the British government declared Gibraltar's continued presence on the list an anachronism.
[73]
Gibraltar is not a member of the
Commonwealth of Nations
in its own right and is represented by the
United Kingdom
but was granted Associate Membership of the
Commonwealth Foundation
in 2004. Gibraltar has competed in the
Commonwealth Games
since 1958.
[
citation needed
]
Citizenship
As a result of the
British Nationality Act 1981
, Gibraltarians were made
British Overseas Territories citizens
by default, but could apply for registration as a
British citizen
("
an entitlement that cannot be refused
") under section 5 of the Act. Under the subsequent
British Overseas Territories Act 2002
, all British Overseas Territories citizens became British citizens on 21 May 2002.
[
citation needed
]
International relations
Gibraltar is not a sovereign state: its formal international relations are the responsibility of the Government of the United Kingdom. Since Brexit, it is not part of the European Union, but is a participant in the
EU?UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement
.
[
citation needed
]
On 31 December 2020, the UK and Spain agreed in principle on a basis for the EU and the UK to negotiate an agreement through which Gibraltar would participate in the
Schengen Area
,
[22]
to avoid a hard border with Spain. The arrangements have not entered into force,
[22]
[54]
but both sides aim to keep delays at the border at a minimum in the meantime.
[55]
[74]
[75]
As of March 2023
[update]
, talks remain stalled, with Spain insisting that its
Policia Nacional
control entry into the Schengen area and the UK demanding that the work be done by officers of the European Union agency
Frontex
. All other entry points to the Schengen area are controlled by national authorities, supplemented by Frontex in some places.
[23]
Geography
Gibraltar's territory covers 6.7?km
2
(2.6?sq?mi) and shares a 1.2?km (0.75?mi) land border with Spain. The town of
La Linea de la Concepcion
, a
municipality
of the
province of Cadiz
, lies on the Spanish side of the border. The Spanish hinterland forms the
comarca
of
Campo de Gibraltar
(literally "Countryside of Gibraltar"). The shoreline measures 12?km (7.5?mi) in length. There are two coasts ("Sides") of Gibraltar: the East Side, which contains the settlements of
Sandy Bay
and
Catalan Bay
; and the
Westside
, where the vast majority of the population lives. Gibraltar has no administrative divisions but is divided into seven
Major Residential Areas
.
Having negligible
natural resources
and few natural
freshwater
resources, limited to natural wells in the north, until recently Gibraltar used large concrete or natural rock
water catchments
to collect rainwater. Fresh water from the boreholes is nowadays supplemented by two
desalination
plants: a
reverse osmosis
plant, constructed in a tunnel within the rock, and a
multi-stage flash distillation
plant at North Mole.
[76]
Gibraltar's terrain consists of the 426?m-high (1,398?ft)
Rock of Gibraltar
[77]
made of
Jurassic
limestone
, and the narrow coastal lowland surrounding it. It contains many tunnelled roads, most of which are still operated by the military and closed to the general public.
Morocco (top far left across Strait); Spain: Algeciras (top centre across Bay of Gibraltar) and La Linea (right); Gibraltar cruise port and airport runway (right foreground); from the Rock
Climate
Gibraltar has a
Mediterranean climate
(
Koppen climate classification
Csa
),
[78]
[79]
with mild, rainy winters and summers that are very warm to hot and humid, but with very little rainfall. As is the case for nearby
Algeciras
and
Tarifa
, summers are significantly cooler and annual temperature more constant than other cities on the southern coast of the Iberian peninsula because of its position on the Strait of Gibraltar. Rain occurs mainly in winter, with summer being generally dry. Its average annual temperature is 21.7?°C (71.1?°F) as a daily high and 15.8?°C (60.4?°F) as the overnight low. In the coldest month, January, the high temperature averages 16.3?°C (61.3?°F) and the overnight low averages 11.2?°C (52.2?°F) and the average sea temperature is 16?°C (61?°F). In the warmest month, August, the daily high temperature averages 28.4?°C (83.1?°F), the overnight low averages 21.2?°C (70.2?°F), and the average sea temperature is 22?°C (72?°F).
[80]
[81]
Climate data for
Gibraltar International Airport
(
GIB
)
weather station
(
ICAO
indicator:
[b]
LXGB
,
WMO
identifier:
[c]
08495
), 5m
amsl
,
[d]
1991?2020 normals (except dewpoints and humidity), 1985-2015 dewpoints and humidity, extremes 1958?present
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Record high °C (°F)
|
24.0
(75.2)
|
24.1
(75.4)
|
30.3
(86.5)
|
32.0
(89.6)
|
33.2
(91.8)
|
38.0
(100.4)
|
40.6
(105.1)
|
40.2
(104.4)
|
34.5
(94.1)
|
33.7
(92.7)
|
29.6
(85.3)
|
25.0
(77.0)
|
40.6
(105.1)
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
16.3
(61.3)
|
16.7
(62.1)
|
18.3
(64.9)
|
20.0
(68.0)
|
22.6
(72.7)
|
25.6
(78.1)
|
28.1
(82.6)
|
28.4
(83.1)
|
25.9
(78.6)
|
22.5
(72.5)
|
19.1
(66.4)
|
17.0
(62.6)
|
21.7
(71.1)
|
Daily mean °C (°F)
|
13.8
(56.8)
|
14.2
(57.6)
|
15.6
(60.1)
|
17.0
(62.6)
|
19.3
(66.7)
|
22.1
(71.8)
|
24.3
(75.7)
|
24.8
(76.6)
|
22.8
(73.0)
|
19.9
(67.8)
|
16.6
(61.9)
|
14.7
(58.5)
|
18.8
(65.8)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
11.2
(52.2)
|
11.5
(52.7)
|
12.7
(54.9)
|
13.9
(57.0)
|
16.0
(60.8)
|
18.5
(65.3)
|
20.5
(68.9)
|
21.2
(70.2)
|
19.7
(67.5)
|
17.3
(63.1)
|
14.1
(57.4)
|
12.4
(54.3)
|
15.8
(60.4)
|
Record low °C (°F)
|
0.0
(32.0)
|
0.6
(33.1)
|
2.0
(35.6)
|
0.0
(32.0)
|
9.0
(48.2)
|
9.0
(48.2)
|
14.4
(57.9)
|
13.9
(57.0)
|
12.3
(54.1)
|
9.0
(48.2)
|
5.7
(42.3)
|
0.8
(33.4)
|
0.0
(32.0)
|
Average
precipitation
mm (inches)
|
97.5
(3.84)
|
93.6
(3.69)
|
83.4
(3.28)
|
68.8
(2.71)
|
26.9
(1.06)
|
8.5
(0.33)
|
0.7
(0.03)
|
1.1
(0.04)
|
25.6
(1.01)
|
84.9
(3.34)
|
99.1
(3.90)
|
150.7
(5.93)
|
740.8
(29.16)
|
Average precipitation days
(≥ 1.0 mm)
|
7.20
|
6.36
|
6.64
|
6.51
|
3.74
|
0.94
|
0.23
|
0.20
|
2.66
|
6.25
|
7.34
|
7.94
|
56.01
|
Average
relative humidity
(%)
|
75
|
75
|
74
|
72
|
71
|
70
|
71
|
72
|
76
|
79
|
77
|
77
|
74
|
Average
dew point
°C (°F)
|
9
(48)
|
9
(48)
|
11
(52)
|
11
(52)
|
13
(55)
|
16
(61)
|
18
(64)
|
19
(66)
|
18
(64)
|
16
(61)
|
12
(54)
|
11
(52)
|
14
(56)
|
Mean monthly
sunshine hours
|
147
|
143
|
204
|
233
|
289
|
319
|
326
|
309
|
240
|
197
|
135
|
134
|
2,676
|
Source 1:
Deutscher Wetterdienst
(February, July and August record lows only)
[82]
|
Source 2:
Meteoclimat
(normals except dewpoints and humidity)
[83]
Source 3:
Meteoclimat
(records except February, July and August record lows)
[84]
Source 4:
Time and Date
(dew points and humidity)
[85]
|
Flora and fauna
Over 500 different species of
flowering plants
grow on the Rock. Gibraltar is the only place in Europe where the
Gibraltar candytuft
(
Iberis gibraltarica
) is found growing in the wild; the plant is otherwise native to North Africa. It is the symbol of the
Upper Rock nature reserve
.
Olive
and
pine
trees are among the most common of those growing around the Rock.
[
citation needed
]
Most of the Rock's upper area is covered by a
nature reserve
which is home to around 230
Barbary macaques
, the famous "apes" of Gibraltar, which are actually
monkeys
. These are the only wild apes or monkeys found in Europe.
[86]
This species, known scientifically as
Macaca sylvanus
, is listed as endangered by the
IUCN Red List
and is declining. Three-quarters of the world population live in the
Middle Atlas
mountains of
Morocco
. Recent genetic studies and historical documents point to their presence on the Rock before British control, having possibly been introduced during the Islamic period. A superstition analogous to that of the
ravens
at the
Tower of London
states that if the apes ever leave, so will the British. In 1944,
British Prime Minister
Winston Churchill
was so concerned about the dwindling population of apes that he sent a message to the
Colonial Secretary
requesting that something be done about the situation.
[87]
Other mammals found in Gibraltar include rabbits, foxes and bats. Dolphins and whales are frequently seen in the
Bay of Gibraltar
. Migrating birds are very common and Gibraltar is home to the only
Barbary partridges
found on the European continent.
[
citation needed
]
In 1991, Graham Watson, Gibraltar's
MEP
, highlighted
conservationists
' fears that
urban development
, tourism and
invasive plant species
were threatening Gibraltar's own plants as well as birds and
bat species
.
[88]
Environment
In May 2016, a report by the
World Health Organization
showed that Gibraltar had the worst air quality in any British territory. The report concentrated on
PM10
and
PM2.5
pollutants in the air.
[89]
Economy
Gibraltar's economy is dominated by four main sectors:
financial services
,
online gambling
, shipping, and tourism, which includes duty-free retail sales to visitors.
[90]
The
British military
traditionally dominated
Gibraltar's economy
, with the
naval dockyard
providing the bulk of economic activity. This, however, has diminished over the last 20 years and is estimated to account for only 7 per cent of the local economy, compared to over 60 per cent in 1984. The territory also has a small manufacturing sector, representing a bit less than 2 per cent of the economy.
Gibraltar's
labour market
employs around thirty thousand workers, 80% in the private sector and 20% in the public sector. The unemployment rate is extremely low, at around 1 per cent.
[
citation needed
]
More than half (53 Percent) of the labour force are resident in Spain or are non Gibraltarians. According to the Government of Gibraltar's statistics, around 45 Percent of the total employee jobs, and 58% of the private sector jobs, are held by frontier workers (employees who are normally resident in Spain but are employed in Gibraltar). Around 63 Percent of the frontier workers are Spanish nationals. More than half (55 Percent) of the private sector employee jobs are held by persons who are not Gibraltarians or Other British nationalities. The public sector, on the other hand, employs mainly Gibraltarians and other British (90 Percent)
[91]
As a consequence, according to
Fabian Picardo
, Chief Minister of Gibraltar, during Brexit negotiations, a frontier which lacked the necessary fluidity for people to be able to access their places of work would put directly at risk nearly half of the jobs of the Gibraltar workforce.
[92]
[93]
In the early 2000s, many
bookmakers
and online gaming operators moved to Gibraltar to benefit from operating in a regulated jurisdiction with a favourable
corporate tax
regime. This corporate tax regime for non-resident controlled companies was phased out by January 2011 and replaced by a still favourable fixed corporate tax rate of 10 per cent.
[94]
Tourism is also a significant industry. Gibraltar is a popular port for cruise ships and attracts day visitors from resorts in Spain. The Rock is a popular tourist attraction, particularly among British tourists and residents in the southern coast of Spain. It is also a popular shopping destination, and all goods and services are
VAT
free, but may be subject to Gibraltar taxes. Many of the large British high street chains have branches or franchises in Gibraltar including
Morrisons
,
Marks & Spencer
and
Mothercare
. Branches and franchises of international retailers such as
Tommy Hilfiger
and
Sunglass Hut
are also present in Gibraltar, as is the Spanish clothing company
Mango
.
[
citation needed
]
A number of
British and international banks
have operations based in Gibraltar.
Jyske Bank
claims to be the oldest bank in the country, based on Jyske's acquisition in 1987 of
Banco Galliano
, which began operations in Gibraltar in 1855. An ancestor of
Barclays
, the
Anglo-Egyptian Bank
, entered in 1888, and Credit Foncier (now
Credit Agricole
) entered in 1920.
[
citation needed
]
There is some manufacturing activity, representing around 2% of the total employment. One company (Bassadone Automotive Group) supplies ambulances and other project vehicles converted locally from
SUV
vehicles to the United Nations and other agencies, employing some 320 staff across its range of activities.
[95]
In 1967, Gibraltar enacted the Companies (Taxation and Concessions) Ordinance (now an Act), which provided for special tax treatment for international business.
[96]
This was one of the factors leading to the growth of professional services such as
private banking
and captive insurance management. Gibraltar has several attractive attributes as a
financial centre
, including a
common law
legal system
and access to the EU single market in financial services. Gibraltar is considered a high class jurisdiction and is listed on the "white list" by the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
due to its highly regulated financial and e-gaming sectors, sharing the same status as the UK, USA and Germany.
[97]
It is internationally collaborative, including in the exchange of information on tax matters.
[97]
The
Gibraltar Stock Exchange
was established in 2014.
In January 2018, Gibraltar introduced a regulatory framework for Distributed Ledger Technology, with the aim of pursuing a “more flexible, adaptive approach... in the case of novel business activities, products, and business models”.
[98]
[99]
The Financial Services Commission (FSC),
[100]
which was established by an ordinance in 1989 (now an Act) that took effect in 1991, regulates the finance sector.
[101]
In 1997, the Department of Trade and Industry established its Gibraltar Finance Centre (GFC) Division to facilitate the development the
financial sector development
. As of 2012
[update]
, Gibraltar has 0.103
Big Four
accounting firm offices per 1,000 population, the second highest in the world after the
British Virgin Islands
, and 0.6 banks per 1,000 people, the fifth most banks per capita in the world.
[102]
As of 2017
[update]
, there is
very significant uncertainty
on continuing access to the EU single market after the forthcoming
Brexit
.
[103]
The currency of Gibraltar is the
Gibraltar pound
, issued by the
Government of Gibraltar
under the terms of the 1934
Currency Notes Act
. These banknotes are
legal tender
in Gibraltar alongside Bank of England banknotes.
[104]
[105]
In a
currency board
arrangement, these notes are issued against reserves of
sterling
.
[105]
[106]
[107]
Clearing and settlement of funds is conducted in sterling.
[108]
Coins
in circulation follow British denominations but have separate designs. Unofficially, most retail outlets in Gibraltar accept the
euro
, though some
payphones
and the
Royal Gibraltar Post Office
, along with all other government offices, do not.
[109]
Demographics
Gibraltar is one of the most densely populated territories in the world, with a usually-resident population in 2012 of 32,194
[110]
equivalent to approximately 4,959/km
2
(12,840/sq?mi). The growing demand for space is being increasingly met by
land reclamation
; reclaimed land makes up approximately one-tenth of the territory's total area, but houses over 40% of its population (2012 Census).
Ethnic groups
According to the 2012 Gibraltar census, 25,444 people (79.0%) were eligible for "Gibraltarian" status. Of the rest, 4249 (13.2%) were "other British", 675 (2.1%) were Spanish, 522 (1.6%) were Moroccan and 785 (2.4%) had other EU nationalities. There were 519 people (1.6%) with other nationalities.
[111]
Usually-resident population and persons present in Gibraltar
Resident Census
|
1981
[3]
|
1991
[3]
|
2001
[3]
|
2012
[3]
|
Gibraltarian
|
74.9%
|
75.0%
|
83.2%
|
79.0%
|
UK and other British
|
14.0%
|
14.3%
|
9.6%
|
13.2%
|
Moroccan
|
8.1%
|
6.7%
|
3.5%
|
1.6%
|
Other nationalities (*)
|
3.1%
|
4.0%
|
3.7%
|
6.2%
|
Spanish
|
?
|
?
|
1.19%
[112]
|
2.1%
|
Other EU
|
?
|
?
|
1.0%
[112]
|
1.6%
|
- (*) Includes all nationalities different from Gibraltarian, UK and other British and Moroccan.
Language
The
official language
of Gibraltar is English and is used by the government and in schools. Most locals are
bilingual
, also speaking Spanish. However, because of the varied mix of ethnic groups which reside there, other languages are also spoken on the Rock.
Berber
and
Arabic
are spoken by the
Moroccan
community, as are
Hindi
and
Sindhi
by the Indian community.
Maltese
is spoken by some families of
Maltese descent
.
[113]
Gibraltarians often converse in
Llanito
(
pronounced
[?a?nito]
), a
vernacular
unique to Gibraltar. It is based on
Andalusian Spanish
with a strong mixture of
British English
and elements from languages such as Maltese,
Portuguese
,
Genoese Italian
and
Haketia
(a
Judaeo-Spanish
dialect). Llanito also often involves
code-switching
to English and Spanish.
[
citation needed
]
The English language is becoming increasingly dominant in Gibraltar, with the younger generation speaking little or no Llanito despite learning Spanish in school.
[114]
Gibraltarians often call themselves
Llanitos
.
[115]
Religion
Percentage of population by religion
[3]
|
|
|
|
Percentage
|
Roman Catholic
|
|
72.1%
|
Church of England
|
|
7.7%
|
None
|
|
7.1%
|
Other Christian
|
|
3.8%
|
Muslim
|
|
3.6%
|
Jewish
|
|
2.4%
|
Hindu
|
|
2.0%
|
Other/not stated
|
|
1.3%
|
According to the 2012 census, approximately 72.1% of Gibraltarians are
Roman Catholics
.
[116]
The 16th-century
Saint Mary the Crowned
is the cathedral church of the
Roman Catholic Diocese of Gibraltar
, and also the oldest Catholic church in the territory. Other Christian denominations include the
Church of England
(7.7%), whose
Cathedral of the Holy Trinity
is the cathedral of the Anglican
Bishop of Gibraltar in Europe
; the
Gibraltar Methodist Church
,
[117]
Church of Scotland
, various
Pentecostal
and independent churches mostly influenced by the
House Church
and
Charismatic movements
, as well as a
Plymouth Brethren
congregation. Several of these congregations are represented by the Gibraltar Evangelical Alliance.
There is also a
ward
of
the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
, and two congregations of
Jehovah's Witnesses
. 7.1% advised that they have no religion.
The third religion in size is
Islam
(3.6% of the population). There is also an established
Hindu
population (2%), members of the
Baha?i Faith
and a long-established
Jewish community
, which, at 763 persons, accounts for 2.4% of the population.
[116]
There are four functioning
Orthodox synagogues in Gibraltar
and several kosher establishments.
Education
Health care
All Gibraltarians are entitled to health care in public
wards
and clinics at
St Bernard's Hospital
and
primary health care
centre. All other British citizens are also entitled to free-of-charge treatment on the Rock on presentation of a valid
British passport
during stays of up to 30 days.
Dental treatment
and
prescribed medicines
are free of charge for Gibraltarian students,
pensioners
and disabled individuals.
[122]
The Gibraltar Health Authority, established under the Medical (Gibraltar Health Authority) Act of 1987
[123]
is funded through the Gibraltar Group Practice Medical Scheme. It employs around 900 people, handling 37,000
A&E
attendances, 40,000 outpatient appointments, and 90,000
GP
visits a year. Some specialist care is provided by visiting consultants and in UK and Spanish hospitals. First-line medical and nursing services are provided at the Primary Care Centre, which has 16 GPs, with more specialised services available at
St Bernard's Hospital
, a 210-bed civilian hospital opened in 2005. Psychiatric care is provided by Ocean Views.
[
citation needed
]
As of 2012 the authority was responsible for the health of some 27,000 individuals. The GHA and Social Welfare System are closely based upon their British counterparts, namely the
National Health Service
.
[124]
As of 2003 the organisation was funded through roughly
£
19 million (
$
27 million) of
social insurance
stamp contributions through the Gibraltar Group Practice Medical Scheme.
[125]
In September 2014
Egton Medical Information Systems
won a contract, worth up to £11.25m over 10 years, to deliver an
electronic patient record
for the health service of Gibraltar including a
patient administration system
, an emergency department system, e-prescribing and other software from Ascribe, which Emis bought in September 2013.
[126]
The A&E unit at St Bernard's Hospital went live on 24 June 2015 using Emis' Symphony and it is planned that primary and community services and the acute hospital will start to use the Ascribe CaMIS patient administration system.
[127]
A Community Mental Health Team was established in 2017, and in 2018 the Gibraltar Health Authority School of Health Studies introduced a Mental Health Nursing degree to tackle difficulties in recruiting mental health nurses.
[128]
Culture
The
culture of Gibraltar
reflects Gibraltarians' diverse origins. While there are Spanish (mostly from nearby
Andalusia
) and British influences, the ethnic origins of most Gibraltarians are not confined to these ethnicities. Other ethnicities include
Genoese
,
Maltese
,
Portuguese
, and
German
. A few other Gibraltar residents are
Jewish of Sephardic
origin,
Moroccan
, or
Indians
. British influence remains strong, with English being the language of government, commerce, education and the media.
Gibraltar's first sovereignty referendum
is celebrated annually on
Gibraltar National Day
(10 September). It is a public holiday, during which most Gibraltarians dress in their
national colours
of red and white. Until 2016, the tradition had been to also release 30,000 similarly coloured balloons, which represented the people of Gibraltar. However, this tradition has now been ended because of the threat that it poses to wildlife, particularly marine.
[129]
The 300th anniversary of
Gibraltar's capture
was celebrated in 2004 on Tercentenary Day (4 August), when in recognition of and with thanks for its long association with Gibraltar, the
Royal Navy
was given the
Freedom of the City of Gibraltar
and a human chain of Gibraltarians dressed in red, white and blue, linked hands to encircle the Rock. On 4 June 2012, the
Gibraltar Diamond Jubilee Flotilla
, inspired by the
Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant
, celebrated sixty years of the
Queen
's reign.
[130]
The
Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation
operates a television and radio station on UHF, VHF and medium-wave. The radio service is also internet-streamed. Special events and the daily news bulletin are streamed in video. The other local radio service is operated by the
British Forces Broadcasting Service
which also provides a limited cable television network to HM Forces. The largest and most frequently published newspaper is the
Gibraltar Chronicle
, Gibraltar's oldest established daily newspaper and the world's second-oldest English language newspaper to have been in print continuously
[131]
with daily editions six days a week.
Panorama
is published on weekdays, and
7 Days
,
The New People
, and
Gibsport
are weekly.
Native Gibraltarians have produced some literature of note. The first in fiction was probably
Hector Licudi
's 1929 novel
Barbarita
, written in Spanish,
[132]
chronicling the largely autobiographical adventures of a young Gibraltarian man. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, several anthologies of poetry were published by
Leopoldo Sanguinetti
,
Albert Joseph Patron
and
Alberto Pizzarello
. The 1960s were largely dominated by the theatrical works of
Elio Cruz
and his two highly acclaimed Spanish language plays
La Lola se va pa Londre
and
Connie con cama camera en el comedor
.
[
citation needed
]
In the 1990s, the Gibraltarian
man-of-letters
Mario Arroyo
published
Profiles
(1994), a series of bilingual meditations on love, loneliness and death.
Trino Cruz
is a bilingual poet originally writing English but now mainly in Spanish, who also translates
Maghreb
poetry.
[133]
[134]
[135]
Of late there have been works by the essayist
Mary Chiappe
, such as her volume of essays
Cabbages and Kings
(2006) and by
M. G. Sanchez
, author of the books
Rock Black: Ten Gibraltarian Stories
(2008) and
Diary of a Victorian Colonial
(2009). Mary Chiappe and
Sam Benady
have also published a series of detective books centred on the character of the nineteenth-century Gibraltarian sleuth Bresciano.
Musicians from Gibraltar include
Charles Ramirez
, the first guitarist invited to play with the
Royal College of Music
Orchestra,
[136]
successful rock bands like
Breed 77
,
Melon Diesel
and
Taxi
, while Gibraltarian bassist Glen Diani played for Irish/British
nu metal
group
One Minute Silence
.
Albert Hammond
had top 10 hits in the UK and US and has written many songs for international artists such as
Whitney Houston
,
Tina Turner
and
Julio Iglesias
.
[137]
Gibraltarian cuisine
is the result of a long relationship between the Andalusian Spaniards and the British, as well as the many foreigners who made Gibraltar their home over the past three centuries. The culinary influences include those from Malta, Genoa, Portugal, Andalusia and Britain. This marriage of tastes has given Gibraltar an eclectic mix of Mediterranean and British cuisine, such as
calentita
, a baked bread-like dish made with
chickpea flour
, water, olive oil, salt and pepper.
Cultural references
Sport
Football
is a popular sport in Gibraltar. The
Gibraltar Football Association
applied for full membership of
UEFA
, but their bid was turned down in 2007 in a contentious decision.
[145]
Gibraltar was confirmed as UEFA's 54th member on 24 May 2013 as a result of
Court of Arbitration for Sport
(CAS) arbitration and played in
Euro 2016
qualifications.
[146]
[147]
Their first match was a 0?0 draw against Slovakia. Gibraltar's national team won its first-ever match in UEFA competition on 13 October 2018, beating Armenia in the
2018?19 UEFA Nations League D
.
[148]
Subsequently, Gibraltar applied for FIFA membership but this bid was also turned down. On 2 May 2016, the CAS upheld the appeal filed by the Gibraltar Football Association regarding its request to become a full-time member of FIFA. CAS ordered FIFA to stop blocking Gibraltar's application for membership and allow it "without delay".
[149]
Rugby union
is fairly popular and one of the fastest-growing team sports.
Gibraltar Rugby Football Union
applied for membership of Europe's governing body for rugby. Gibraltar is believed to be the birthplace of the rugby variant
Tag Rugby
.
[150]
[e]
Communications
Gibraltar has a digital
telephone exchange
supported by a
fibre optic
and copper infrastructure; the telephone operator
Gibtelecom
also operates a
GSM
network. Internet connectivity is available across the fixed network. Gibraltar's top-level domain code is
.gi
.
International Direct Dialling
(IDD) is provided, and Gibraltar was allocated the access code
+350
by the
International Telecommunication Union
. This has been finally accepted by Spain since 10 February 2007, when the
telecom dispute
was resolved.
Transport
Road
Within Gibraltar, the main form of transport is the car.
Motorcycles
are also very popular and there is a good modern bus service. Unlike in the UK and other British territories, traffic
drives on the right
and speed limits are in km/h, as the territory shares a land border with Spain. The
E15
route connecting with Spain, France, England and Scotland is accessible from the Spanish side using the
CA-34
autovia
.
Restrictions on transport introduced by Spanish dictator
Francisco Franco
closed the land frontier in 1969 and also prohibited any air or ferry connections. In 1982, the land border was reopened. As the result of an agreement signed in
Cordoba
on 18 September 2006 between Gibraltar, the United Kingdom and Spain,
[151]
the Spanish government agreed to relax
border controls
at the frontier that have plagued locals for decades; in return, Britain paid increased pensions to Spanish workers who lost their jobs when Franco closed the border.
[152]
Telecommunication restrictions were lifted in February 2007 and air links with Spain were restored in December 2006.
[153]
[154]
Motorists and pedestrians crossing the border with Spain are occasionally subjected to very long delays.
[155]
Spain has occasionally closed the border during disputes or incidents involving the Gibraltar authorities, such as the
Aurora
cruise ship incident
[156]
and when fishermen from the Spanish fishing vessel
Pirana
were arrested for
illegal fishing
in Gibraltar waters.
[157]
Air
As of 2017
[update]
, Gibraltar maintains regular flight connections with London (Heathrow, Gatwick & Luton),
Manchester
and
Bristol
in the UK, and with
Casablanca
and
Tangier
in
Morocco
.
[158]
This is via the
Royal Air Force
's military aerodrome in Gibraltar, which also serves as
the territory's civilian airport
.
[159]
GB Airways
operated a service between Gibraltar and London and other cities for many years. The airline initially flew under the name "Gibraltar Airways". In 1989, and in anticipation of service to cities outside the UK, Gibraltar Airways changed its name to GB Airways with the belief that a new name would incur fewer political problems. As a franchise, the airline operated flights in full
British Airways
livery. In 2007,?GB Airways was purchased by
easyJet
,
[160]
which began operating flights under their name in April 2008 when British Airways re-introduced flights to Gibraltar under their name. EasyJet have since added
Bristol
and
Manchester
and also operated flights to
Liverpool
between 2011 and 2012. Until entering administration in October 2017,
Monarch Airlines
operated the largest number of flights between the United Kingdom and Gibraltar, with scheduled services between Gibraltar and
Luton
,
London Gatwick
,
Birmingham
and
Manchester
. The Spanish
national airline
,
Iberia
, operated a daily service to
Madrid
which ceased for lack of demand. In May 2009,
Andalus Lineas Aereas
opened a Spanish service,
[161]
which also ceased operations in March 2010.
[162]
An annual return
charter flight
to
Malta
is operated by
Maltese
national airline,
Air Malta
.
Gibraltar International Airport
is unusual not only because of its proximity to the city centre resulting in the airport terminal being within walking distance of much of Gibraltar but also because the runway intersects
Winston Churchill Avenue
, formerly the main road into Spain, requiring movable barricades to close when aircraft land or depart. New roads and a tunnel, ending the need to stop road traffic when aircraft use the runway, were planned to coincide with the building of a new
airport terminal building
with an originally estimated completion date of 2009,
[163]
[164]
although delays pushed back its official opening until 31 March 2023.
[165]
[166]
The new road and tunnel is named Kingsway with the approval of
Charles III
[167]
and passes under the terminal and the eastern edge of the runway before connecting with
Devil's Tower Road
. Runway access is now closed to everyday road traffic but is still available for exceptional, specific, or emergency use as well as pedestrians, cyclists and mobility scooters although an alternative subway is provided.
[168]
The most popular alternative airport for Gibraltar is
Malaga Airport
in Spain, some 120?km (75?mi) to the east, which offers a wide range of destinations, second to
Jerez Airport
which is closer to Gibraltar. In addition, the
Algeciras Heliport
across the bay offers scheduled services to
Ceuta
.
Sea
Gibraltar Cruise Terminal
receives a large number of visits from
cruise ships
. The
Strait of Gibraltar
is one of the busiest shipping lanes in the world.
Passenger and cargo ships anchor in the
Gibraltar Harbour
. Also, a ferry links Gibraltar with
Tangier
in Morocco. The ferry between Gibraltar and
Algeciras
, which had been halted in 1969 when Franco severed communications with Gibraltar, was reopened on 16 December 2009, served by the Spanish company
Transcoma
.
[169]
A vehicle ramp at the western end of the North Mole allows vehicles to be unloaded from a
RORO
ferry.
[170]
Ferries by FRS running twice a week from Gibraltar to
Tanger-Med
port provide access to the
Moroccan railway
system.
[171]
[172]
Rail
Nothing remains of the two
former railway systems
within Gibraltar.
On the Spanish side of the border, railway track extends to the outskirts of
La Linea
from an
aborted rail expansion project in the 1970s
,
[173]
[174]
but the closest operational railway station in Spain is
San Roque station
, accessible via buses from
La Linea
.
Water supply and sanitation
Water supply
and
sanitation
in Gibraltar have been major concerns for its inhabitants throughout its history. There are no rivers, streams, or large bodies of water on the peninsula. Gibraltar's water supply was formerly provided by a combination of an aqueduct, wells, and the use of cisterns, barrels and earthenware pots to capture rainwater. This became increasingly inadequate as Gibraltar's population grew in the 18th and 19th centuries and lethal diseases such as
cholera
and
yellow fever
began to spread. In the late 19th century, a Sanitary Commission instigated major improvements which saw the introduction of large-scale desalination and the use of giant water catchments covering over 2.5?million square feet (nearly 250,000 m
2
). Today Gibraltar's supply of drinking water comes entirely from
desalination
, with a separate supply of saltwater for sanitary purposes. Both supplies are delivered from huge underground reservoirs excavated under the
Rock of Gibraltar
.
Police
The
Royal Gibraltar Police
(RGP),
Gibraltar Defence Police
(GDP) and
His Majesty's Customs (Gibraltar)
are Gibraltar's principal civilian
law enforcement agencies
. Outside the
United Kingdom
, the RGP is the oldest police force of the former
British Empire
, formed shortly after the creation of London's
Metropolitan Police
in 1829 when Gibraltar was declared a
crown colony
on 25 June 1830.
[175]
In general, the Gibraltar force follows British police models in its dress and its mostly male constables and sergeants on foot patrol wear the traditional
custodian helmet
, the headgear of the British "bobby on the beat". The helmet is traditionally made of cork covered outside by felt or
serge
-like material that matches the tunic. The vehicles also appear virtually identical to typical UK police vehicles, but are
left hand drive
.
The force, whose name received the prefix "Royal" in 1992, numbers over 220 officers divided into a number of units.
[
citation needed
]
These include the
CID
, drug squad,
special branch
, firearms,
scene of crime examiners
, traffic, marine and operations units, sections or departments.
On 24 September 2015, the Freedom of the City of Gibraltar was conferred upon the RGP by the Mayor, Adolfo Canepa.
Armed forces
The defence of Gibraltar, as a British territory, is the responsibility of the
national
(
i.e.
, British) government, with its tri-services
British Forces Gibraltar
:
- The
Royal Gibraltar Regiment
provides the army garrison with a detachment of the
British Army
, based at
Devil's Tower Camp
.
[176]
The regiment was originally a part-time reserve force until the British Army placed it on a permanent footing in 1990. The regiment includes full-time and part-time soldiers recruited from Gibraltar as well as British Army regulars posted from other regiments.
- The
Royal Navy
maintains a
squadron of several patrol vessels and craft
at the Rock. The squadron is responsible for the security and integrity of British Gibraltar Territorial Waters (BGTW). The shore establishment at Gibraltar is called
HMS
Rooke
after
Sir George Rooke
, who captured the Rock for
Archduke Charles
(pretender to the Spanish throne) in 1704. The naval air base was named HMS
Cormorant.
Gibraltar's strategic position provides an important facility for the Royal Navy and Britain's allies. British and US nuclear submarines frequently visit the
Z berths
at Gibraltar.
[177]
A
Z berth
provides the facility for nuclear submarines to visit for operational or recreational purposes and for non-nuclear repairs. During the
Falklands War
, an Argentine plan to attack British shipping in the harbour using frogmen (
Operation Algeciras
) was foiled.
[178]
The naval base also played a part in supporting the task force sent by Britain to recover the Falklands.
- The
Royal Air Force
station at Gibraltar forms part of Headquarters British Forces Gibraltar. Although aircraft are no longer permanently stationed at
RAF Gibraltar
, a variety of RAF aircraft make regular visits and the airfield also houses a section from the
Met Office
. The
Gibraltar Air Cadets
is an active squadron.
[179]
In January 2007, the Ministry of Defence announced that the private company
Serco
would provide services to the base. The announcement resulted in the affected trade unions striking.
[
citation needed
]
Gibraltar has an important role in
UKSIGINT
and provides a vital strategic part of the United Kingdom communications gathering and monitoring network in the Mediterranean and North Africa.
[180]
[181]
Historically, Gibraltar was one of four
Imperial fortress
colonies, along with
Bermuda
,
Halifax, Nova Scotia
and
Malta
.
Sister cities
Freedom of the City
The following people, military units, and Groups have received the
Freedom of the City
of Gibraltar.
[183]
Individuals
Military units
Organisations and groups
See also
Notes
- ^
Gibraltar's status as a British territory is disputed by
Spain
, while the
United Nations
regards it as a
Non-Self-Governing Territory
.
[6]
- ^
An ICAO indicator is a unique identifying 4-letter identifier, assigned to airports and airfields. As of September 2018, there were 22,503 ICAO indicator assignments in current use
- ^
A WMO identifier is a unique 5-digit numeric code to identify a land weather station. As of September 2018 there were 18,762 WMO identifier assignments in current use.
- ^
Above mean sea level.
- ^
Despite several sites reporting that tag rugby was invented by Perry Haddock in Australia around 1990 (this is OzTag, a variant of Tag Rugby), Godwin's wrote about the topic seven years prior. Godwin does not mention when the sport began in Gibraltar, but he does explicitly use the term "Tag Rugby" to describe the game.
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External links