??????? ??????

??????? ??????
??????? ??????
?? ???????? : Gertrude Belle Elion
??????????	??? ??????? ?????? ???? ; ??????? (???????) ? ???????? ????????????? ???????
????	??? ?????? ???? (?? ??? ?????) ; Chapel Hill, North Carolina? ???????? ????????????? ???????
???? ???? ??????????	Gertrude Elion
??????	?? ???
????? ???	?????????? ? ????????
????? ???????	Duke University
????????	Hunter College ? New York University ? New York University Tandon School of Engineering ? Walton High School ? Jamaica High School
????????? ??????	???? ????????
???????	National Academy of Sciences ? ????????? ???????? ????? ? ????? ? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ? ????????? ???????
?????	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1988/elion/biographical/
	?? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ???

??????? ≪?????≫ ???? ?????? ^[?] (?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? - ?????? ??? ?????? ????) ????? ????????? ? ??????????? ??????? ???. ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????.

??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????. ^[?] ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? . ^[?]

??????? ???? [ ???????? ]

??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ? ???????? ????????????? ??????? . ????? ???????? ???? ??? ? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???. ????????? ?? ???? ????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????. ^[?] ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????? ????? ???. ^[?] ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ??????. ^[?]^[?]^[?]^[?]

??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????. ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????????. ^[??] ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????. ^[??] ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????/????????? ?????.

?????????? [ ???????? ]

^ "Gertrude Elion | Jewish Women's Archive" . jwa.org . Retrieved 2019-04-09 .
^ Adams, Patrick, Meet the woman who gave the world antiviral drugs , National Geographic , August 31, 2020
^ Kresge, Nicole; Simoni, Robert D.; Hill, Robert L. (May 9, 2008). "Developing the Purine Nucleoside Analogue Acyclovir: the Work of Gertrude B. Elion" . J. Biol. Chem . 283 (19): e11 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 .
^ Stille, Darlene R. (1995). Extraordinary Women Scientists . Childrens Press.
^ "Gertrude Elion | Jewish Women's Archive" . jwa.org . Retrieved 2019-04-09 .
^ "Gertrude Elion, M.Sc. Biography and Interview" . www.achievement.org . American Academy of Achievement .
^ Koeing, Rick (2006). "The Legacy of Great Science: The Work of Nobel Laureate Gertrude Elion Lives On". The Oncologist . 11 (9): 961?965. doi : 10.1634/theoncologist.11-9-961 . PMID 17030634 .
^ Larsen, Kristine. "Gertrude Elion 1918?1999" . Jewish Women's Archive Encyclopedia . Retrieved November 1, 2016 .
^ Bertha and Gertrude Elion | Jewish Women's Archive . Jwa.org. Retrieved on May 12, 2014.
^ Avery, Mary Ellen (2008-12-12). "Gertrude Belle Elion. 23 January 1918 ? 21 February 1999" . Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society (?? ????????). 54 : 161?168. doi : 10.1098/rsbm.2007.0051 . ISSN 0080-4606 .
^ "George Hitchings and Gertrude Elion" . Science History Institute . June 2016 . Retrieved 20 March 2018 .

??????? ??????????? [ ???????? ]

[jwa.org-1] "Gertrude Elion | Jewish Women's Archive" . jwa.org . Retrieved 2019-04-09 .

[2] Adams, Patrick, Meet the woman who gave the world antiviral drugs , National Geographic , August 31, 2020

[3] Kresge, Nicole; Simoni, Robert D.; Hill, Robert L. (May 9, 2008). "Developing the Purine Nucleoside Analogue Acyclovir: the Work of Gertrude B. Elion" . J. Biol. Chem . 283 (19): e11 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 .

[Stille-4] Stille, Darlene R. (1995). Extraordinary Women Scientists . Childrens Press.

[jwa.org2-5] "Gertrude Elion | Jewish Women's Archive" . jwa.org . Retrieved 2019-04-09 .

[6] "Gertrude Elion, M.Sc. Biography and Interview" . www.achievement.org . American Academy of Achievement .

[:0-7] Koeing, Rick (2006). "The Legacy of Great Science: The Work of Nobel Laureate Gertrude Elion Lives On". The Oncologist . 11 (9): 961?965. doi : 10.1634/theoncologist.11-9-961 . PMID 17030634 .

[Larsen-8] Larsen, Kristine. "Gertrude Elion 1918?1999" . Jewish Women's Archive Encyclopedia . Retrieved November 1, 2016 .

[9] Bertha and Gertrude Elion | Jewish Women's Archive . Jwa.org. Retrieved on May 12, 2014.

[:1-10] Avery, Mary Ellen (2008-12-12). "Gertrude Belle Elion. 23 January 1918 ? 21 February 1999" . Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society (?? ????????). 54 : 161?168. doi : 10.1098/rsbm.2007.0051 . ISSN 0080-4606 .

[CHF-11] "George Hitchings and Gertrude Elion" . Science History Institute . June 2016 . Retrieved 20 March 2018 .

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