L?k-s??
(歷史) se ngieng-geu teng go-d?? gau hieng-cai si?h c??ng se??-?k gi huak-di?ng guo-tiang gi ing-ung ku?-h?k, ngieng-geu huang-ui c?ng kuak, duai-buo-hong c?k-d??ng di?h
ne?ng
gi sia-huoi u?k-dong, ia b?u-guak ce??-iong-gai gi no?h. Go-d?? s?-i? ke??k ne?ng ge dek beng-chi? b??-cong gi se??-giong d? o s?i m?u c??ng hing-sek ge-lu?h; g?k ing-loi huak-ming
ung-ce
ge-cai se??-giong c? seng huak-s?ng gi l?k-s?? co ho? l?? "
s??-cieng
".
S??-hu?ng
ng??-ngiong
di?-sie gi "
history
" se teng
G? H?-le-na?-ng??
gi "
ιστορ?α
" (
historia
), e-se?? co se "t?ng-guo dieu-c?, ge-lu?h, g?ng-s?k li h?k-s?k h??k-ci? baik-duong."
H?-lo?-d??-daik
gae?ng
Si?-s??-d??-daik
L?k-s??-h?k gi ngieng-geu hu?ng-huak se l?k-s??-h?k-g? s?i-e??ng nguong-s?? cai-laiu li ngieng-geu l?k-s?? beng-chi? gae?ng ? si? gia li ci? guo-tiang dai-d?ng s? ch?i-e??ng gi ge-s?k.
G? H?-le-na?
gi
H?-lo?-d??-daik
(
Herodotus
) ke??k haiu-sie ne?ng ch?ng co? "l?k-s??-h?k c? ho". Bok-guo, tau cieh ch?i-e??ng ku?-h?k hu?ng-huak ngieng-geu l?k-s?? gi ne?ng se ? de?ng si-dai gi
Si?-s??-d??-daik
(
Thucydides
). Si?-s??-d??-daik gae?ng H?-lo?-d??-daik ma?-liong, ? neng-ui l?k-s?? se ing-loi s?ng-d?k gae?ng heng-dong gi s?ng-?k, go-ch?? ? c?k-d??ng ngieng-geu l?k-s?? se??-giong gi k?-?ng gae?ng haiu-gu?. G?k ? gi l?k-s??-h?k hu?ng-huak di?-sie, Si?-s??-d??-daik giong-dieu pi?ng-nieng-h?k (ceu se ang si-g?ng che??-se?? ba?-li?k se??-giong), d??ng-l?k gi gu?ng-di?ng, beng-chi? neng-ui ing-loi sie-gai se ing-loi u?k-dong gi s?ng-?k.
?u-ci?
ngie-s?u,
D??ng-guok
Hang-dieu
gi
S??-m? Chi?ng
(司馬遷) ia ke??k neng-ui se D??ng-guok l?k-s??-h?k c? ho. Haiu-sie gi D??ng-guok-ne?ng d? piang ? ≪
S?? Ge
≫ gi iong-sek si? s??-c??.
Teng
D??ng-sie-g?
gau
Ung-ngie hok-h?ng
si-g?, ?u-ci? gi l?k-s??-h?k-g? d??-so ch?i-e??ng c?ng-gau gu?ng-di?ng ngieng-geu l?k-s??. Dai-m?? 19 sie-g? c? haiu,
Daik-guok
diek-h?k-g?
Haik-gah-?
(
Hegel
) ciah ci?ng diek-h?k gae?ng
sie-s??k
hu?ng-huak dai di? l?k-s??-h?k gi ngieng-geu.
G?ng-dang-n?k gi l?k-s??-h?k-g? k?i-di?ng ngieng-geu g??ng-cauk seng-haiu, ek-bu?ng a? muong a-d?? g?i cieh ong-da?:
- Si-g?ng
: ci? cai-laiu gi lai-nguong (mo? laung se c??-mieng go se k?u-teu) se mieh-no?h si-dai co? chiang gi?
- De-di?ng
: ci? cai-laiu g?k di?-n?? co? chiang gi?
- Cauk-ci?
: ci? cai-laiu se de??ng co? chiang gi?
- H?ng-sek
: ci? cai-laiu bo se g?ng-ge?? sie-no?h gaing c? gi cai-laiu co? chiang gi?
- Uong-c?ng-seng
: ci? cai-laiu dek nguong-s?? gi hing-sek se di? ku?ng?
- C?ng-s?k-seng
: ci? cai-laiu gi no?i-??ng o nuai c?ng?
C? l??k cieh ong-da?: seng se cieh ong-da? ho? l?? "g??-gek k??-ceng"; da? ngo cieh ho? l?? "d??-gek k??-ceng"; seng ngo cieh biang l?? miang co? "nguoi-buo k??-ceng", mu?i cieh ho? l?? "no?i-buo k??-ceng."