Dinosaure amb plomes

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Els dinosaures amb plomes o dinosaures plumifers [1] es consideren fossils de transicio entre els dinosaures classics i aus . [2] [3] Era ja conegut que les aus antigues com Archaeopteryx tenien moltes caracteristiques de reptil , com a dents , i arpes en els seus dits, i molts anys abans havia estat teoritzat que els ocells descendien de dinosaures teropodes . A la fi dels anys 1990 , els descobriments de dinosaures amb plomes a la Xina van proporcionar la prova concloent de la connexio, encara que els detalls genealogics encara estiguin sent dilucidats. S'ha demostrat de moltes formes la relacio de descendencia entre aus i dinosaures, ja que la seva similitud morfologica quant al crani , el maluc , les potes i les extremitats superiors es molt notable. Les aus son clarament monofiletiques i els seus primers representants es troben en el Jurassic ( Protoavis , un fossil controvertit del finals del Triasic , es considerat no aviari per la majoria dels paleontolegs).

Generes de dinosaures amb plomes [ modifica ]

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Des de 1996 fins ara s'han descrit mes de 30 generes de dinosaures no aviaris amb ploma o protoploma preservades en llurs fossils:

  1. Avimimus * (inferit el 1987) [4] [5]
  2. Sinosauropteryx (1996) [6]
  3. Protarchaeopteryx (1997) [7]
  4. Caudipteryx (1998) [8]
  5. Rahonavis * (1998) [9]
  6. Shuvuuia * (1999) [10]
  7. Sinornithosaurus (1999) [11]
  8. Beipiaosaurus (1999) [12]
  9. Microraptor (2000) [13]
  10. Nomingia * (2000) [14]
  11. Cryptovolans (2002) [15]
  12. Scansoriopteryx (2002) [16]
  13. Epidendrosaurus (2002) [17]
  14. Psittacosaurus sp.? (2002) [18]
  15. Yixianosaurus (2003) [19]
  16. Dilong (2004) [20]
  17. Pedopenna (2005) [21]
  18. Jinfengopteryx (2005) [22] [23]
  19. Juravenator (2006) [24] [25]
  20. Sinocalliopteryx (2007) [26]
  21. Velociraptor * (inferit el 2007: protuberancias de canones de plumas) [27]
  22. Epidexipteryx (2008) [28]
  23. Similicaudipteryx (inferit el 2008: pigostilo; confirmado en 2010) [29] [30]
  24. Anchiornis (2009) [31]
  25. ¿ Tianyulong ? (2009) [32]
  26. Concavenator corcovatus ? (inferit el 2010) [33]
  27. Yutyrannus (2012) [34]
  28. Sciurumimus (2012) [35]
  29. Ornithomimus (2012) [36]
  30. Ningyuansaurus (2012) [37]
  31. Eosinopteryx (2013) [38]
  32. Citipati (inferit el 2013: pigostilo) [39]
  33. Conchoraptor (infererido en 2013: pigostilo) [39]
  34. Jianchangosaurus (2013) [40]
  35. Aurornis (2013; posible avial) [41]
  36. Changyuraptor (2014) [42]
  37. ¿ Kulindadromeus ? (2014) [43]
  38. Citipati (inferido 2014: pigostilo) [44]
  39. Conchoraptor (inferido 2014: pigostilo) [39]
  40. Deinocheirus (inferit el 2014: pigostilo) [45]
  41. Yi qi (2015) [46]
  42. Zhenyuanlong (2015) [47]
  43. Dakotaraptor (inferit el 2015: protuberancias de canones de plumas) [48]
  44. Apatoraptor (2016)
  • Noteu que les estructures filamentoses trobades en alguns dinosaures ornitisquis ( Psittacosaurus , Tianyulong , Kulindadromeus ) i els pterosaures poden o no ser homologues amb les plomes i protoplomes dels teropodes. [32] [49]

Referencies [ modifica ]

  1. ↑ Vila i Alba, 2009 , p. 14.
  2. ↑ St. Fleur , Nicholas ≪ That Thing With Feathers Trapped in Amber? It Was a Dinosaur Tail ≫. New York Times , 08-12-2016 [Consulta: 8 desembre 2016].
  3. ↑ Romey , Kristin ≪ First Dinosaur Tail Found Preserved in Amber ≫. National Geographic Society , 08-12-2016 [Consulta: 12 desembre 2016].
  4. ↑ Kurzanov, S.M. (1987). "Avimimidae and the problem of the origin of birds". Transactions of the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition , 31 : 5-92. [in Russian]
  5. ↑ Chiappe, L.M. and Witmer, L.M. (2002). Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs. Berkeley: University of California Press, 536 pp. ISBN 0-520-20094-2
  6. ↑ Ji, Q., and Ji, S. (1996). "On discovery of the earliest bird fossil in China and the origin of birds". Chinese Geology 10 (233): 30-33.
  7. ↑ Ji, Q., and Ji, S. (1997). "A Chinese archaeopterygian, Protarchaeopteryx gen. nov". Geological Science and Technology (Di Zhi Ke Ji) , 238 : 38-41. Translated By Will Downs Bilby Research Center Northern Arizona University January, 2001
  8. ↑ Qiang, J., .Currie, P.J., Norell., M.A. & Shu-An, J., 1998. Two feathered dinosaursfrom northeastern China. Nature 393 753-761.
  9. ↑ Forster , Catherine A.; Sampson, Scott D.; Chiappe, Luis M. & Krause, David W. ≪The Theropod Ancestry of Birds: New Evidence from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar≫. Science , 5358, 1998a, pp. 1915-1919. . doi : 10.1126/science.279.5358.1915 (HTML abstract)
  10. ↑ Schweitzer, Mary Higby, Watt, J.A., Avci, R., Knapp, L., Chiappe, L, Norell, Mark A., Marshall, M. (1999). "Beta-Keratin Specific Immunological reactivity in Feather-Like Structures of the Cretaceous Alvarezsaurid, Shuvuuia deserti Journal of Experimental Biology (Mol Dev Evol) 255:146-157
  11. ↑ Xu, X., Wang, X., Wu, X., 1999. A dromaeosaurid dinosaur with a filamentous integument from the Yixian Formation of China. Nature 401:6750 262-266 doi 10.1038/45769
  12. ↑ Xu. X., Zhao, X., Clark, J.M., 1999. A new therizinosaur from the Lower Jurassic lower Lufeng Formation of Yunnan, China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21:3 477-483 doi 10.1671/0272-4634
  13. ↑ Xu, X., Zhou, Z., and Wang, X. (2000). "The smallest known non-avian theropod dinosaur". Nature , 408 (December): 705-708. [1]
  14. ↑ Barsbold, R., Osmolska, H., Watabe, M., Currie, P.J., and Tsogtbaatar, K. (2000). "New Oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) From Mongolia: The First Dinosaur With A Pygostyle". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica , 45 (2): 97-106.
  15. ↑ Czerkas, S.A., Zhang, D., Li, J., and Li, Y.. ≪ Flying Dromaeosaurs ≫. A: Czerkas, S.J.. Feathered Dinosaurs and the Origin of Flight: The Dinosaur Museum Journal 1 . Blanding: The Dinosaur Museum, 2002, p. 16-26.  
  16. ↑ Czerkas, S.A., and Yuan, C. (2002). "An arboreal maniraptoran from northeast China." Pp. 63-95 in Czerkas, S.J. (Ed.), Feathered Dinosaurs and the Origin of Flight. The Dinosaur Museum Journal 1 . The Dinosaur Museum, Blanding, U.S.A. PDF abridged version
  17. ↑ Zhang, F., Zhou, Z., Xu, X. & Wang, X. (2002). "A juvenile coelurosaurian theropod from China indicates arboreal habits". Naturwissenschaften , 89 (9): 394-398. doi=10.1007 /s00114-002-0353-8.
  18. ↑ Mayr , Gerald; Peters , Stefan; Plodowski , Gerhard; Vogel , Olaf ≪Bristle-like integumentary structures at the tail of the horned dinosaur Psittacosaurus ≫. Naturwissenschaften , 89, 8, 2002, pag. 361-365. Bibcode : 2002NW.....89..361M . DOI : 10.1007/s00114-002-0339-6 . PMID : 12435037 .
  19. ↑ Xu, X. and Wang, X.-L. (2003). "A new maniraptoran from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning". Vertebrata PalAsiatica , 41 (3): 195-202.
  20. ↑ Xu, X., Norell, M. A., Kuang, X., Wang, X., Zhao, Q., Jia, C. ≪ Basal tyrannosauroids from China and evidence for protofeathers in tyrannosauroids ≫. Nature , 431, 2004, pag. 680-684. DOI : 10.1038/nature02855 .
  21. ↑ Xu, X., and Zhang, F. (2005). "A new maniraptoran dinosaur from China with long feathers on the metatarsus". Naturwissenschaften , 92 (4): 173 - 177.
  22. ↑ Ji, Q., Ji, S., Lu, J., You, H., Chen, W., Liu, Y., and Liu, Y. (2005). "First avialan bird from China ( Jinfengopteryx elegans gen. et sp. nov.)". Geological Bulletin of China , 24 (3): 197-205.
  23. ↑ Turner , Alan H.; Pol, Diego; Clarke, Julia A.; Erickson, Gregory M.; and Norell, Mark ≪ A basal dromaeosaurid and size evolution preceding avian flight ≫. Science , 317, 2007, pag. 1378-1381. DOI : 10.1126/science.1144066 . PMID : 17823350 .
  24. ↑ Goehlich U.B., Tischlinger H., Chiappe L.M. ≪ Juravenator starki (Reptilia, Theropoda) ein nuer Raubdinosaurier aus dem Oberjura der Suedlichen Frankenalb (Sueddeutschland): Skelettanatomie und Wiechteilbefunde≫. Archaeopteryx , 24, 2006, pag. 1-26.
  25. ↑ Chiappe , Luis M.; Gohlich , Ursula B. ≪Anatomy of Juravenator starki (Theropoda: Coelurosauria) from the Late Jurassic of Germany≫. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen , 258, 3, 2010, pag. 257-296. DOI : 10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0125 .
  26. ↑ Ji, S., Ji, Q., Lu J., and Yuan, C. (2007). "A new giant compsognathid dinosaur with long filamentous integuments from Lower Cretaceous of Northeastern China". Acta Geologica Sinica , 81 (1): 8-15.
  27. ↑ Turner , A.H.; Makovicky, P.J.; and Norell, M.A. ≪ Feather quill knobs in the dinosaur Velociraptor ≫. Science , 317, 5845, 2007, pag. 1721. DOI : 10.1126/science.1145076 . PMID : 17885130 .
  28. ↑ Zhang, F., Zhou, Z., Xu, X., Wang, X., & Sullivan, C. (2008). "A bizarre Jurassic maniraptoran from China with elongate ribbon-like feathers". Available from Nature Precedings , doi:10.1038/npre.2008.2326.1 [2] .
  29. ↑ He T., Wang X.-L., Zhou Z.-H. ≪A new genus and species of caudipterid dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of western Liaoning, China≫. Vertebrata PalAsiatica , 46, 3, 2008, pag. 178-189.
  30. ↑ Xu , Xing; Zheng , Xiaoting; You , Hailu ≪Exceptional dinosaur fossils show ontogenetic development of early feathers≫. Nature , 464, 7293, 2010, pag. 1338-1341. Bibcode : 2010Natur.464.1338X . DOI : 10.1038/nature08965 . PMID : 20428169 .
  31. ↑ Xu, X., Zhao, Q., Norell, M., Sullivan, C., Hone, D., Erickson, G., Wang, X., Han, F. and Guo, Y. (in press). "A new feathered maniraptoran dinosaur fossil that fills a morphological gap in avian origin". Chinese Science Bulletin , 6 pages, accepted November 15, 2008.
  32. ↑ 32,0 32,1 Zheng , Xiao-Ting; You , Hai-Lu; Xu , Xing; Dong , Zhi-Ming ≪An Early Cretaceous heterodontosaurid dinosaur with filamentous integumentary structures≫. Nature , 458, 7236, 2009, pag. 333-336. Bibcode : 2009Natur.458..333Z . DOI : 10.1038/nature07856 . PMID : 19295609 .
  33. ↑ Ortega , Francisco; Escaso , Fernando; Sanz , Jose L. ≪A bizarre, humped Carcharodontosauria (Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain≫. Nature , 467, 7312, 2010, pag. 203-206. Bibcode : 2010Natur.467..203O . DOI : 10.1038/nature09181 . PMID : 20829793 .
  34. ↑ Xu, X., Wang, K., Zhang, K., Ma, Q., Xing, L., Sullivan, C., Hu, D., Cheng, S., and Wang, S. (2012). " A gigantic feathered dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China. " Nature , 484 : 92-95. doi : 10.1038/nature10906
  35. ↑ Rauhut , O. W. M.; Foth , C.; Tischlinger , H.; Norell , M. A. ≪Exceptionally preserved juvenile megalosauroid theropod dinosaur with filamentous integument from the Late Jurassic of Germany≫. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 109, 29, 2012, pag. 11746. DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1203238109 . <
  36. ↑ Darla K. Zelenitsky, Francois Therrien, Gregory M. Erickson, Christopher L. DeBuhr, Yoshitsugu Kobayashi, David A. Eberth, and Frank Hadfield. Feathered Non-Avian Dinosaurs from North America Provide Insight into Wing Origins. Science 26 October 2012: 338 (6106), 510-514. [DOI:10.1126/science.1225376]
  37. ↑ ≪A new oviraptorosaur from the Yixian Formation of Jianchang, Western Liaoning Province, China≫. Regional Geology of China , 12, 2012, pag. 2102-2107.
  38. ↑ ≪Reduced plumage and flight ability of a new Jurassic paravian theropod from China≫. Nature Communications , 4, 2013, pag. Article number 1394. DOI : 10.1038/ncomms2389 .
  39. ↑ 39,0 39,1 39,2 ≪ Oviraptorosaur tail forms and functions ≫. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica , in press. DOI : 10.4202/app.2012.0093 .
  40. ↑ Hanyong Pu, Yoshitsugu Kobayashi, Junchang Lu, Li Xu, Yanhua Wu, Huali Chang, Jiming Zhang, Songhai Jia ≪An unusual basal therizinosaur dinosaur with an ornithischian dental arrangement from northeastern China≫. PLOS ONE , 8, 5, 2013, pag. Article number e63423. Bibcode : 2013PLoSO...863423P . DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0063423 .
  41. ↑ Pascal Godefroit, Andrea Cau, Hu Dong-Yu, Francois Escuillie, Wu Wenhao, and Gareth Dyke ≪A Jurassic avialan dinosaur from China resolves the early phylogenetic history of birds≫. Nature , 498, 2013, pag. 359-362. DOI : 10.1038/nature12168 .
  42. ↑ Gang Han, Luis M. Chiappe,Shu-An Ji, Michael Habib,Alan H. Turner, Anusuya Chinsamy, Xueling Liu, Lizhuo Han ≪ A new raptorial dinosaur with exceptionally long feathering provides insights into dromaeosaurid flight performance ≫. Nature Communications , 5, 2014, pag. Article number 4382. DOI : 10.1038/ncomms5382 .
  43. ↑ Pascal Godefroit, Sofia M. Sinitsa, Danielle Dhouailly, Yuri L. Bolotsky, Alexander V. Sizov, Maria E. McNamara, Michael J. Benton, Paul Spagna ≪ A Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur from Siberia with both feathers and scales ≫. Science , 25, 345, 2014, pag. 451-455. DOI : 10.1126/science.1253351 .
  44. ↑ W. Scott Persons, IV, Philip J. Currie, and Mark A. Norell ≪ Oviraptorosaur tail forms and functions ≫. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica , 2014. DOI : 10.4202/app.2012.0093 .
  45. ↑ Yuong-Nam Lee, Rinchen Barsbold, Philip J. Currie, Yoshitsugu Kobayashi, Hang-Jae Lee, Pascal Godefroit, Francois Escuillie, and Tsogtbaatar Chinzorig ≪Resolving the long-standing enigmas of a giant ornithomimosaur Deinocheirus mirificus ≫. Nature , 2014. DOI : 10.1038/nature13874 .
  46. ↑ Xu, X.; Zheng, X.; Sullivan, C.; Wang, X.; Xing, L.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, X.; o'Connor, J. K.; Zhang, F.; Pan, Y. (2015). "A bizarre Jurassic maniraptoran theropod with preserved evidence of membranous wings". Nature. [3]
  47. ↑ Lu, Junchang, Brusatte, Stephen L. 2015. A large, short-armed, winged dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China and its implications for feather evolution. Sci. Rep.
  48. ↑ Robert A. DePalma , David A. Burnham, Larry D. Martin, Peter L. Larson and Robert T. Bakker (2015). "The first giant raptor (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) from the Hell Creek Formation". Paleontological Contributions 14 : 1-16
  49. ↑ Czerkas, S.A., and Ji, Q. (2002). "A new rhamphorhynchoid with a headcrest and complex integumentary structures." Pp. 15-41 in: Czerkas, S.J. (Ed.). Feathered Dinosaurs and the Origin of Flight . Blanding, Utah: The Dinosaur Museum. ISBN 1-932075-01-1

Bibliografia [ modifica ]

  • Vila , B.; Alba , D. M. ≪Plomes, dinosaures i ocells. Que fou primer, la ploma o l'ocell?≫. Omnis Cellula , 20, 2009, pag. 10-15.

Vegeu tambe [ modifica ]

Enllacos externs [ modifica ]

Obtingut de ≪ https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dinosaure_amb_plomes&oldid=32769035 ≫