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??????? , ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????, ??????????? ???? ???? ???, ??? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? [???] [???] ??? ?????? ?? ?????????????, ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????, ???????????? ????? ???? ?????-??????? ??-???????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????? [???] [???] ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????, ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? [???]

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  1. ↑ ? ? Klaus Klostermaier 2010 , ??. 604?
  2. ↑ ? ? ? ? ? Mark Juergensmeyer ? Wade Clark Roof 2011 , ??. 271?72?
  3. ↑ Yadav, Garima (????), "Abortion (Hinduism)", Hinduism and Tribal Religions , Encyclopedia of Indian Religions, Springer Netherlands, ?????? 1?3, ????????   978-9402410365 , ????? : 10.1007/978-94-024-1036-5_484-1  
  4. ↑ Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism , Cambridge University Press
  5. ↑ ? ? ? Rita M. Gross (????)? Buddhism After Patriarchy: A Feminist History, Analysis, and Reconstruction of Buddhism বিনামূল্যে নিবন্ধন প্রয়োজন? State University of New York Press? ??????  148 ? ????????   978-1-4384-0513-1 ?  
  6. ↑ ? ? ? ? Shirley Firth (????)? Dying, Death and Bereavement in a British Hindu Community ? Peeters Publishers? ?????? 106, 29?43? ????????   978-90-6831-976-7 ?  
  7. ↑ A.M. Boyer: Etude sur l'origine de la doctrine du samsara. Journal Asiatique, (1901), Volume 9, Issue 18, S. 451?53, 459?68
  8. ↑ Yuvraj Krishan: . Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1997, ????????   ???-??-???-????-?
  9. ↑ ? ? ? A.M. Boyer (1901), Etude sur l'origine de la doctrine du samsara, Journal Asiatique, Volume 9, Issue 18, pp. 451?53, 459?68
  10. ↑ ? ? ? Stephen J. Laumakis 2008 , ??. 90?99?
  11. ↑ ? ? Yuvraj Krishan (????)? The Doctrine of Karma: Its Origin and Development in Br?hma?ical, Buddhist, and Jaina Traditions ? Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan? ?????? 17?27? ????????   978-81-208-1233-8 ?  
  12. ↑ Obeyesekere 2005 , ??. 1?2, 108, 126?28?
  13. ↑ ? ? ? Mark Juergensmeyer ? Wade Clark Roof 2011 , ??. 272?73?
  14. ↑ Michael Myers 2013 , ??. 36?
  15. ↑ Harold Coward 2008 , ??. 103?
  16. ↑ Lochtefeld 2002 , ??. 589?
  17. ↑ ? ? Yuvraj Krishan (1988), Is Karma Evolutionary?, Journal of Indian Council of Philosophical Research, Volume 6, pp. 24?26
  18. ↑ ? ? ? ? Jeaneane D. Fowler 1997 , ??. 10?
  19. ↑ ? ? ? ? ? Monier Monier-Williams (????)? A Sanskrit-English Dictionary ? Oxford University Press? ?????? 1040?41?  
  20. ↑ ? ? Wendy Doniger (????)? Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions ? University of California Press? ??????  268 ?69? ????????   978-0-520-03923-0 ?  
  21. ↑ ? ? Louis de La Vallee-Poussin (????)? The way to Nirvana: six lectures on ancient Buddhism as a discipline of salvation ? Cambridge University Press? ?????? 24?29?  
  22. ↑ Yuvraj Krishan (????)? The Doctrine of Karma: Its Origin and Development in Br?hma?ical, Buddhist, and Jaina Traditions ? Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan? ?????? 11?15? ????????   978-81-208-1233-8 ?  
  23. ↑ ? ? ? Stephen J. Laumakis 2008 , ??. 90?
  24. ↑ Dalal 2010 , ??. 344, 356?57?
  25. ↑ Damien Keown 2004 , ??. 248?
  26. ↑ Katha Upanishad ????????????/?????????? Wikisource
  27. ↑ Shvetashvatara Upanishad ????? ??????? Wikisource
  28. ↑ Maitri Upanishad Wikisource, Quote: ? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ???????
  29. ↑ GA Jacob (1963), A concordance to the Principal Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita , Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 947?48
  30. ↑ Stephen J. Laumakis 2008 , ??. 97?
  31. ↑ Goa, David J.; Coward, Harold G. (????-??-??)? "Hinduism" ? The Canadian Encyclopedia ? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
  32. ↑ James Hastings; John Alexander Selbie; Louis Herbert Gray (????)? Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics ? T. & T. Clark? ?????? 616?18?  
  33. ↑ ? ? ? Jessica Frazier ? Gavin Flood 2011 , ??. 84?86?
  34. ↑ Kusum P. Merh (????)? Yama, the Glorious Lord of the Other World ? Penguin? ?????? 213?15? ????????   978-81-246-0066-5 ?  
  35. ↑ Anita Raina Thapan (????)? The Penguin Swami Chinmyananda Reader ? Penguin Books? ?????? 84?90? ????????   978-0-14-400062-3 ?  
  36. ↑ Patrul Rinpoche; Dalai Lama (????)? The Words of My Perfect Teacher: A Complete Translation of a Classic Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism ? Rowman Altamira? ?????? 95?96? ????????   978-0-7619-9027-7 ?  
  37. ↑ Norman C. McClelland (????)? Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma ? McFarland? ?????? 102?03? ????????   978-0-7864-5675-8 ?  
  38. ↑ Clifton D. Bryant; Dennis L. Peck (????)? Encyclopedia of Death and the Human Experience ? SAGE Publications? ?????? 841?46? ????????   978-1-4522-6616-9 ?  
  39. ↑ Vallee Pussin (????)? The way to Nirvana: six lectures on ancient Buddhism as a discipline of salvation ? Cambridge University Press? ?????? 24?25?  
  40. ↑ Gavin D. Flood (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, ????????   ???-?????????? , p. 86, Quote : “The origin and doctrine of Karma and Samsara are obscure. These concepts were certainly circulating amongst sramanas, and Jainism and Buddhism developed specific and sophisticated ideas about the process of transmigration. It is very possible that the karmas and reincarnation entered the mainstream brahmanical thought from the sramana or the renouncer traditions. Yet, on the other hand, although there is no clear doctrine of transmigration in the vedic hymns, there is the idea of redeath, that a person having died in this world, might die yet again in the next.”
  41. ↑ Padmanabh S. Jaini 2001 “Collected Paper on Buddhist Studies” Motilal Banarsidass, ????????   ??-???-????-? , p. 51, Quote : "Yajnavalkya’s reluctance to discuss the doctrine of karma in public (...) can perhaps be explained by the assumption that it was, like that of the transmigration of soul, of non-brahmanical origin. In view of the fact that this doctrine is emblazoned on almost every page of sramana scriptures, it is highly probable that it was derived from them."
  42. ↑ Govind Chandra Pande, (1994) Life and Thought of Sankaracarya, Motilal Banarsidass ????????   ??-???-????-? , p. 135, Quote : (...) They Sramanas could have been connected with the Harappan Civilization which is itself enigmatic. It seems that some Upanishad thinkers like Yajnavalkya were acquainted with this kind [sramanic] thinking (...) and tried to incorporate these ideas of Karma, Samsara and Moksa into the traditional Vedic thought.
  43. ↑ Wendy Doniger (????)? Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions ? University of California Press? ?????? xvii?xviii? ????????   978-0-520-03923-0 ?   ; Quote : "There was such constant interaction between Vedism and Buddhism in the early period that it is fruitless to attempt to sort out the earlier source of many doctrines, they lived in one another's pockets, like Picasso and Braque (who were, in later years, unable to say which of them had painted certain paintings from their earlier, shared period)."
  44. ↑ Buitenen 1957 , ??. 34?35?
  45. ↑ Mircea Eliade 1987 , ??. 56?57?
  46. ↑ Jessica Frazier ? Gavin Flood 2011 , ??. 18?
  47. ↑ ? ? ? John Bowker 2014 , ??. 84?85?
  48. ↑ Jessica Frazier ? Gavin Flood 2011 , ??. 18?19, 24?25?
  49. ↑ Harold Coward 2012 , ??. 29?31?
  50. ↑ John Geeverghese Arapura 1986 , ??. 85?88?
  51. ↑ Robert S. Ellwood; Gregory D. Alles (????)? The Encyclopedia of World Religions ? Infobase Publishing? ?????? 406?07? ????????   978-1-4381-1038-7 ?  
  52. ↑ ? ? Obeyesekere 1980 , ??. 139?40?
  53. ↑ Klaus Klostermaier, Mok?a and Critical Theory, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 35, No. 1 (Jan., 1985), pp. 61?71
  54. ↑ Norman E. Thomas (April 1988), Liberation for Life: A Hindu Liberation Philosophy, Missiology, Volume 16, Number 2, pp. 149?60
  55. ↑ Gerhard Oberhammer (1994), La Delivrance des cette vie: Jivanmukti, College de France, Publications de l'Institut de Civilisation Indienne. Serie in-8°, Fasc. 61, Edition?Diffusion de Boccard (Paris), ????????   ???-?????????? , pp. 1?9
  56. ↑ M. von Bruck (1986), Imitation or Identification?, Indian Theological Studies, Vol. 23, Issue 2, pp. 95?105
  57. ↑ Paul Deussen , ???? ????? The philosophy of the Upanishads , ??. 356,, pp. 356?57
  58. ↑ Four Noble Truths, Buddhist philosophy , Donald Lopez, Encyclopædia Britannica
  59. ↑ Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (????)? The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism ? Princeton University Press? ?????? 304?05? ????????   978-1-4008-4805-8 ?  
  60. ↑ Michael Myers 2013 , ??. 79?
  61. ↑ ? ? Michael Myers 2013 , ??. 79?80?
  62. ↑ Paul Williams; Anthony Tribe (????)? Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition ? Routledge? ?????? 18?19, chapter 1? ????????   0-415207002 ?  
  63. ↑ Thomas William Rhys Davids; William Stede (????)? Pali?English Dictionary ? Motilal Banarsidass? ?????? 94?95, Entry for ?gati ? ????????   978-81-208-1144-7 ?  
  64. ↑ See:
    [a] Anatta , Encyclopædia Britannica (2013), Quote: "Anatta in Buddhism, the doctrine that there is in humans no permanent, underlying soul. The concept of anatta, or anatman, is a departure from the Hindu belief in atman (“the self”).";
    [b] Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press, ????????   ???-?????????? , p. 64; "Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anatt?, Sanskrit: an?tman, the opposed doctrine of ?tman is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the [Buddhist] doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence.";
    [c] Edward Roer (Translator), ???? ????? Shankara's Introduction , ??. 2, to Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad , pp. 2?4;
    [d] Katie Javanaud (2013), Is The Buddhist ‘No-Self’ Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana? , Philosophy Now;
    [e] David Loy (1982), Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta: Are Nirvana and Moksha the Same?, International Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 23, Issue 1, pp. 65?74;
    [f] KN Jayatilleke (2010), Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge, ????????   ???-?????????? , pp. 246?49, from note 385 onwards;
  65. ↑ ? ? Moksha ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????, Georgetown University
  66. ↑ Stephen J. Laumakis 2008 , ??. 68?70, 125?28, 149?53, 168?76?
  67. ↑ Masao Abe; Steven Heine (????)? Buddhism and Interfaith Dialogue বিনামূল্যে নিবন্ধন প্রয়োজন? University of Hawaii Press? ??????  7 ?8, 73?78? ????????   978-0-8248-1752-7 ?  
  68. ↑ ? ? Loy, David (????)? "Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta: Are Nirvana and Moksha the Same?" ? International Philosophical Quarterly ? 22 (1): 65?74? ????? : 10.5840/ipq19822217 ?  
  69. ↑ Padmanabh S Jaini, George L Jart III (????)? Wendy Doniger, ???????? Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions ? University of California Press? ??????  131 ?33, 228?29? ????????   978-0-520-03923-0 ?  
  70. ↑ Christopher Partridge (????)? Introduction to World Religions ? Fortress Press? ?????? 245?46? ????????   978-0-8006-9970-3 ?  
  71. ↑ George L Jart III (????)? Wendy Doniger, ???????? Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions ? University of California Press? ??????  131 ?33? ????????   978-0-520-03923-0 ?  
  72. ↑ ? ? ? Mark Juergensmeyer ? Wade Clark Roof 2011 , ??. 272?
  73. ↑ Mukul Goel (????)? Devotional Hinduism: Creating Impressions for God ? iUniverse? ?????? 6? ????????   978-0-595-50524-1 ?  
  74. ↑ Christopher Chapple (1986), Karma and creativity, State University of New York Press, ????????   ?-?????-???-? , pp. 60?64
  75. ↑ Jeaneane D. Fowler 1997 , ??. 11?
  76. ↑ ? ? Flood, Gavin (????-??-??)? "Hindu concepts" ? BBC Online ? BBC ? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
  77. ↑ George D. Chryssides; Benjamin E. Zeller (????)? The Bloomsbury Companion to New Religious Movements ? Bloomsbury Academic? ?????? 333? ????????   978-1-4411-9829-7 ?  
  78. ↑ Jeaneane D. Fowler 1997 , ??. 111?12?
  79. ↑ Yong Choon Kim; David H. Freeman (????)? Oriental Thought: An Introduction to the Philosophical and Religious Thought of Asia ? Rowman & Littlefield? ?????? 15?17? ????????   978-0-8226-0365-8 ?  
  80. ↑ Jack Sikora (????)? Religions of India: A User Friendly and Brief Introduction to Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and the Jains ? iUniverse? ?????? 17?19? ????????   978-1-4697-1731-9 ?  
  81. ↑ Harold Coward 2008 , ??. 129?
  82. ↑ Harold Coward 2008 , ??. 129, 130?55?
  83. ↑ Jeaneane D. Fowler 1997 , ??. 10?12, 132?37?
  84. ↑ H Chaudhuri (1954), The Concept of Brahman in Hindu Philosophy, Philosophy East and West, 4(1), pp. 47?66
  85. ↑ M. Hiriyanna (????)? The Essentials of Indian Philosophy ? Motilal Banarsidass? ?????? 24?25, 160?66? ????????   978-81-208-1330-4 ?  
  86. ↑ Jeaneane D. Fowler 2002 , ??. 340?47, 373?75?
  87. ↑ Jeaneane D. Fowler 2002 , ??. 238?40, 243?45, 249?50, 261?63, 279?84?
  88. ↑ Jaini 1980 , ??. 217?36?
  89. ↑ ? ? Paul Dundas (????)? The Jains ? Routledge? ?????? 14?16, 102?05? ????????   978-0415266055 ?  
  90. ↑ Jaini 1980 , ??. 226?28?
  91. ↑ ? ? Tara Sethia (????)? Ahims?, Anek?nta, and Jainism ? Motilal Banarsidass? ?????? 30?31? ????????   978-81-208-2036-4 ?  
  92. ↑ ? ? ? ? Jaini 1980 , ??. 226?
  93. ↑ ? ? Jaini 1980 , ??. 227?
  94. ↑ ? ? Jaini 1980 , ??. 227?28?
  95. ↑ ? ? Paul Dundas (????)? The Jains ? Routledge? ?????? 104?05? ????????   978-0415266055 ?  
  96. ↑ ? ? Jaini 1980 , ??. 225?
  97. ↑ ? ? Jaini 1980 , ??. 228?
  98. ↑ Padmanabh S. Jaini (????)? Collected Papers on Jaina Studies ? Motilal Banarsidass? ?????? 130?31? ????????   978-81-208-1691-6 ?  
  99. ↑ ? ? Jaini 1980 , ??. 223?24?
  100. ↑ ? ? Jaini 1980 , ??. 224?25?
  101. ↑ ? ? Jaini 1980 , ??. 222?23?
  102. ↑ Jeffery D Long (????)? Jainism: An Introduction ? I.B. Tauris? ?????? 36?37? ????????   978-0-85773-656-7 ?  
  103. ↑ ? ? Graham Harvey (????)? Religions in Focus: New Approaches to Tradition and Contemporary Practices ? Routledge? ?????? 182?83? ????????   978-1-134-93690-8 ?  
  104. ↑ Paul Dundas (????)? The Jains ? Routledge? ?????? 55?59? ????????   978-0415266055 ?  
  105. ↑ ? ? Lambert Schmithausen (1991), Buddhism and Nature, Studia Philologica Buddhica, The International Institute for Buddhist Studies, Tokyo Japan, pp. 6?7
  106. ↑ Rod Preece (1999), Animals and Nature: Cultural Myths, Cultural Realities, ????????   ???-?-????-????-? , University of British Columbia Press, pp. 212?17
  107. ↑ Christopher Chapple (1990), Ecological Nonviolence and the Hindu Tradition, in Perspectives on Nonviolence , Springer, ????????   ???-?-????-????-? , pp. 168?77;
    L Alsdorf (1962), Beitrage zur Geschichte von Vegetarismus und Rinderverehrung in Indien, Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, F. Steiner Wiesbaden, pp. 592?93
  108. ↑ Jaini 2000 , ??. 130?31?
  109. ↑ Sethia 2004 , ??. 30?31?
  110. ↑ ? ? Dundas 2002 , ??. 104?05?
  111. ↑ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Jeff Wilson (????)? Sa?s?ra and Rebirth, in Buddhism ? Oxford University Press? ????????   978-0195393521 ? ????? : 10.1093/obo/9780195393521-0141 ?  
  112. ↑ Edward Conze (????)? Buddhist Thought in India: Three Phases of Buddhist Philosophy ? Routledge? ?????? 71? ????????   978-1-134-54231-4 ?   , Quote: "Nirvana is the raison d’etre of Buddhism, and its ultimate justification."
  113. ↑ Gethin 1998 , ??. 119?
  114. ↑ Patrul Rinpoche; Dalai Lama (????)? The Words of My Perfect Teacher: A Complete Translation of a Classic Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism ? Rowman Altamira? ?????? 61?99? ????????   978-0-7619-9027-7 ?  
  115. ↑ Williams 2002 , ??. 74?75?
  116. ↑ Paul Williams, Anthony Tribe ??? Alexander Wynne 2012 , ??. 30?42?
  117. ↑ Robert Buswell Jr. ? Donald Lopez Jr. 2013 , ??. 304?05?
  118. ↑ Peter Harvey (????)? Steven M. Emmanuel, ???????? A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy ? John Wiley & Sons? ?????? 26?44? ????????   978-1-119-14466-3 ?   Quote: "the first features described as painful [dukkha] in the above DCPS [Dhamma-cakka-pavatana Sutta in Vinaya Pitaka ] quote are basic biological aspects of being alive, each of which can be traumatic. The dukkha of these is compounded by the rebirth perspective of Buddhism, for this involves repeated re-birth, re-aging, re-sickness, and re-death."
  119. ↑ ? ? ? ? Kevin Trainor (????)? Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide ? Oxford University Press? ?????? 62?63? ????????   978-0-19-517398-7 ?   ; Quote: "Buddhist doctrine holds that until they realize nirvana, beings are bound to undergo rebirth and redeath due to their having acted out of ignorance and desire, thereby producing the seeds of karma".
  120. ↑ Dalai Lama 1992 , ??. xi?xii, 5?16?
  121. ↑ Robert DeCaroli (????)? Haunting the Buddha: Indian Popular Religions and the Formation of Buddhism ? Oxford University Press? ?????? 94?103? ????????   978-0-19-803765-1 ?  
  122. ↑ Akira Sadakata (????)? Buddhist Cosmology: Philosophy and Origins ? K?sei Publishing ?成出版社, Tokyo? ?????? 68?70? ????????   978-4-333-01682-2 ?  
  123. ↑ ? ? Steven Collins (????)? Nirvana: Concept, Imagery, Narrative ? Cambridge University Press? ?????? 38? ????????   978-0-521-88198-2 ?  
  124. ↑ Carl B. Becker (????)? Breaking the Circle: Death and the Afterlife in Buddhism ? Southern Illinois University Press? ?????? viii, 57?59? ????????   978-0-8093-1932-9 ?  
  125. ↑ Frank J. Hoffman (????)? Rationality and Mind in Early Buddhism ? Motilal Banarsidass? ?????? 103?06? ????????   978-81-208-1927-6 ?  
  126. ↑ ? ? ? ? Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair (????)? Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed ? Bloomsbury Academic? ?????? 145?46, 181, 220? ????????   978-1-4411-5366-1 ?  
  127. ↑ ? ? W.O. Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (????)? Sikhism and Christianity: A Comparative Study ? Springer? ?????? 13?14? ????????   978-1-349-23049-5 ?  
  128. ↑ Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair (????)? Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed ? Bloomsbury Academic? ?????? 176? ????????   978-1-4411-5366-1 ?  
  129. ↑ H. S. Singha (????)? The Encyclopedia of Sikhism ? Hemkunt Press? ?????? 68, 80? ????????   978-81-7010-301-1 ?  
  130. ↑ Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (????)? The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies ? Oxford University Press? ?????? 231, 607? ????????   978-0-19-100411-7 ?  
  131. ↑ James Thrower (????)? Religion: The Classical Theories ? Georgetown University Press? ?????? 40? ????????   978-0-87840-751-4 ?  
  132. ↑ J. S. Grewal (????)? Religious Movements and Institutions in Medieval India ? Oxford University Press? ?????? 394?95? ????????   978-0-19-567703-4 ?  
  133. ↑ Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (????)? The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies ? Oxford University Press? ?????? 230?31? ????????   978-0-19-100411-7 ?  

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