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???????? (??? ?????? ?? ?????????? , ?????? ????? , ???????????? ???????? , ?????? ?????????? , ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????) ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????, ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???, ^[?]^[?] ??? ??????? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ^[?]

"??? ?????" ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? , ??????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????, ???????? ??????? ???????????? (??????) ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????, ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ^[?] ? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? -?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ^[?]^[?] ???????????? ????? ???? ???? ????? '? ???? ????? ????, ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? , ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ^[?]^[?]

???? ? ???????? ?????? [ ???????? ]

???? ???? x?n?o (洗腦，"???????? ?????") ^[?] ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????, ??? ?????? ??? (??????? ??????? ????????) "???????????????" ????????? ???? ??????? "???? ???????" ?????? ?????????? ????? ^[??] ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? "?????/?? ????????/?????" ( x?x?n ,洗心) ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ^[?]

????????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? "????? ???????" ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????,???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ^[??] ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? (????-????) ???? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ^[??] ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ????? ^[??]^[??] ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ^[??]

??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? -?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????????:

?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???????????? ??-???????? ?????????? ??? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????

???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????, ????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????????????????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????(??????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ????????: ? ?????? ?? "????? ???????" ?? ?????? , ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????) ????? ????? ??? ?? ???????????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???, "????????" ?? ???????? ??????? ????????

???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????, ??????????????, ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????, ?? ?????????? ???? "???????? ??? ?????" ??? ?????? ????????????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? "???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? '????????' ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????"

????????? ?????? [ ???????? ]

???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? [ ???????? ]

???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? (???? ) ????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ? ???????????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? (???????????) ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ^[??] ??? ?????????? ???????? ???: ^[??]

?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ? ???????????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???, ???????? ? ???????????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????

?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ?? ???????? (?????????) ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???????? "???? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ? ???????, ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ???? ??????" ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? "???? ???????? ???, ????????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ?????????????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????" ^[??]

???? [ ???????? ]

↑ Note: x?n can mean "heart", "mind" or "centre" depending on context. For example, x?n zang bing means Cardiovascular disease , but x?n l? y? sh?ng means psychologist , and shi zh?ng x?n means Central business district .

????????? [ ???????? ]

↑ Corsini, Raymond J. (????)? The Dictionary of Psychology ? Psychology Press? ?????? 127?
↑ Kowal, D.M. (????)? "Brainwashing"? Love, A.E.? Encyclopedia of Psychology ? 1 ? American Psychological Association? ?????? 463?464? ????? : 10.1037/10516-173 ?
↑ Campbell, Robert Jean (????)? Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary ? USA: Oxford University Press? ?????? 403 ?
↑ Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Religion ? 2 ? Gyan Publishing House? ?????
↑ Wright, Stuart (???????? ????)? "Media coverage of unconventional religion: Any "good news" for minority faiths?"? Review of Religious Research ? 39 (2): 101?115? ??????? 3512176 ? ????? : 10.2307/3512176 ?
↑ Melton, J. Gordon (?? ???????? ????)? "Brainwashing and the Cults: The rise and fall of a theory" ? Center for Studies on New Religions (CESNUR) ? ???????? ????? ? ?????????? ???? ? Since the late 1980s, though a significant public belief in cult-brainwashing remains, the academic community-including scholars from psychology, sociology, and religious studies-have shared an almost unanimous consensus that the coercive persuasion / brainwashing thesis proposed by Margaret Singer and her colleagues in the 1980s is without scientific merit.
↑ Usarski, Frank (? ???????? ????)? Cresswell, Jamie; Wilson, Bryan, ?????????? New Religious Movements: Challenge and Response (?????? ??????)? Routledge? ?????? 238? ???????? 9781134636969 ? ... there has been until now a lack of any convincing scientific evidence which can be applied in a generalised form to show that involvement in a New Religious Movement has any destructive consequences for the psyche of the individual concerned. ... The fact that, in all the ensuing years, no one has succeeded in verifying beyond reasonable doubt any of these claims, has however, never been regarded as a reason to exonerate the groups in any way. ... Thus, up to the time of writing, there has not been one single successful, legal conviction of the Scientology Church, even though this group has come to be regarded as the most dangerous of the new religious organisations. ... The fact that even long-term investigations have as yet failed to produce the desired results continues to be ignored.
↑ American Psychiatric Association? DSM-5 ?
↑ "Word dictionary - 洗腦 - MDBG English to Chinese dictionary" ? mdbg.net ?
↑ Taylor, Kathleen (????)? Brainwashing: The Science of Thought Control ? Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press? ?????? 5? ???????? 978-0-19-920478-6 ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?
↑ Marks, John (????)? "Chapter 8. Brainwashing" ? The Search for the Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and mind control ? New York: Times Books? ???????? 978-0-8129-0773-5 ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ? In September 1950, the Miami News published an article by Edward Hunter titled ‘"Brain-Washing" Tactics Force Chinese into Ranks of Communist Party’. It was the first printed use in any language of the term "brainwashing", Hunter, a CIA propaganda operator who worked undercover as a journalist, turned out a steady stream of books and articles on the subject.
↑ Browning, Michael (????-??-??)? "Was kidnapped Utah teen brainwashed?"? Palm Beach Post ? Palm Beach? ???????? 1528-5758 ? During the Korean War, captured American soldiers were subjected to prolonged interrogations and harangues by their captors, who often worked in relays and used the "good-cop, bad-cop" approach ? alternating a brutal interrogator with a gentle one. It was all part of "Xi Nao" ( washing the brain ). The Chinese and Koreans were making valiant attempts to convert the captives to the communist way of thought.
↑ Ford, R.C. (????)? Captured in Tibet ? Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press ? ???????? 978-0-19-581570-2 ?
↑ Ford, R.C. (????)? Wind between the Worlds: Captured in Tibet ? SLG Books? ???????? 978-0-9617066-9-2 ?
↑ "Red germ charges cite 2 U.S. Marines" (??????) ? The New York Times ? ?? ??????????? ???? ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?
↑ As archived at http://www.cesnur.org/testi/DIMPAC.htm , retrieved 2008-06-23
↑ American Psychological Association Board of Social and Ethical Responsibility for Psychology (BSERP) (????-??-??)? "Memorandum" ? CESNUR: APA Memo of 1987 with Enclosures ? CESNUR Center for Studies on New Religions ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ? BSERP requests that Task Force members not distribute or publicize the report without indicating that the report was unacceptable to the Board.
↑ American Psychological Association Board of Social and Ethical Responsibility for Psychology (BSERP) (????-??-??)? "Memorandum" ? CESNUR: APA Memo of 1987 with Enclosures ? CESNUR Center for Studies on New Religion ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ? BSERP thanks the Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Methods of Persuasion and Control for its service but is unable to accept the report of the Task Force. In general, the report lacks the scientific rigor and evenhanded critical approach necessary for APA imprimatur.

????????? [ ???????? ]

Communist Interrogation, Indoctrination, and Exploitation of Prisoners of War 1956

[11] Note: x?n can mean "heart", "mind" or "centre" depending on context. For example, x?n zang bing means Cardiovascular disease , but x?n l? y? sh?ng means psychologist , and shi zh?ng x?n means Central business district .

[1] Corsini, Raymond J. (????)? The Dictionary of Psychology ? Psychology Press? ?????? 127?

[2] Kowal, D.M. (????)? "Brainwashing"? Love, A.E.? Encyclopedia of Psychology ? 1 ? American Psychological Association? ?????? 463?464? ????? : 10.1037/10516-173 ?

[3] Campbell, Robert Jean (????)? Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary ? USA: Oxford University Press? ?????? 403 ?

[4] Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Religion ? 2 ? Gyan Publishing House? ?????

[5] Wright, Stuart (???????? ????)? "Media coverage of unconventional religion: Any "good news" for minority faiths?"? Review of Religious Research ? 39 (2): 101?115? ??????? 3512176 ? ????? : 10.2307/3512176 ?

[Melton-6] Melton, J. Gordon (?? ???????? ????)? "Brainwashing and the Cults: The rise and fall of a theory" ? Center for Studies on New Religions (CESNUR) ? ???????? ????? ? ?????????? ???? ? Since the late 1980s, though a significant public belief in cult-brainwashing remains, the academic community-including scholars from psychology, sociology, and religious studies-have shared an almost unanimous consensus that the coercive persuasion / brainwashing thesis proposed by Margaret Singer and her colleagues in the 1980s is without scientific merit.

[7] Usarski, Frank (? ???????? ????)? Cresswell, Jamie; Wilson, Bryan, ?????????? New Religious Movements: Challenge and Response (?????? ??????)? Routledge? ?????? 238? ???????? 9781134636969 ? ... there has been until now a lack of any convincing scientific evidence which can be applied in a generalised form to show that involvement in a New Religious Movement has any destructive consequences for the psyche of the individual concerned. ... The fact that, in all the ensuing years, no one has succeeded in verifying beyond reasonable doubt any of these claims, has however, never been regarded as a reason to exonerate the groups in any way. ... Thus, up to the time of writing, there has not been one single successful, legal conviction of the Scientology Church, even though this group has come to be regarded as the most dangerous of the new religious organisations. ... The fact that even long-term investigations have as yet failed to produce the desired results continues to be ignored.

[8] American Psychiatric Association? DSM-5 ?

[9] "Word dictionary - 洗腦 - MDBG English to Chinese dictionary" ? mdbg.net ?

[10] Taylor, Kathleen (????)? Brainwashing: The Science of Thought Control ? Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press? ?????? 5? ???????? 978-0-19-920478-6 ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?

[12] Marks, John (????)? "Chapter 8. Brainwashing" ? The Search for the Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and mind control ? New York: Times Books? ???????? 978-0-8129-0773-5 ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ? In September 1950, the Miami News published an article by Edward Hunter titled ‘"Brain-Washing" Tactics Force Chinese into Ranks of Communist Party’. It was the first printed use in any language of the term "brainwashing", Hunter, a CIA propaganda operator who worked undercover as a journalist, turned out a steady stream of books and articles on the subject.

[13] Browning, Michael (????-??-??)? "Was kidnapped Utah teen brainwashed?"? Palm Beach Post ? Palm Beach? ???????? 1528-5758 ? During the Korean War, captured American soldiers were subjected to prolonged interrogations and harangues by their captors, who often worked in relays and used the "good-cop, bad-cop" approach ? alternating a brutal interrogator with a gentle one. It was all part of "Xi Nao" ( washing the brain ). The Chinese and Koreans were making valiant attempts to convert the captives to the communist way of thought.

[14] Ford, R.C. (????)? Captured in Tibet ? Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press ? ???????? 978-0-19-581570-2 ?

[15] Ford, R.C. (????)? Wind between the Worlds: Captured in Tibet ? SLG Books? ???????? 978-0-9617066-9-2 ?

[16] "Red germ charges cite 2 U.S. Marines" (??????) ? The New York Times ? ?? ??????????? ???? ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?

[17] As archived at http://www.cesnur.org/testi/DIMPAC.htm , retrieved 2008-06-23

[18] American Psychological Association Board of Social and Ethical Responsibility for Psychology (BSERP) (????-??-??)? "Memorandum" ? CESNUR: APA Memo of 1987 with Enclosures ? CESNUR Center for Studies on New Religions ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ? BSERP requests that Task Force members not distribute or publicize the report without indicating that the report was unacceptable to the Board.

[19] American Psychological Association Board of Social and Ethical Responsibility for Psychology (BSERP) (????-??-??)? "Memorandum" ? CESNUR: APA Memo of 1987 with Enclosures ? CESNUR Center for Studies on New Religion ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ? BSERP thanks the Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Methods of Persuasion and Control for its service but is unable to accept the report of the Task Force. In general, the report lacks the scientific rigor and evenhanded critical approach necessary for APA imprimatur.

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