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??????????? ???? ????????? ??????? [ ???????? ]

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??-?????? ????? [ ???????? ]

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??-?????? ?????? [ ???????? ]

?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? (limbs) ????? ????? ???? ?????? (??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????), ??? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ????:???? ????? ?????? 120° ???? 180°, ???? ???? (open folds) ???° ???? ??°, ?????? ???? (close folds) ??° ???? ??° ??? ??????? ????????? (tight folds) ??° ???? ?° ???? ????? ^[?] ????????? ( Isoclines ) ?? ??????????? ????????? ( isoclinal folds ) ????:???? ??? ??° ???? ?° ?? ????? ??? ???????? ????????????????? ????????? ???? ?????

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??-????-?? ???? ????? ????????????? ??????

??????	?????? C	???????
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2	C inner = C outer	????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????????: ???? ????
3	C inner < C outer	????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????

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???? [ ???????? ]

1. ↑ DD Pollard; RC Fletcher (????)? "Figure 3.14: Geometric attributes of folded geological surfaces"? Fundamentals of Structural Geology ? Cambridge University Press? ?????? 92? ????????   0-521-83927-0 ?  
2. ↑ For a discussion of fold nomenclature, see for example, Robert J. Twiss; Eldridge M. Moores (????)? Structural geology (2nd ???????)? Macmillan? ?????? 220?221? ????????   0-7167-2252-6 ?  
3. ↑ Sudipta Sengupta; Subir Kumar Ghosh; Kshitindramohan Naha (????)? Evolution of geological structures in micro- to macro-scales ? Springer? ?????? 222? ????????   0-412-75030-9 ?  
4. ↑ RG Park (????)? "Fold axis and axial plane"? Foundations of structural geology (3rd ???????)? Routledge? ?????? 26? ????????   0-7487-5802-X ?  
5. ↑ Lisle, Richard J (????)? "Folding"? Geological Structures and Maps: 3rd Edition ? Elsevier? ??????  33 ? ????????   0-7506-5780-4 ?  
6. ↑ See, for example, R. G. Park (????)? "Figure 3.12: Fold classification based upon dip diagrams"? Foundations of structural geology (3rd ???????)? Routledge? ?????? 31 ff ? ????????   0-7487-5802-X ?  
7. ↑ Neville J. Price; John W. Cosgrove (????)? "Figure 10.14: Classification of fold profiles using dip isogon patterns"? Analysis of geological structures ? Cambridge University Press? ?????? 246? ????????   0-521-31958-7 ?  
8. ↑ ^{? ?} Park, R.G. (????)? Foundation of Structural Geology (3 ???????)? Routledge? ?????? 33? ????????   978-0-7487-5802-9 ?  
9. ↑ Ramsay, J.G.; Huber M.I. (????)? The techniques of modern structural geology ? 2 (3 ???????)? Academic Press? ?????? 392? ????????   978-0-12-576922-8 ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
10. ↑ Withjack, M.O.; Schlische (????)? "Geometric and experimental models of extensional fault-bend folds"? Buiter S.J.H. & Schreurs G.? Analogue and numerical modelling of crustal-scale processes ? Special Publications 253? R.W.? Geological Society, London? ?????? 285?305? ????????   978-1-86239-191-8 ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
11. ↑ Rowland, S.M.; Duebendorfer E.M.; Schieflebein I.M. (????)? Structural analysis and synthesis: a laboratory course in structural geology (3 ???????)? Wiley-Blackwell? ?????? 301? ????????   978-1-4051-1652-7 ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
12. ↑ Jackson, C.A.L.; Gawthorpe R.L.; Sharp I.R. (????)? "Style and sequence of deformation during extensional fault-propagation" (??????) ? Journal of Structural Geology ? 28 (3): 519?535? ????? : 10.1016/j.jsg.2005.11.009 ? ?????? : 2006JSG....28..519J ? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? (??????) ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
13. ↑ Reicherter, K., Froitzheim, N., Jarosinki, M., Badura, J., Franzke, H.-J., Hansen, M., Hubscher, C., Muller, R., Poprawa, P., Reinecker, J., Stackebrandt, W, Voigt,T., von Eynatten, H. & Zuchiewicz, W. (????)? "19. Alpine Tectonics north of the Alps"? McCann, T.? The Geology of Central Europe ? Geological Society, London? ?????? 1233?1285? ????????   978-1-86239-264-9 ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
14. ↑ Carreras, J.; Druguet E.; Griera A. (????)? "Shear zone-related folds" ? Journal of Structural Geology ? 27 (7): 1229?1251? ????? : 10.1016/j.jsg.2004.08.004 ? ?????? : 2005JSG....27.1229C ? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
15. ↑ Bradley, D.; Hanson L. (????)? "Paleoslope Analysis of Slump Folds in the Devonian Flysch of Maine" (??????) ? Journal of Geology ? 106 : 305?318? ????? : 10.1086/516024 ? ?????? : 1998JG....106..305B ? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? (??????) ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
16. ↑ Nichols, G. (????)? "17. Sediments into rocks: post-depositional processes"? Sedimentology and stratigraphy ? Wiley-Blackwell? ?????? 355? ????????   978-0-632-03578-6 ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
17. ↑ Hyne, N.J. (????)? Nontechnical guide to petroleum geology, exploration, drilling, and production ? PennWell Books? ?????? 598? ????????   978-0-87814-823-3 ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
18. ↑ Orchuela, I.; Lara M.E.; Suarez M. (????)? "Productive Large Scale Folding Associated with Igneous Intrusions: El Trapial Field, Neuquen Basin, Argentina" (??????) ? AAPG abstracts ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
19. ↑ Arvid M. Johnson; Raymond C. Fletcher (????)? "Figure 2.6"? Folding of viscous layers: mechanical analysis and interpretation of structures in deformed rock ? Columbia University Press? ?????? 87? ????????   0-231-08484-6 ?  
20. ↑ Park, R.G. (????)? Foundations of structural geology (3rd ???????)? Routledge? ?????? 109? ????????   0-7487-5802-X ?   ; RJ Twiss; EM Moores (????)? "Figure 12.8: Passive shear folding"? Structural geology (2nd ???????)? Macmillan? ?????? 241?242? ????????   0-7167-2252-6 ?  
21. ↑ Hudleston, P.J. (????)? "Similar folds, recumbent folds and gravity tectonics in ice and rocks" ? Journal of Geology ? 85 : 113?122? ???????   30068680 ? ????? : 10.1086/628272 ? ?????? : 1977JG.....85..113H ?  

?????? ????????? [ ???????? ]

• David D. Pollard; Raymond C. Fletcher (????)? Fundamentals of structural geology ? Cambridge University Press? ????????   0-521-83927-0 ?  
• Davis, George H.; Reynolds, Stephen J. (????)? "Folds"? Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions ? New York, John Wiley & Sons? ??????  372 ?424? ????????   0-471-52621-5 ?  
• Donath, F.A., and Parker, R.B., 1964, Folds and Folding: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 75, p. 45-62
• McKnight, Tom L; Hess, Darrel (????)? "The Internal Processes: Folding"? Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation ? Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall? ??????  409 ?14? ????????   0-13-020263-0 ?  
• Ramsay, J.G., 1967, Folding and fracturing of rocks: McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 560p.
• Lisle, Richard J (????)? "Folding"? Geological Structures and Maps: 3rd Edition ? Elsevier? ?????? 33? ????????   0-7506-5780-4 ?