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Yersinia pestis
)
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Bubonic plague
) ??
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[?]
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???????? ???-???????????
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???? ????
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??????? ?????? ???????????
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[??]
?????????? ?????????? ?????
-?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??, ???? ????, ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????
[??]
- ↑
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
World Health Organization (??????? ????)?
"Plague Fact sheet N°267"
? ?? ?????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ????
?
- ↑
?
?
"Plague Symptoms"
? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????
?
- ↑
?
?
?
?
?
Prentice MB, Rahalison L (????)? "Plague"?
Lancet
?
369
(9568): 1196?207?
?????
:
10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60566-2
?
????????
17416264
?
- ↑
?
?
"Plague Resources for Clinicians"
? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????
?
- ↑
"Plague Ecology and Transmission"
? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????
?
- ↑
Keyes, Daniel C. (????)?
Medical response to terrorism : preparedness and clinical practice
? Philadelphia [u.a.]: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins? ?????? 74?
????????
9780781749862
?
- ↑
?
?
?
"Plague History"
? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????
?
- ↑
LeRoux, Neil (????)?
Martin Luther As Comforter: Writings on Death Volume 133 of Studies in the History of Christian Traditions
? BRILL? ?????? 247?
????????
9789004158801
?
- ↑
Edman, Bruce F. Eldridge, John D. (????)?
Medical Entomology a Textbook on Public Health and Veterinary Problems Caused by Arthropods
(Rev.. ???????)? Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands? ?????? 390?
????????
9789400710092
?
- ↑
"Symptoms of Plague"
?
Brief Overview of Plague
? iTriage? Healthagen, LLC? ? ??????????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????
?
- ↑
Inglesby TV, Dennis DT, Henderson DA ? ???????? (?? ????)? "Plague as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense"?
JAMA
?
283
(17): 2281?90?
?????
:
10.1001/jama.283.17.2281
?
????????
10807389
?
- ↑
"Plague, Laboratory testing"
?
Health Topics A to Z
? ?? ??????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????
?
- ↑
"Plague - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic"
?
www.mayoclinic.org
(?????? ??????)
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
"Plague"
? ? ????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ????
?
- ↑
"Plague"
? Healthagen, LLC? ? ??? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ?????? ????
?
- ↑
?
?
Echenberg, Myron (2002). Pestis Redux: The Initial Years of the Third Bubonic Plague Pandemic, 1894?1901. Journal of World History, vol 13,2
- ↑
Little, Lester K. (2007). "Life and Afterlife of the First Plague Pandemic." In: Little, Lester K. editor. (2007),
Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541?750
. Cambridge University Press. (2007).
????????
???-?-???-?????-?
pp. 8?15
- ↑
McCormick, Michael (2007). "Toward a Molecular History of the Justinian Pandemic." In: Little, Lester K. editor. (2007),
Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541?750
. Cambridge University Press. (2007).
????????
???-?-???-?????-?
pp. 290?312.
- ↑
Rosen, William (2007),
Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire, and the Birth of Europe
????????? ??????
??????????
?? ????????? ???? ??????. Viking Adult; pg 3;
????????
???-?-???-?????-?
.
- ↑
?
?
Moorshead Magazines, Limited. "The Plague Of Justinian." History Magazine 11.1 (2009): 9?12. History Reference Center
- ↑
Cohn, Samuel K.(2002). The Black Death: End of a Paradigm. American Historical Review, vol 107, 3, pg. 703?737
- ↑
Sean Martin (????)?
Black Death:Chapter One
? Harpenden, GBR:Pocket Essentials? ??????
14
?
- ↑
Nicholas Wade
(?? ??????? ????)?
"Europe's Plagues Came From China, Study Finds"
?
The New York Times
? ? ??????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ????
?
The great waves of plague that twice devastated Europe and changed the course of history had their origins in China, a team of medical geneticists reported Sunday, as did a third plague outbreak that struck less harmfully in the 19th century.
- ↑
Benedict, Carol (????)?
Bubonic plague in nineteenth-century China
? Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press?
????????
978-0804726610
?
- ↑
Cohn, Samuel K. (????)?
The Black Death Transformed: Disease and Culture in Early Renaissance Europe
? A Hodder Arnold? ?????? 336?
????????
0-340-70646-5
?
- ↑
Pryor, E. G. (????)?
"The Great Plague OF Hong Kong"
(??????)
?
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch
? Hong Kong:
Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland-Hong Kong Branch
?
15
: 69?
????????
1991-7295
? ???????? ????? ??? ?, ????
?
- ↑
"History | Plague | CDC"
?
www.cdc.gov
(?????? ??????)
? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????
?
- ↑
Porter, Dorothy (????-??-??)?
"Book Review"
?
New England Journal of Medicine
?
349
(11): 1098?1099?
????????
0028-4793
?
?????
:
10.1056/NEJM200309113491124
?
- ↑
"On This Day: San Francisco Bubonic Plague Outbreak Begins"
?
www.findingdulcinea.com
? ????-??-?? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
Griggs, Mary Beth?
"30,000 People In Quarantine After Bubonic Plague Kills One in China"
?
Smithsonian
(?????? ??????)
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
"Maps and Statistics | Plague | CDC"
?
www.cdc.gov
(?????? ??????)? ????-??-??
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
?
?
Filip, Julia?
"Avoiding the Black Plague Today"
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
Regan, Michael?
"Human Plague Cases Drop in the US"
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
"Plague in the United States | Plague | CDC"
?
www.cdc.gov
(?????? ??????)? ????-??-??
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
"Emergencies Preparedness, Response, Plague, Madagascar, Disease Outbreak News | Plague | CDC"
?
www.who.int
(?????? ??????)? ????-??-??? ????-??-?? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
"The Independent - 404"
?
The Independent
? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ????
- ↑
Daniel Barenblatt,
A Plague upon Humanity.
, 2004, pages 220?221.
- Alexander, John T. (????) [First published 1980]?
Bubonic Plague in Early Modern Russia: Public Health and Urban Disaster
? Oxford, UK; New York, NY: Oxford University Press?
????????
0-19-515818-0
?
???????
50253204
?
- Carol, Benedict (????)?
Bubonic Plague in Nineteenth-Century China
? Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press?
????????
0-8047-2661-2
?
???????
34191853
?
- Biddle, Wayne (????)?
A Field Guide to Germs
(2nd Anchor Books ???????)? New York: Anchor Books?
????????
1-4000-3051-X
?
???????
50154403
?
- Little, Lester K. (????)?
Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541?750
? New York, NY: Cambridge University Press?
????????
978-0-521-84639-4
?
???????
65361042
?
- Rosen, William (????)?
Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire and the Birth of Europe
? London, England: Viking Penguin?
????????
978-0-670-03855-8
?
- Scott, Susan, and C. J. Duncan (????)?
Biology of Plagues: Evidence from Historical Populations
? Cambridge, UK; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press?
????????
0-521-80150-8
?
???????
44811929
?
- Batten-Hill, David (????)?
This Son of York
? Kendal, England: David Batten-Hill?
????????
978-1-78176-094-9
? ?? ?? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ????
?
- Kool, J. L. (????)? "Risk of Person-to-Person Transmission of Pneumonic Plague"?
Clinical Infectious Diseases
?
40
(8): 1166–1172?
?????
:
10.1086/428617
?
????????
15791518
?
?????????????
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????????:Gram-negative bacterial diseases