??????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????? (Keyboard) ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ???????????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????, ??? ???? (Solo), ???? ???? (Ensemble Music), ??????? ?????? (Chamber Music), ??????? (Accompaniment) ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????????? ? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????????, ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ????????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ??????

???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ??????????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ? ???? ????? C ?? ????????? ??? ????? ???? "Piano Key Frequencies" ????????? ?????? "Hornbostel-Sachs" ?? ????????????? ??????????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????????

??????? ?????? ??????? ???? “Pianoforte” ?? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? “Piano” ???? “??????????? (Quiet)” ??? “Forte” ???? “????????? (Loud)?” ” ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????

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??????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??’? ????? ???? ????????? ?????????? (Clavichord) ? ??????????? (Harpsichord) ??? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ??? ???, ??????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????, ???????????, ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????

?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? (Padua, Italy) ?? ????????????? ???????????? (Bartolomeo Cristofori) (????-????) ??, ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? (Grand Prince of Tuscany), ?????? ??????????? ???’ ?????? (Ferdinando de’ Medici) ??????????? ????? (Keeper of Instruments) ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???, ????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????????

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?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?