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??? ????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ???: ?????????? ??? ?????? ?

?? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????, ???? ?????? ????????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????- ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???, ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????

?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ????- ????, ?????, ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???, ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????; ???? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????- ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????, ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????

????????? [ ???????? ]

↑ "Nepal Mountaineering Association" ? web page ? ???? ? ???????? ????? ? ??? ???? ?
↑ Cox, Steven M. and Kris Fulsaas, ed., ??????? (2003-09)? Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills (7 ???????)? Seattle: The Mountaineers? ???????? 0-89886-828-9 ? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????: |?????= ( ??????? )
↑ "UIAA Activities" ? UIAA? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ????

????????? [ ???????? ]

A Climber's Glossary
International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation (UIAA) - ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????
British Mountaineering Council
Mountaineering Council of Scotland

[1] "Nepal Mountaineering Association" ? web page ? ???? ? ???????? ????? ? ??? ???? ?

[freedom-2] Cox, Steven M. and Kris Fulsaas, ed., ??????? (2003-09)? Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills (7 ???????)? Seattle: The Mountaineers? ???????? 0-89886-828-9 ? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????: |?????= ( ??????? )

[3] "UIAA Activities" ? UIAA? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ????

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