????????? ????????

????????? ????????
	??????????????? ?????? ??? ?????, ???????????? ??? ????-?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? (?? °?? (?? °??), ??? kPa) ??????? ?????? ???????
	????? ???? ( ??? ?? ?)
	?????? ?????????

????????? ???????? ( KCl , ?? ????????? ??? ) ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ^[?] KCl ???? ??? ??????, ^[?] ????? , ????????? ????????, ?????????? ???? ??????? ( ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????), ??? ????? ?????????????? , ?????? ??? ? ????? ?????? E508 ???? ??????, ??????? ??? ????

??? ????????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ^[?]

??????????? [ ???????? ]

??? [ ???????? ]

??????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???, ???? ???? ??? ???, ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????

????????? ??????? [ ???????? ]

????????? ???????? ??????????, ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ^[?] ?? ??????? ????????????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????, ???? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????

??????????????? ??????? [ ???????? ]

??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????, ??? ?? ??????, ?????, ????? ??????? ?????, ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? (???????? ????????) ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????????? ? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ????? ^[?] ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ^[?]

????? [ ???????? ]

????????? ??????? ??????, ??? ????????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????, ????????? ??????? , ????????? ???????, ????? ????????????? , ????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ????????-????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????

??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????, ??? ??? ?????? ????????

??? ???? ???? ???????????? ??? ????????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???, ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????

????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???, ??? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???, ??? ??????? ????, ????? ?????, ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????

????????? [ ???????? ]

?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ^[?] ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????? LD50 ?????? ?.? g/kg, ?? ??? ????? (?.? ?????)? ???????? ?????????? (????? ???) LD50 ?? ?.?? ?????/?????

??????, ????????? ?????????? LD50 ???? ???, ?????? ??.? ?????????/???? ???? ??.??????????/????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????? (?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????/????) ??? ??? ?????? ????? ^[?] ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? (?????? ?.?????) mg K ⁺ /mg KCl)? ^[?]

????????? ??????????????????KCl ??????? ????? ???????????? ?????????????-?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??? K ⁺ ??? Cl ^? ?????

????????? ????????? [ ???????? ]

????????? [ ???????? ]

KCl ??????? ????? ???????????? ?????????

????????? ^[??]
??????	????????? ( ?????/???? ?????? ??°??)
??	???
??? ???????????	?.?
??? ?????? ??? ???????	?.??
??????	?.?
?????	?.??
?????? ???????	???

KCl ?? ??????????? ??? ??????, ???????????? (??????) ??????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ????, ?????? KCl ????????? ?????????, ?? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? , ??? ???? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??? K+ ???Cl? ?????

????-?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? [ ???????? ]

???? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????????????? , ???-°C ? ???? ?????????? ???? ????????? ??? KCl ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ( ?? ?????????? ???? ?????):

${\ce {KCl_{(l)}{}+ Na_{(l)}<=> NaCl_{(l)}{}+ K_{(g)}}}$

?? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? KCl-? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????? (?????????? ???? ???????) ?????? ???? ^[??]

??? ????????? [ ???????? ]

?????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? NaCl ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?.? A ?? ???????????? ?????? ?? B1 ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????-????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ^[??] ??? ???? ????????? ???

??????????? ?????: ??? nm ???? ?? μm
??????????????? = ???? ??% nm ??? ??μm ? ????????? ??%-? ????? ????
???????? ???? = ?.??? ? ?? μm
???????? ????? = ?.? % ?? ? μm (???? ?????)
d N /d T (?????????? ???) = ???.? ×?? ^?? /°C
d L /d T (???????? ???? ????????????) = ?? ×?? ^?? /°C
??? ????????? = ?.??? W/(cm·K)
?????? ?????????? (???????? ??? ?????): ? GW/cm ² ?? ? J/cm ² (?.? ?? ? ns ???? ???); ?.? ??/???? ² (?.? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???????)

????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???, ?????? ????? KCl ???? ????? ???? ?????

?????? [ ???????? ]

????????? ???????? ???? ??????? , ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????, ???????? ?? ?????????????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????

????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????????, ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??% ??? ???? ??????????? ???? ??? ???? ^[??]

?????????? ?????? [ ???????? ]

????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????????? (?? ???????? ????????? ???) ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????:

${\ce {KOH + HCl -> KCl + H2O}}$

?? ?????????? ???? ???????-????? ?????? ????????? ? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?'? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????, ??? ???? ??? ????????? ?????????:

${\ce {2 K + Cl2 -> 2 KCl}}$

????????? [ ???????? ]

↑ Rayner-Canham G (?? ???????? ????)? Descriptive inorganic chemistry ? Overton, Tina (Sixth ???????)? ???????? 978-1-4641-2557-7 ? ??????? 882867766 ?
↑ "Potassium Fertilizers (Penn State Agronomy Guide)" ? Penn State Agronomy Guide (Penn State Extension) ? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?
↑ Burkhardt ER (????)? "Potassium and Potassium Alloys"? Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ? ???????? 978-3-527-30673-2 ? ????? : 10.1002/14356007.a22_031.pub2 ?
↑ World Health Organization (????)? World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 ? World Health Organization? WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO? |hdl-??????= ?? |hdl= ???????? ( ??????? )
↑ Lorient D, Linden G (????)? New ingredients in food processing: biochemistry and agriculture ? CRC Press? ?????? 357 ? ???????? 978-1-85573-443-2 ?
↑ Sinopoli DA, Lawless HT (?????????? ????)? "Taste properties of potassium chloride alone and in mixtures with sodium chloride using a check-all-that-apply method": S319?S322? ????? : 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02862.x ? ???????? 22901084 ?
↑ Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition? "GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Database - Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Opinion: Potassium chloride" ? www.fda.gov (?????? ??????)? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?
↑ Bhatkhande CY, Joglekar VD (????-??-??)? "Fatal poisoning by potassium in human and rabbit": 33?36? ????? : 10.1016/0300-9432(77)90062-0 ? ???????? 838413 ?
↑ "Molecular weight of KCl" ? www.convertunits.com ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?
↑ Burgess J (????)? Metal Ions in Solution ? Ellis Horwood? ???????? 978-0-85312-027-8 ?
↑ Burkhardt ER (????)? "Potassium and Potassium Alloys"? Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ? ???????? 978-3-527-30673-2 ? ????? : 10.1002/14356007.a22_031.pub2 ?
↑ Yamashita K, Komatsu K, Kagi H (???????? ????)? "Crystal structure of potassium chloride monohydrate: water intercalation into the B1 structure of KCl under high pressure" : 749?754? ????? : 10.1107/S2053229622011135 ? ???????? 36468558 |pmid= ?? ??? ??????? ???? ( ??????? ) ? ?????? 9720884   |pmc= ?? ??? ??????? ???? ( ??????? ) ?
↑ "Mineral Commodity Summaries" (??????) ? U.S. Geological Survey? ????????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? (??????) ???? ??????? ????

[1] Rayner-Canham G (?? ???????? ????)? Descriptive inorganic chemistry ? Overton, Tina (Sixth ???????)? ???????? 978-1-4641-2557-7 ? ??????? 882867766 ?

[2] "Potassium Fertilizers (Penn State Agronomy Guide)" ? Penn State Agronomy Guide (Penn State Extension) ? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?

[Ullmann-3] Burkhardt ER (????)? "Potassium and Potassium Alloys"? Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ? ???????? 978-3-527-30673-2 ? ????? : 10.1002/14356007.a22_031.pub2 ?

[WHO21st-4] World Health Organization (????)? World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 ? World Health Organization? WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO? |hdl-??????= ?? |hdl= ???????? ( ??????? )

[5] Lorient D, Linden G (????)? New ingredients in food processing: biochemistry and agriculture ? CRC Press? ?????? 357 ? ???????? 978-1-85573-443-2 ?

[6] Sinopoli DA, Lawless HT (?????????? ????)? "Taste properties of potassium chloride alone and in mixtures with sodium chloride using a check-all-that-apply method": S319?S322? ????? : 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02862.x ? ???????? 22901084 ?

[7] Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition? "GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Database - Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Opinion: Potassium chloride" ? www.fda.gov (?????? ??????)? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?

[8] Bhatkhande CY, Joglekar VD (????-??-??)? "Fatal poisoning by potassium in human and rabbit": 33?36? ????? : 10.1016/0300-9432(77)90062-0 ? ???????? 838413 ?

[9] "Molecular weight of KCl" ? www.convertunits.com ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?

[10] Burgess J (????)? Metal Ions in Solution ? Ellis Horwood? ???????? 978-0-85312-027-8 ?

[Ullmann2-11] Burkhardt ER (????)? "Potassium and Potassium Alloys"? Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ? ???????? 978-3-527-30673-2 ? ????? : 10.1002/14356007.a22_031.pub2 ?

[12] Yamashita K, Komatsu K, Kagi H (???????? ????)? "Crystal structure of potassium chloride monohydrate: water intercalation into the B1 structure of KCl under high pressure" : 749?754? ????? : 10.1107/S2053229622011135 ? ???????? 36468558 |pmid= ?? ??? ??????? ???? ( ??????? ) ? ?????? 9720884   |pmc= ?? ??? ??????? ???? ( ??????? ) ?

[13] "Mineral Commodity Summaries" (??????) ? U.S. Geological Survey? ????????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? (??????) ???? ??????? ????

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