| ??? ?????
|
|---|
 ?????? ???? ????
??? ?????
|
 |
| ?????? ???
| ????? ?? ?????, ????? ????? ?????
|
|---|
|
| ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????
[?]
????
[I]
|
| ??????????
| ????? ?????? ???????
|
|---|
|
| ??????
| ????????
|
|---|
| ???????? ????
| ??-?????????
[?]
|
|---|
| ???????
| ?????
,
SE1
|
|---|
| ?????????
| ??°??′??″ ?????
?°??′??″ ??????
/
??.????° ????? ?.????° ??????
/
51.5045; -0.0865
|
|---|
| ???????????? ?????
| ????? ????
|
|---|
| ???????????? ???????
| ????? ????
|
|---|
| ??????????
| ? ??????????? ????
|
|---|
| ????????????
| ~￡??,??,??,?? (????????? ?????? ???????? ???)
|
|---|
| ?????????????
| ?????
(??%)
????? ????????? ?????
(?%)
|
|---|
|
| ??????????
| ???.? ?? (?,??? ??)
[?]
|
|---|
| ??????????-?? ???????
| ??? ?? (??? ??)
|
|---|
|
| ???? ??????
| ?? ?? (?? ?? ????????)
|
|---|
| ???? ?????
| ?,??,??? ???? ????? ??,??,??? ???? ???
|
|---|
| ??????? (????) ??????
| ??
|
|---|
|
| ??????
| ????? ???????
|
|---|
| ????????
| ????? ????????? ?????
|
|---|
| ?????? ????????
| ?????????? ???????
(???????? ????????),
?????? ????? ?????
(????????? ???????? ???????), ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??+ (??????? ??????)
|
|---|
| ??????? ????????
| ???? ?????
|
|---|
| ?????? ???????
| ???
|
|---|
|
??? ?????
,
[?]
???? ?? ??? ??-???? ?????????? ???, ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????, ?? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????
?????? ?????
,
[??]
[??]
????? ????? ?????
[??]
???
????? ????? ???????
[??]
[??]
[??]
?????? ??????? ???.? ????? (?,??? ???) ???? ??? ????? ?'?
????????????
??????? ???? ???,
???????? ?????????
?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????-?????? ???
[?]
[??]
[??]
???
????? ??? ??????????? ????????
???????
????????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ????????-????????? ?????? ?? ????????
[??]
??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??-??? ???????? ????
??????????? ?????????
??????????? ????
??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????; ??? ?? ????? ???? ????
[??]
?????? ?????? ??? ? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????
[??]
????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ? ????? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???, ??? ????? ???? ??? ???, ? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??? ????
[?]
[??]
[??]
????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?????-????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? (??? ???) ?? ???????? ???????
[?]
[??]
??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????? (?%) ???
?????
(??%)?
[?]
???????? ???? ????
?????? ?????? ???????????? (????) ???????
?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????
- ↑
?
?
"The Shard Opens Viewing Deck To Visitors"
? Sky News? ? ??????????? ????? ? ????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ????
?
- ↑
The Shard: The Official Guidebook
. Thames & Hudson (2013). p. 22.
????????
?????????????
.
- ↑
Piano, Renzo
(????)?
The Shard: London Bridge Tower
(English and Italian ??????)? Matador? ?????? 74?
????????
978-88-6264-006-0
?
- ↑
?
?
"The Shard ? The Skyscraper Center"
? Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????
?
- ↑
???????
?
??? ?????
. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
- ↑
?
?
"Inauguration of the Shard Tower in London on July 5th 2012"
(????? ?????????)?
Business Wire
? ?????? ??, ?????
The Shard is managed by Real Estate Management (UK) Limited on behalf of the owners.
- ↑
As of
CTBUH
guidelines when building is completed, and of CTBUH
Awards Criteria
for skyscrapers.
- ↑
Brogden, Jim (????)?
Photography and the Non-Place: The Cultural Erasure of the City
? Springer? ?????? 128?
????????
978-3-030-03919-6
?
- ↑
?
?
"Shard London Bridge, London - SkyscraperPage.com"
?
SkyscraperPage.com
? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????
?
- ↑
Bar-Hillel, Mira (?? ??????????? ????)?
"￡28bn Shard of Glass to start its ascent"
?
London Evening Standard
? ?? ?? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ????? ????
?
- ↑
"Work starts on Shard of Glass"
?
New Civil Engineer
? ? ?????? ????
? ???????? ????? ? ????? ????
?
- ↑
"London Bridge Tower, London"
? Designbuild-network.com? ?? ??? ????
? ???????? ????? ? ????? ????
?
- ↑
Weaver, Matt (?? ?????? ????)?
"Battle begins for London Bridge Tower"
?
The Guardian
? London
? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ????
?
- ↑
"Shard funding crisis: Tower finances cast shadow over project"
?
World Architecture News
? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ????? ????
?
- ↑
"Why do tall buildings have such silly names?"
? BBC News? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????
?
- ↑
"List and details of the tallest buildings in the world"
?
infoplease.com
? Infoplease Encyclopedia
? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????
?
- ↑
"A vertical city"
? The-Shard.com
? ???????? ????? ? ????? ????
?
- ↑
"Emley Moor"
? TheBigTower.com
? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ????
?
- ↑
"Shard Tops Out"
? Skyscrapernews.com? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ?????? ????
?
- ↑
??????? ??????:
<ref>
????? ??? ???;
DMJ2012
????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????
- ↑
"The Shard opens up to share its high, wide and handsome view"
?
The Guardian
? ?? ????????? ????
? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
"The Shard may open for events, but not until late 2013"
?
Event
? ? ????? ????
? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????
?
- ↑
Whitten, Nick (?? ?? ????)?
"Shard observation deck to be Europe's highest"
? Cnplus.co.uk? ?? ?????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ????? ????
?
- ↑
The building's operators officially stylise its name as The Shard, with the word "the" capitalised.
