?????? ????? ??????

?????? ???? '? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????, ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??'?? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???: ????-???????? ??? ?????? (?????? ???????????) ????????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ^[?]

???? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????’? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????, ?????? ????’? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ^[?] ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????????????? ??? ???????? ???????????

????????? ????????? ??????? (?????????) ??, ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???, ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????? ( Federal Republic of Central America )? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???????????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????

???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???? ^[?]

???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??, ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???, ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ? ??????-?????? ( eco-tourism ) ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????, ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????????? ( underemployment ), ??????? ? ?????????? ??, ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ^[?]

??????-?????????? [ ???????? ]

?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????, ???????????? ?????? ??,??? ???? ?,??? ?????? ?????, ???? ????????????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? (???????-??????? ??????????), ?? ???? ??????????? ??? ??? ????????; ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??, ??? ???? ?? ????????? ??’?? ????????? ????????? ????

? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????-??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ( megafauna ), ????? ????????? ?????????, ???? , ???????? (???????????? ???????? ?????????)? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?,??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????

?????-??????? ????? ?????? ???? [ ???????? ]

????????????? ???? ??????? (Diquis) ???? ??????? ????

????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????

????????????? ???? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????

??????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??? (pendant)

????????????? ????, ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????, ??????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????, ????????????? ??? ????????? ? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ^[?]

????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???, ??? ?????? ?????-???????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????’? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ( cacicazgo )? ????? ???? ? ?????? ??? ??? ????????????????? ?????????? ??????? ( Isthmo-Colombian ) ????????, ?????? ?????????? ( Muisca ) ?????? ??? ????, ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ( Chibchan languages ) ???????????? ^[?]^[?] ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ? ????????????? ???? ???????? ???? ^[?]

?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????, ?????????? ????? ??? ? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????; ??????????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???-???????? ?????? ??? ??? ^[?]

????????? ??????? ?????? [ ???????? ]

????? ???????, ???????? ?????? ? ? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????????

???????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????, ???? ?????

?? ?????????? ???? ????, ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????-??????????? ?????? ????’? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????, ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??, ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????, ????? ????????? (Villa Bruselas) ? ? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ^[?]

????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ’? ( Captaincy General of Guatemala ) ?????????? ??????, ???? ????????? ?????????????? ?? ??? ????? (?????? ???????? ) ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????’? ??????, ????????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????? (?? ? ???? ?????????????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ???) ???? ????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????, ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ????? ??????, ?????????, ??? ????????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ^[?] ???? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? “???????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????????” ??? ?????? ????? ^[?]

???? ???????????? ???? ??, ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???, ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ( haciendas ) ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????, ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ? ????????? ???, ??? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ?????????? ????, ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????, ??? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????’? ??????????? ? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????????????? ??? ???????????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ^[?] ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ????????, ??????? ???? ????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ^[??]

???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???, ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ^[??] ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????-???????????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ^[??] ?? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????????????????? ????, ?????????, ?????, ??????????, ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?,??,???; ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??,??? ? ???? ???? ^[??]^{[
????????

–
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]}

????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ??? [ ???????? ]

???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ( Jose Maria Castro Madriz ) ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????? ( Federal Republic of Central America ) ??? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????

?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????? ????? ??, ????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????????????? ??? ??????, ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ??????? ???????? (?? ???????? ???? ????????) ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? (???????? ???????? ???? ) ??????? ?????? ???, ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???, ??? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ? ? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????????, ????????? ??? ???? ? ? ???????? ????

??????? ??, ???? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ( Juan Manuel de Canas ) ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???, ????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ????????? (???????? ?????????) ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ( Junta de Legados ) ????? ??? ???, ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ( Junta Superior Gubernativa de Costa Rica ) ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ? ????? ??????? ????? "Mientras se aclaraban los nublados del dia" (?????: ??? ???? ????), ?????? ? ????? ??? ???????? ????????

??????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???????, ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ? ??????? ????? ????, ? ??????? ????????, ?? ??????? ?????????, ??? ?? ??????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ???? ^[??]

????????? ?????? ??, ???? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????, ????? ???????????, ???? ???????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????, ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????’ ? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????

?????? ????????????, ???????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ( Agustin de Iturbide )? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ??? “ ???????? ”? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??-?????? ???? ??????? ??????????? (???????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??) ??????????? ??? (?????: ???? ???????? ??????)? ? ??????, ???? ?????? ????????’? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???, ????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????????????????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????-?? ?????? ?????? ????

???? ??????? [ ???????? ]

???? ????, ?????????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ????, ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????’? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ( United Provinces of Central America ) ???? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????, ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??, ?????????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????

???? ???? ????????? ????????? ????? ??, ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???: ??? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ( Puntarenas ) ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???, ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????, ???????? ?? ????? ( William Le Lacheur ) ???? ???????’? ( Guernsey ) ?? ???? ? ?????-??????? ?????????, ????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ????

???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ???????? ??, ?? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ^[??] ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????, ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????’? ?????????? ??????, ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????, ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???, ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??????, ?????? ????????????? ???? ??????????’? ?? ??????? ????, ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????

??????????? [ ???????? ]

???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????, ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????

???? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ???, ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???? “?? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?,??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???, ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????” ^[??] ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ???, ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???, ??? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ^[??] ?? ???? ??????????????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????, ??? ????????? ??? ???? ?????

?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? “????????? ??????? ?????? ????” ???? ???? ????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????, ???, ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????, ??? ??? ????????? ? ????????? ????? ????, ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????, ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????, ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ^[??]

???? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????-??????? ????? ? ????, ??? ????????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????’? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????-???????? ????????????, ???????, ??????, ??? ???????? ?????????-????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????????????? ???? ???? ? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????’? ( ??? ???? ?????? ) ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????????????, ?????? ??? ? ???, ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ????

??? ????? [ ???????? ]

??????:

????????? [ ???????? ]

↑ ^? ^? ^? Hoopes, John W.; Oscar Fonseca Z. (????)? Goldwork and Chibchan Identity:Endogenous Change and Diffuse Unity in the Isthmo-Colombian Area (??????) ? Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks? ???????? 0-82631-000-1 ? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? (Online text reproduction) ???? ??????? ????
↑ ^? ^? ^? "Costa Rica." Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia (2014): 1p. 1.; accessed 19 February 2015.
↑ Quilter, Jeffrey and John W. Hoopes, editors (????)? Gold and Power in Ancient Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia ? Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks? ???????? 0-88402-294-3 ? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? (Online text reproduction) ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?
↑ "Diquis" ? Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?
↑ The Story Of... Smallpox
↑ [?] ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?, ???? ??????
↑ "A Brief History of Costa Rica: Colonial Times" ? ?????????? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?
↑ Shafer, D. Michael (????)? Winners and losers: how sectors shape the developmental prospects of states ? Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press? ???????? 0-8014-8188-0 ?
↑ "Costa Rica ? Cartago" ? Costarica.com? ????-??-??? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?
↑ ^? ^? ^? ^? Palmer, eds, Steven; Molina, eds, Ivan (??????? ??, ????)? The Costa Rican Reader: History, Culture, Politics ? Duke University Press?
↑ Mi Patria, Fasciculo #5, "Acta de la Independencia de Costa Rica", La Nacion , September 4, 2013
↑ "history of costa rica" ? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?
↑ [?] ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??, ???? ??????
↑ "YFU Costa Rica - Democracy in Costa Rica" ? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????
↑ Sawchuk, Dana M. The Costa Rican Catholic Church, Social Justice, And The Rights Of Workers, 1979?1996. [Electronic Resource]. n.p.: Waterloo, Ont. : Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2004 (Baltimore, Md. : Project MUSE 2012) (Baltimore, Md. : Project MUSE, 2014), 2012. Louisiana State University. Web. 19 February 2015.

??? ????? [ ???????? ]

Charles Knight, ??????? (????)? "Republic of Costa Rica" ? Geography ? English Cyclopaedia ? 2 ? London: Bradbury, Evans, & Co.?

????????? [ ???????? ]

History of the Republic of Costa Rica from "Costa Rica Handbook" by Christopher Baker (?????? ???? ????????????? ??????, ??????????? ????? ???? "?????? ???? ??????????" ???)
Costa Rican Archaeology (?????? ????? ????????????)
Brief History of Costa rica.com (?????? ????? ????????? ??????)
Democracy in Costa Rica (?????? ?????? ????????)
Costa Rica Civil War (?????? ????? ????????)

[Chibchan-1] ? ^? ^? Hoopes, John W.; Oscar Fonseca Z. (????)? Goldwork and Chibchan Identity:Endogenous Change and Diffuse Unity in the Isthmo-Colombian Area (??????) ? Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks? ???????? 0-82631-000-1 ? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? (Online text reproduction) ???? ??????? ????

[autogenerated1-2] ? ^? ^? "Costa Rica." Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia (2014): 1p. 1.; accessed 19 February 2015.

[3] Quilter, Jeffrey and John W. Hoopes, editors (????)? Gold and Power in Ancient Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia ? Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks? ???????? 0-88402-294-3 ? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? (Online text reproduction) ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?

[Museo-4] "Diquis" ? Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?

[5] The Story Of... Smallpox

[6] [?] ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?, ???? ??????

[7] "A Brief History of Costa Rica: Colonial Times" ? ?????????? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?

[8] Shafer, D. Michael (????)? Winners and losers: how sectors shape the developmental prospects of states ? Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press? ???????? 0-8014-8188-0 ?

[costarica1-9] "Costa Rica ? Cartago" ? Costarica.com? ????-??-??? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?

[Duke_University_Press-10] ? ^? ^? ^? Palmer, eds, Steven; Molina, eds, Ivan (??????? ??, ????)? The Costa Rican Reader: History, Culture, Politics ? Duke University Press?

[11] Mi Patria, Fasciculo #5, "Acta de la Independencia de Costa Rica", La Nacion , September 4, 2013

[12] "history of costa rica" ? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?

[13] [?] ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??, ???? ??????

[14] "YFU Costa Rica - Democracy in Costa Rica" ? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????

[15] Sawchuk, Dana M. The Costa Rican Catholic Church, Social Justice, And The Rights Of Workers, 1979?1996. [Electronic Resource]. n.p.: Waterloo, Ont. : Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2004 (Baltimore, Md. : Project MUSE 2012) (Baltimore, Md. : Project MUSE, 2014), 2012. Louisiana State University. Web. 19 February 2015.

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