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????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????, ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??-????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????????? ????? ????? ????? ????? (??????????? ???? ???? ???) ????? (??????????) ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? (??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????), ????? ??? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????????????? ????????? ??????? ???????, ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ???????????? ???? ????, ??? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???
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???????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ? ????????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????:
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???? ???? ?????
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????????
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?"
[??]
???? ????-?? ????, ??????? ?????????
??? ?????????????
?????????? ??????, "????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????, ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????????"
[??]
????????? ??????
[
????????
]
- ↑
Paul Lunde?
"The Beginning of Hijri calendar"
?
Saudi Aramco World Magazine
? ?? November/December 2005
? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
?
?
Watt, W. Montgomery? "Hidjra"? P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis;
C.E. Bosworth
; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs?
Encyclopaedia of Islam
Online
? Brill Academic Publishers?
????????
1573-3912
?
- ↑
Hijri Calendar
, Government of Sharjah, ? ??????????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
, ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ????
.
- ↑
"Important dates in Islamic Calendar in the Year 2021"
?
Al-Habib.info
? ???????? ????? ? ?????????? ????
?
- ↑
"Important dates in Islamic Calendar in the Year 2022"
?
Al-Habib.info
? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????
?
- ↑
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
F.C. De Blois, "TA’R?KH": I.1.iv. "Pre-Islamic and agricultural calendars of the Arabian peninsula",
The Encyclopaedia of Islam
, 2nd edition,
X
:260.
- ↑
?
?
?
A. Moberg, "NASI'",
The Encyclopaedia of Islam
, 2nd, VII: 977.
- ↑
For an overview of the various theories and a discussion of the problem of "hindsight chronology" in early and pre-Islamic sources, see
Maurice A. McPartlan,
The Contribution of Qu'r?n and Had?t to Early Islamic Chronology
(Durham, 1997)
.
- ↑
Mahmud Effendi (1858), as discussed in Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby,
Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars
(London: 1901), pp. 460?470.
- ↑
According to "Tradition", repeatedly cited by F.C. De Blois.
- ↑
Mu?ammad al-Khu?ar? Bayk (????)?
Mu???ar?t t?r?kh al-Umam al-Isl?miyya
(4th ???????)? Al-maktaba al-tij?riyya? ?????? 59?60?
- ↑
The Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd edition, Index, p. 441
- ↑
?
?
al-Biruni
,
"Intercalation of the Ancient Arabs",
The Chronology of Ancient Nations
, tr.
C. Edward Sachau
, (London: William H. Allen, 1000/1879), pp. 13?14, 73?74.
- ↑
A. Moberg, "
NASI'
",
E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam
- ↑
Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
(787?886),
Kitab al-Uluf
,
Journal Asiatique
, series 5,
xi
(1858) 168+.
(????? ??? ???? ??????)
- ↑
Bab. Talmud, Sanhedrin, p. 11.
- ↑
Bonner 2011, page 21
- ↑
From an illustrated manuscript of Al-Biruni's 11th-century
Vestiges of the Past
(Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, Arabe 1489 fol. 5v. (Bibliotheque Nationale on-line catalog). See also: Robert Hillenbrand, "Images of Muhammad in al-B?r?n?'s Chronology of Ancient Nations", in: R. Hillenbrand (ed.),
Persian Painting from the Mongols to the Qajars: Studies in Honour of Basil W. Robinson
(London/New York: I.B. Tauris Publishers, 2000), pp. 129?46.
- ↑
?????
?:?????
- ↑
Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby,
Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars
(London: 1901) 370.
- ↑
"Islamic New Year: To celebrate, or not to celebrate?"
?
The Nation
(?????? ??????)? ? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ????
?
- ↑
"The four sacred months"
?
Saudigazette
(?????? ??????)? ?? ?????? ?????
- ↑
"Muharram 2020: Al Hijri date, significance of the Islamic New Year"
?
Hindustan Times
(?????? ??????)? ?? ????? ?????
- ↑
"The beginning of a new Islamic year"
?
Gulf-Times
(???? ??????)? ?? ????? ?????
- ↑
"Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement"
? usc.edu? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ????
- ↑
Richards, E. G. (????)?
"Calendars"
(??????)
? Urban, Sean E.; Seidelmann, P. Kenneth?
Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac
? Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books? ?????? 606?
????????
978-1-891389-85-6
? ?? ?????? ???? ??????
???
(??????)
???? ??????? ????
- ↑
Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby,
Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars
(1901) 376.
- ↑
Tillier, Mathieu; Vanthieghem, Naim (????-??-??),
"Recording debts in Sufy?nid Fus???: a reexamination of the procedures and calendar in use in the first/seventh century 1"
(??????)
,
Geneses
, First [edition]. | New York : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, ?????? 148?188,
????????
978-1-351-11331-1
,
??????????
167115664
,
?????
:
10.4324/9781351113311-8
- ↑
Chronology of Prophetic Events
, Fazlur Rehman Shaikh (2001) p.52 Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd.
- ↑
Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby,
Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars
(1901) pp. 373?5, 382?4.
- ↑
"Calendrica"
? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ????
- ↑
al-Biruni,
The chronology of ancient nations
, tr.
C. Edward Sachau
(1000/1879) 327.
- ↑
"NASA phases of the moon 601?700"
? ? ??????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ????
- ↑
Emile Biemont, Rythmes du temps, Astronomie et calendriers, De Borck, 2000, 393p.
- ↑
"tabsir.net"
?
- ↑
Karim Meziane et
Nidhal Guessoum
: La visibilite du croissant lunaire et le ramadan, La Recherche n° 316, janvier 1999, pp. 66?71.
- ↑
"Calculations or Sighting for starting an Islamic month"
?
www.moonsighting.com
? ? ?? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????
?
- ↑
Oumma (?? ??? ????)?
"Le mois islamique est-il universel ou national ?"
?
Oumma
?
- ↑
Allal el Fassi : "Aljawab assahih wannass-hi al-khaliss 'an nazilati fas wama yata’allaqo bimabda-i acchouhouri al-islamiyati al-arabiyah", "[...] and the beginning of Islamic Arab months", report prepared at the request of King Hassan II of Morocco, Rabat, 1965 (36 p.), with no indication of editor.
- ↑
al-Shaarawi, Muhammad Mutawalli (????)? Ahmad Azzaabi, ????????
Fiqh al-halal wal haram
? Dar al-Qalam, Beyrouth? ?????? 88?
- ↑
"Interpretation of the Meaning of The Noble Quran"
? Dr. Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din Al-Hilali PhD & Dr. Muhammad Muhsin Khan ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ????
- ↑
Abderrahman al-Haj (????)?
"????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????"
[Why the difference about the astronomical calculation?] (???? ??????)?
- ↑
Allal el Fassi : "Aljawab assahih..." op. cit.
- ↑
The dynasty of Fatimids in Egypt used a tabular pre-calculated calendar over a period of two centuries, between the 10th and 12th centuries, before a change of political regime reactivated the procedure of observation of the new moon.
- ↑
"The Islamic Calendar"
?
- ↑
"????? ?????? ??????? .. ?? ???? ????? ???????" [The beginning of the Arab months..is it permissible according to Islamic law?]?
- ↑
For a detailed discussion of Shakir's legal opinion on the subject, see "Issue N° 9" in
Khalid Chraibi: Issues in the Islamic Calendar, Tabsir.net
- ↑
"Fiqh Council of North America Islamic lunar calendar"
? ?? ?? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ????
- ↑
"Zulfikar Ali Shah The astronomical calculations: a fiqhi discussion"
(??????)
? ? ????? ???? ??????
???
(??????)
???? ??????? ????
- ↑
"Islamic Center of Boston, Wayland"
(??????)
?
- ↑
For a detailed discussion of the issues and the FCNA and ECFR positions, see :
Khalid Chraibi: Can the Umm al Qura calendar serve as a global Islamic calendar? Tabsir.net
- ↑
Oumma (?? ????? ????)?
"Le Conseil Francais du Culte Musulman (CFCM): Ramadan moubarak!"
? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
Nidhal Guessoum (? ????? ????)?
"Quel sera le premier jour du mois de Ramadan 2012? (On which date will Ramadan 2012 begin?)"
? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
van Gent, R.H. (?????? ????)?
"The Islamic Calendar of Turkey"
?
Mathematical Institute
?
Utrecht University
? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ????
?
- ↑
"Crescent sighting using the Uml al Qura calendar in Saudi Arabia To Determine Ramadan And Eid Ul Fitir Of 1422 AH And Its Implications For Unity In Different Countries By Dr. Muhammad M H Khan"
(??????)
?
Ico Project
? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??????
???
(??????)
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ????
?
- ↑
van Gent, R.H. (?????? ????)?
"The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia"
?
Mathematical Institute
?
Utrecht University
? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ????
?
- ↑
Chraibi, Khalid (?? ????? ????)?
"Can the Umm al Qura calendar serve as a global Islamic calendar?"
?
tabsir.net
?
WordPress
? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ????
?
- ↑
"The prince's time machine: Saudi Arabia adopts the Gregorian calendar"
?
The Economist
?
The Economist Newspaper Limited
? ?? ???????? ????
? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ????
?
- ↑
Conger, George (? ??????? ????)?
"Saudi Arabia adopts Gregorian calendar"
?
Anglican
?
WordPress
? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ????
?
- ↑
Molavi, Afshin; Mawlaw?, Af??n (????)?
Persian Pilgrimages by Afshin Molavi
?
????????
9780393051193
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
The "Kuwaiti Algorithm"
(Robert van Gent).
- ↑
Gast, M.; Delheur, J.; E.B. (????)?
"Calendrier"
?
Encyclopedie Berbere
(????? ??????)? OpenEdition (11): 1713?1720?
?????
:
10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2039
? ???????? ????? ? ????? ????
?
- ↑
the start of each lunar month determined not ahead of time by astronomical calculation, but only after the crescent moon is sighted by the proper religious authorities. (source:
Tripp,
Culture Shock
, 2009
: pp. 154?5).
- ↑
Hagger, Nicholas (????)?
The Libyan Revolution: Its Origins and Legacy
? Winchester, UK: O Books? ??????
109
?
- ↑
Encyclopedia of the Developing World
(2007), volume 3, p. 1338.
- ↑
Neil MacFarquhar (????)?
The Media Relations Department of Hizbollah Wishes You a Happy Birthday: Unexpected Encounters in the Changing Middle East
? ReadHowYouWant?
????????
978-1-4587-6009-8
?
pages 37?38.
- ↑
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- ↑
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- ↑
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