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????????? ???????????? ?????? (??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????) ??? ?????? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ????? ??????: ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ???????, ?????????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????; ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ????????? ???????, ??? ??? ???????????? ???????? (??? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????) ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????
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?
(??? ???) ?????? ???? ????????
???????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????
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????????? ????????
]
???? ???? ???? ???????????????? Winifred ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????????? ????????????? ????, ???????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????
[??]
- ↑
Branney M.J. & Kokelaar, B.P. 2002, Pyroclastic Density Currents and the Sedimentation of Ignimbrites. Geological Society of London Memoir 27, 143pp.
- ↑
"MSH Pyroclastic flow [USGS]"
?
pubs.usgs.gov
?
- ↑
Auker, Melanie Rose; Sparks, Robert Stephen John (????-??-??)? "A statistical analysis of the global historical volcanic fatalities record": 2?
????????
2191-5040
?
?????
:
10.1186/2191-5040-2-2
?
- ↑
See:
- ↑
"Definition of κλαστ??"
?
Perseus Greek Dictionary
?
Tufts University
? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ????
?
- ↑
Lacroix, A. (1904)
La Montagne Pelee et ses Eruptions
, Paris, Masson (in French)
From vol. 1, p. 38:
After describing on p. 37 the eruption of a "dense, black cloud" (
nuee noire
), Lacroix coins the term
nuee ardente
: "
Peu apres l'eruption de ce que j'appellerai desormais la
nuee ardente
, un immense nuage de cendres couvrait l'ile tout entiere, la saupoudrant d'une mince couche de debris volcaniques.
" (Shortly after the eruption of what I will call henceforth the
dense, glowing cloud
[
nuee ardente
], an immense cloud of cinders covered the entire island, sprinkling it with a thin layer of volcanic debris.)
- ↑
Arthur N. Strahler (1972),
Planet Earth: its physical systems through geological time
- ↑
Myers and Brantley (1995). Volcano Hazards Fact Sheet: Hazardous Phenomena at Volcanoes, USGS Open File Report 95-231
- ↑
Weller, Roger (????)?
Mount Vesuvius, Italy.
? Cochise College Department of Geology? ?? ??????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????
?
- ↑
Freundt, Armin (????)? "Entrance of hot pyroclastic flows into the sea: experimental observations": 144?164?
?????
:
10.1007/s00445-002-0250-1
?
- ↑
Camp, Vic. "KRAKATAU, INDONESIA (1883)." How Volcanoes Work. Department of Geological Sciences, San Diego State University, 31 Mar. 2006. Web. 15 Oct. 2010. .
- ↑
????????? ???? ????????
Ten Things You Didn't Know About Volcanoes (2006)
(??????)
- ↑
Entrance of hot pyroclastic flows into the sea: experimental observations
,
INIST
.
- ↑
Cameron, W. S. (????)? "An Interpretation of Schroter's Valley and Other Lunar Sinuous Rills": 2423?2430?
?????
:
10.1029/JZ069i012p02423
?