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??????????? ??, ?????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??-????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???????????????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????, ???????????
????? ???????
??? ???, ???????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??? ???? ?????????-??????????? ????? ????? ????, ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????, ??????????
???????
?????? ????, ?????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????????? ????-???? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ????
[??]
??????????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????, ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??; ??? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????, ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????
[??]
????????? ??? ????????????? ?????
[
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]
???? ????
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????????????
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? ????? ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ??????
?????????
????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??, ??????????? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???, ??????????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???, ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ? ????? ??????????? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???, ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???
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?????????
,
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?????
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?????
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?????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????, ???? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???, ?????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ? ?????????, ??????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ????? ????
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[??]
??????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ????, ?? ???????????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????, ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ????????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????, ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????
???????? ????? ?????
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????? ????
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???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????, ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????
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???? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???
[??]
???????????? ???? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???, ???? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????, ?????????-????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????
[??]
???? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????
??????? ??????? ???
?????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???, ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????????????? ????? ?????? ???, ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
[??]
?????
????????
??????? ???? ?????? ???????
[??]
?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????????, ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ?????????
[??]
[??]
??????-??????? ??????
[
??? ????????
]
????????? ??????
???????? ??????
?????, ???????, ????-????, ??????? ??????
[??]
???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???, ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????
??????
?????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???
????? ??????
??? ???????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ????? ???, ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????
[??]
???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????
????? ????????
???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???
???????? ??????
???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????, ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????
????-?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????
[??]
???? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????
[??]
- ↑
Magill 1998
, ??. 809
- ↑
France 1998
, ??. 84
- ↑
Ahmed, Rumee (?? ??????? ????)?
The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law
? Oxford University Press? ?????? 311?
????????
978-0-19-166826-5
? ? ????????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
Eliade, Mircea (????)?
"Kalam"
?
The Encyclopedia of Religion
?
8
: 238?
????????
978-0-02-909790-8
?
- ↑
Jackson 1996, p. 36
- ↑
Turchin, Adams ??? Hall 2006
, ??. 223
- ↑
?
?
Humphreys 1987
- ↑
Ozo?lu 2004
, ??. 46
- ↑
Bosworth 1996
, ??. 73
- ↑
Fakkar, Galal (?? ????????? ????)?
"Story behind the king's title"
?
Arab News
?
Jeddah
? ? ????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ????
?
- ↑
Eiselen 1907
, ??. 89
- ↑
The biographer
Ibn Khallikan
wrote, "Historians agree in stating that [Saladin's] father and family belonged to
Duwin
. … They were Kurds and belonged to the Raw?diya [sic], which is a branch of the great tribe al-Had?niya": Minorsky (1953), p. 124.
- ↑
Humphreys 1987
- ↑
Ali 1996
, ??. 27
- ↑
Ali 1996
, ??. 28
- ↑
?
?
Ali 1996
, ??. 28
- ↑
Shillington 2005
, ??. 438
- ↑
Lyons ? Jackson 1982
, ??. 8
- ↑
Lyons ? Jackson 1982
, ??. 14
- ↑
Lyons ? Jackson 1982
, ??. 25
- ↑
Lyons ? Jackson 1982
, ??. 28
- ↑
Lev 1999
, ??. 96?97
- ↑
Shillington 2005
, ??. 438
- ↑
?
?
?
?
Lev 1999
, ??. 101
- ↑
Lev 1999
, ??. 100
- ↑
Fage 1978
, ??. 583
- ↑
Lane-Poole 1894
, ??. 75
- ↑
?
?
?
Houtsma ? Wensinck 1993
, ??. 884
- ↑
?
?
Margariti 2007
, ??. 29
- ↑
McLaughlin 2008
, ??. 131
- ↑
Lofgren 1960
, ??. 181
- ↑
Dumper ? Stanley 2007
, ??. 10
- ↑
Brice 1981
, ??. 338
- ↑
?
?
Salibi 1998
, ??. 55
- ↑
?
?
Daly ? Petry 1998
, ??. 217?218
- ↑
Shillington 2005
, ??. 438
- ↑
?
?
Lane-Poole 1906
, ??. 141
- ↑
Lane-Poole 1894
, ??. 76
- ↑
Lane-Poole 1906
, ??. 142?146
- ↑
Lane-Poole 1906
, ??. 146?148
- ↑
Lev 1999
, ??. 22
- ↑
Lev 1999
, ??. 100?101
- ↑
Lane-Poole 1906
- ↑
Smail 1995
- ↑
Lyons ? Jackson 1982
- ↑
Lyons ? Jackson 1982
- ↑
Humphreys 1991
- ↑
Lyons ? Jackson 1982
- ↑
Lane-Poole 1906
- ↑
Humphreys 1991
- ↑
Lane-Poole 1906
- ↑
Lane-Poole 1906
- ↑
Lane-Poole 1906
- ↑
Lane-Poole 1906
- ↑
Lane-Poole 1906
- ↑
Shillington 2005
- ↑
Meri ? Bacharach 2006
- ↑
?
?
Richard ? Birrell 1999
- ↑
?
?
Burns 2005
- ↑
Humphreys 1991
- ↑
?
?
?
?
Burns 2005
- ↑
?
?
?
?
Richard ? Birrell 1999
- ↑
Salibi 1998
- ↑
Burns 2005
- ↑
Humphreys 1977
.
- ↑
Richard ? Birrell 1999
- ↑
Richard ? Birrell 1999
- ↑
Richard ? Birrell 1999
- ↑
Shillington 2005
- ↑
Richard ? Birrell 1999
- ↑
?
?
?
Ali 1996
- ↑
Brice 1981
- ↑
Shillington 2005
- ↑
Meri ? Bacharach 2006
- ↑
?
?
Burns 2005
- ↑
Burns 2005
- ↑
Richard ? Birrell 1999
- ↑
Salibi 1998
- ↑
al-Mawsili, Ahmad ibn 'Umar al-Dhaki (????)?
"Bassin au nom du sultan al-'Adil II Abu Bakr"
? Louvre Museum?
- ↑
Burns 2005
- ↑
Richard ? Birrell 1999
- ↑
Richard ? Birrell 1999
?????? ??? ?????? ?????????
[
??? ????????
]
- Angold, Michael, ??????? (????),
The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 5, Eastern Christianity
, Cambridge University Press,
????????
978-0-521-81113-2
- Ayliffe, Rosie; Dubin, Marc; Gawthrop, John; Richardson, Terry (????),
The Rough Guide to Turkey
, Rough Guides,
????????
978-1-84353-071-8
- Ali, Abdul (????),
Islamic Dynasties of the Arab East: State and Civilization During the Later Medieval Times
, M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd,
????????
978-81-7533-008-5
- Baer, Eva (????),
Ayyubid Metalwork with Christian Images
, Brill,
????????
978-90-04-08962-4
- Brice, William Charles (????),
An Historical Atlas of Islam
, Brill,
????????
978-90-04-06116-3
- Burns, Ross (????),
Damascus: A History
, Routledge,
????????
978-0-415-27105-9
- Bosworth, C.E. (????),
The New Islamic Dynasties
, New York: Columbia University Press,
????????
978-0-231-10714-3
- Catlos, Brian (????), "Mamluks", Rodriguez, Junios P.,
The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery
,
1,7
, ABC-CLIO,
????????
978-0-87436-885-7
- Daly, M. W.; Petry, Carl F. (????),
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