???????? ?? ???????????
??????? ???????
?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????
??????
, ??????, ???????, ????? ???
???
? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????
[?]
[?]
[?]
?????
????? ??????
??????
???????? ?? ????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????????
??.??????
?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????, "???????? ??????? ????
????
? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????
????
????? ?????? ????" ??.???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????????, ??? ???? ????, ????? ????? ? ?????? ???????????? ??????
????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ????, ?????
?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????, (?)
???????? ????????
? (?)
???????? ?????????
???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????????
??????
?
?????
????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????
?????? ???
, ???????????,
??????????
, ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??, ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????
????????? ??????? ??????
[
????????
]
???? ????? ????? ????
??????? ???????
, '???????? ????????' ???? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? '????????'-?? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???
??????
??????? ?????????? ????? ????, ?? ?????
??????????????
??? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ????
[?]
?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????; ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??
Principles of Economics
(????)
-? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???, "???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????"
??????? ??????? ????,"???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???"?
????????? ?????????? ???
[
????????
]
?????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????
??????? ?????
?????? ???? ???????????? ???? ??????
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
???? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????, 'Economics is Science of wealth'? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ????
????????? ????
???????
?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????????
?????????
??????? ???????????
??????? ???
??????, "?????????? ???????? ???? ???????"?
???????? ????????
[
????????
]
???????? ???????? ????
???????
???
?????
?? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????
?????
, ???????? ????????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????
???????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ???????, ?????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????-???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ????????? ? ?????? ??? ??-???? ?????? ????
???????? ????????
?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??
???????
??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????
????????
????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ? ????????? ???????????? ?? ???? ??????????? ??????
?????? ????
???? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????, ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ???????????? ??????? ??? ????
???????? ????????
[
????????
]
???????? ????????
????????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ????
?????? ???
?
?????? ??????
, ?????????? ??? ? ?????????????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???, ???????? ????? ? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ????, ??????? ????? ??????????????? ????, ??????? ?????????, ????? ?????? ???? ???????, ????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ????? ?????, ????????? ? ???????? ?????? ????????????
???????? ????????? ???????? ???????, ???????? ???????? ??? ???????????
[
????????
]
???????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ? ??????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????, ????????? ?????, ????????? ??????, ?????? ?????, ?????????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ?????????
???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???, ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????
???? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????
'Journal of Economic Literature' ? ???????? 'JEL classification codes' ???????? ????????? ??????????? ? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? 'The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics' ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ? ????????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????
??????? ???????? ? ???????? ????????
[
????????
]
???????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???, ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????
?? ????????????
??? ??????? ?????? '
Foundations of Economics Analysis'(????)-
? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????????
??????????????
[
????????
]
?????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????????? ??? ???? ??, ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ????, ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ? ????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ?????
?????? ??????
[
????????
]
?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ?????? (NIPA)?? ??????????? ???, ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????(NIPA) ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ????, ?? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????, ?????? ????? ??? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?????
????????? ?????
???? ????????
[
????????
]
???? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ???, ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????; ????? ? ??????????, ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????????? ???????
??????? ? ????????? ????????
[
????????
]
????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????????, ???????? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????????? ????????? ? ????????? ???? (?????????????? ????????? ???? ???????) ??? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ?????, ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ????????, ????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ? ???????? ???????????? ???? ???????
????????? ??????????
[
????????
]
????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????, ???????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???, ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ????
????? ????????
??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???, ????
???????? ????????
??? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ????
?????????????????? ????????
[
????????
]
?????????????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????????????? ???????? ???? ?????, ?????? ??????????? ? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????
??????? ??????
[
????????
]
??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ? ?????? ??????????? ?? '
Theory of Games and Economic Behavior'
?? ??????? '??????? ??????' ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????, ?????, ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????
????? ??????
[
????????
]
????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????, ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????, ????????? ???????????, ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????
???? ????????
[
????????
]
???? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????, ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????, ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ????????????,
????
, ?????? ????? ??? ????? ? ???????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????????
??????????? ????????
[
????????
]
??????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????????? ??????????
???? ????????
[
????????
]
???? ???????? ???? ????? ????????? ? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????
??????
?
???????
????????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????????? (??????), ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? (?????), ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????, ?????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????
?????? ????????
[
????????
]
?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????
?????? ????????
[
????????
]
?????? ????????
?????? ????
, ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????
????? ????
????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????-?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????????? ??????? ?? ???????
????????
?????? ?????????? ????????
??? ? ????????
[
????????
]
??? ? ???????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????
?????
?????? ????????? ????????? ?????, ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????? ? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??, ????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????
??????????? ????????
[
????????
]
??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ???? ???????????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????????????, ?????? ???????????, ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????
?????? ????????????
[
????????
]
?????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????-?????? ????????, ??????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ????????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????, ?????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????, ?????????? ? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????
?????? ? ?????
[
????????
]
?????? ? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????
???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ? ???????? ???? ???????????? (??????? ???? ????)? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??, ?????? ???????? ???, ???, ????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? '????? ??????????? ??????????' ?????? ??????? ??? (??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????????)? ????? '?????' ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ????? ??? ??? ???????????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??, ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??, ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ????? (???????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????)? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? (??? ??????) ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? (???????? ??????)? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????; ???????????? ??? ???? ??, ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ?????
????? ????? ???????? ??? ? ? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ????? ???,??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? (???????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????)? ???????? ??? ???? ??, ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ????, ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ????????? ???, ??? ? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????, ????
????? ????????
??? ????
???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ? ??? ???? ????
?????? ? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???, ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???? ??, ????????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? (???????? ????????) ??? ?????? ?????? (???????? ????????) ???????? ?????
?????? ? ????? ????? ??????????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???, ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???, ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ??????????
????? ? ??????
[
????????
]
?????? ? ????? ????????? ??? (?????? ????????? ???) ?????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????, ?????? ? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ? ???????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????, ??? ? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?????????????, ??? ? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????
?????? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????????, '????? ???????' ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??,???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??? ??? ???????????????? ???? ????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ????
????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??, ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????
????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???, ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? (???? ?????? ??????, ????????? ??? ?????? ?????)-?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???, ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ???, ??? ???????? ? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ? ????????? ????? ????? ???, ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ???, ?? ???? ??-???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????
????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???, ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ? ????? ???????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ? ????? ????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ????, ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????, ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????, ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????????????? ???????-???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????-????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ? ????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????, ????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????
????????? ??????????
[
????????
]
???????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ???, ???? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ceteris paribus (???????? ?????? ?????????? ????) ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??, ???? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????, ???? ??????? ????? ???? ? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????
????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ????-?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??, ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????
??????????? ????? ?? ???????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??, ????????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ??????-????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????????-??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??, ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???, ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????
?????? ? ????????? ?????????
[
????????
]
?????????? ????????? ??????????
[
????????
]
??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????, ?????, ?????, ???????, ?????, ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????-?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???????
???????????
,
??????
, ??? ?? ??????, ???? ???????,
???? ??????
??????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? "??? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????????" ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????, ????? ??? ??? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????????
?? ???????????
?????????? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????
???? ???? ???? ????? ????????? '???????????' ? '??????????' ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? (??????????????) ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????
??????
? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???
?????
???? ? ????????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????
?? ????? ???? ????????? ? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????
??????? ?????
????? ???????????? ???????????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???, ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????; ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???, ???? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ????
??
???????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????????
???? ??
-?? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ??????-?????? ???? ?????? ????, ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ????
????????? ????????
[
????????
]
???? ???? ??????? ??????? “The Wealth of Nations” ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????, ???? ? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???-????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????????
“?????? ???”
??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???-??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? “?????? ??????” ???? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????
??? ???????
“??????-???”
?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??, ??????????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????, ????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????????? ????
??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????, ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????, ?????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??, ????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ? ?????? ????? ?????
???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???, ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ????
???????? ????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????
????????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????, ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????
????????? ???????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ????? ????? ??, “real price of every thing ... is the toil and trouble of acquiring it" ?? ????????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???, ???? ????? ? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ‘??????? ???? ??????’ ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ????
?????????? ????????
[
????????
]
??????? ???????????
????? ???????
-?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? “Capital” ?? ????? ???? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ‘??????? ???? ??????’ ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???, ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ‘??????? ???? ??????’ ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ????
???? ????????? ????????
[
????????
]
???? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ‘???? ????????? ????????’ ?? ‘????????? ????????’ ???? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ‘????????’ ?????? ?????????? ??? ???, ?? ?????? ‘???????? ????????’ ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???, ?? ??????? ???? ????????????? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????
???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??, ????????? ??????? ‘??? ??????’ ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ????
???? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ‘??????????? ????????’ ???? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????????? ???? ???? ??, ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????????????, ??????? ??????, ????? ????????? ???????? ? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?????
???????? ????????
[
????????
]
???????? ????????
?? ??????? ??????
-??, ????? ??? ??? ?? ‘The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money’ (1936), ?? ??????? ?????, ??
????-?? ????????? ????????
-? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ????????
????????? ?????
?????????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????????? ? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ????
??????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????-??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ????????????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ? ???? ???????? ???? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ? ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ???????????-??????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????
???????? ????? ? ??????????
[
????????
]
???????? ??-?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ????? ???? ????? ????????????? ?????, ?????? ?????, ?????????? ?????, ????????? ????? ? ?????? ??????
???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????? ????????, ??????????? ????????, ???? ??????????? ??????????, ???????????-??????? ????????, ?????? ????????, ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????-??????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????, ???????? ????????? ????????, ??????????? ????????, ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????
????????? ???????? ?????????????
[
????????
]
?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????
??????? ??????
[
????????
]
??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????
????? ????
?
???? ?????
?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??, ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??, ???????? ?????? ? ????? ???, ????? ???? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????
?? ?????????? ???
?????????? ?????????? ???? ????? , "the practical science of production and distribution of wealth" ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????????
Concise Oxford English Dictionary
?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ????????
??????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ??? ???? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??,
?? ???????
???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????
?????? ??????
[
????????
]
??????? ????? ????? ?????, ??????? ????????? ? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??? ????, ???? ?? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ‘Principles of Economics’ ????? ????? ??,
"Political Economy or Economics is a study of mankind in the ordinary business of Life; it examines that part of the individual and social action which is most closely connected with the attainment and with the use of material requisites of well-being." ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????; ??? ??????? ? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????????
???????? ?? ???? ????????
[
????????
]
?????????
????????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???, ?? ???????????? ????????? ? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ? ??????? ????, ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????; ??? ???????????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????
??????? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????, ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??, ?????????????? ????????????, ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??, ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????, ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????
?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ?-????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ??
??????? ????
???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????????
?? ???? ?????????? ???????? ? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???, ?????????????? ?? ?? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ???- ??
???? ?????
?
???????? ????????
???? ????
Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel
???????? ??? ?????
???? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????????? ? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ‘
???????????? ????????
’ ?? ???????
????????????????
[ ???????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????
??????
??? ??, ?????????????
????????
??????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????????????????? ????? ??? ??, ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??, ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????
????? ??????
?????? ?
????????
???????? ??????
???? ??, ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????
????? ??? ?????????? “????????? ???????” ??? ???? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????
?????? ?????? ????????
[
????????
]
?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????, ???? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????????, ?????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ??? ????, ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?????????????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??, ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????, ????? ? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????? “????? ??????????” ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? “????? ??????????” ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????????????? ??, ???? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????, ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????????????-??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????
?????? ???? ? ??????????
[
????????
]
????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????????????? ????? ??? ??, ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??, ?????????? ????????? ???? “????? ???????” ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ?????????????? ( ??????? ????? ?????? ?????), ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??, ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????
???? ??????????? “?????? ????” ???? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????, ?? ?????????
- ?????????= ??????-?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??, ????????? ??????-????? ? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????????-?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?? ??, ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? “????? ???????” ??????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????, ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???, ????? ??????-??????? ????? ????????????? ????
......... ??? ?????? ??????? = ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ???? ??, ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ( ????? ??? ?????????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????), ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????
......... ??????????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??, ???? ???? ?????????, ???? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ? ?????????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ? ??????????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ????????? ????
????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? “????? ???????” ???????????? ??????
????????? ?????????? ????????
[
????????
]
???????? ????? ??????? ????? ? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????, ???? ? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????
?????? ? ?????????????? ????????? ??????? ????????
[
????????
]
????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??, ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????, ???? ??? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ( ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????????????)? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ????????? ???? ????
?????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??, ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???, ?????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????
????-????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????????? ????????, ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????
???????? ? ???????
[
????????
]
?? ?????????? ???
??
???? ?????????
?? ?? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??, ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? “???? ????????” ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ????????? “??????? ????????” ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????
??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? (?????? ???? ? ?????? ????) ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????????
????? ? ????????
[
????????
]
???????????? ??? ????, ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???, ?? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??, ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??, ????????????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???-????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????
????????? ? ????????
[
????????
]
???????? ? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????, ???????? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????
???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????, ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????????, ????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ( ?????? ?????,
??????
??? ????? ????? ????)? ???? ??????????? ???, ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????
?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????, ??????? ?????? ? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????
???? ????, ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ????????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ? ????????, ??????, ????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??, ?????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??, ??? ??????? ??? ? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???
??????? ??????
[
????????
]
??? ???? ????? ??, ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????, ?????? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??, ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????, ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ? ????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??, ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ???? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??,??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????
????????? ????? ????? ‘???????? ????????’ ????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????, ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????????????? ( ????? ??? ???????????) ‘????????’ ??????? ??????? ‘???????? ????????’ ????? ???? ???????
??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????????????, ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????
????????? ????????
[
????????
]
????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???, ?? ?????? ???? ???? “???? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ????????” ????? ????? ??? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???, ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????, ???? ??? ?????, ??????? ?????? “Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel” (???? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ???) ????? ?????????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????, ??????, ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????, ?????????? ??????, ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ???
??????????????? ????????
[
????????
]
??????-?????????? ???????
?????????
???????????
???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????
[?]
? ?????? ???? ????
?? ?????? ?? ??????
??????? ??????? ???????????
???? ?????
?????? ???????
[?]
????? ???????????
??????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ??
?????? ???????????
???? ????????? ????
?????????? ????
?????????
???????? ???????????????
?????
??????????? ????????????
???? ???? ??? ?????????????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???-??????, ??????? ????,
????
???????? ???????
??????????????
????????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????
- ↑
Krugman, Paul
; Wells, Robin (????)?
Economics
(3rd ???????)? Worth Publishers? ??????
2
?
????????
978-1464128738
?
- ↑
Backhouse, Roger (????)?
The Penguin history of economics
? London?
????????
0-14-026042-0
?
???????
59475581
?
The boundaries of what constitutes economics are further blurred by the fact that economic issues are analysed not only by 'economists' but also by historians, geographers, ecologists, management scientists, and engineers.
- ↑
Break Up the Anthropocene
? University of Minnesota Press? ????-??-??? ?????? 41?50?
- ↑
"Free, Rhona C., ed. (2010)."
?
- ↑
"Definition of COMPETITION"
?
www.merriam-webster.com
(?????? ??????)
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
George alike, George alike; George alike, George alike; George alike, George alike; George alike, George alike; George alike, George alike; George alike, George alike; George alike, George alike; George alike, George alike; George alike, George alike (????-??-??)?
"MyFavoritegamez.com - Free Online Games For Kids"
?
SciVee
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
|
---|
?????
| |
---|
??????????????
| |
---|
???????? ?????????????
| |
---|
|
|
---|
?????? ??????????
| |
---|
????????
| |
---|