한국   대만   중국   일본 
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????? ???? ??????????? ???? ????? ???????? (???) ??? ?????????? (????) ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????

??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????: ?????????? ???: O 2 , ???????????? ??? H 2 , ???? ???: H 2 O ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? [?]

?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?-?????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? [?]

???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????????? ??????????, ????- ???????, ???????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? (????? ??? ????? ), ?????, ?????????????? , ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???, ????: ????? ?????? ?


????????? ????? ????????????? (AFM) PTCDA ???? ?????, ???? ????- ??? ???????? ??? ????????? [??]
???? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ???? ?????, ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? [??]
1,5,9-trioxo-13-azatriangulene ?? AFM ???????? ?? ????????? ???. [??]

???, ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????, ????, ?????, ????, ????????, ?????, ????, ????, ?????, ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???? ????

???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ??, ???? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???, ????? ??????? ?? ????-??????? ???? ????, ?????????, ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????-???????-??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????????????, ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ????????, ????????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???, ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???, ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???-???????-?????? ,?????? ?????????? ??? ?????????

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[??????] ?? [?????????????]?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? [????? ??????] ?? [????? ?????????????] ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? (??? ????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ?????????? ???) ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????????, ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????????????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ???, ????,[??????],[????? ???????????],[???????], ????? [????], ????????? ???, ????????? ??????, [???????? ?????? ?????], ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? [???-????????? ??????]? Tamim brasil supprter

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????????-?????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????, "???" ?????? ????? "????" ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????

??? (????) - "??????? ??????? ???", ??????? ???????? (????) ????, ??? ????? ??? ????, ????? moles ???? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? (?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????) ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? [??] [??]

???? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ???,??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????? [??] ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????, ??? ??? ???????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???

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?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ????????( ??? ???? ????????? ??? ???) ???, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? [??]

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???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????


?????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ( ????????? ) ??? ?????????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ( ????????? )? [??] ?? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? electrovalance ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????????, ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ??????, ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????, ????? NH4 + ?? SO42? ?? ??? ??? ?????????

?????? ????????? ??? ?????????, ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? (?? ???? ???? ???) ??? ???? ??? ??? ????????? / ???????? ? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???? [??]

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??????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? [??] [??]

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???? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ????????????? ??? (H 2 ), ?? ????? ?????? ?.?? A. [??]

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????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ( 1000 A) (100 nm) [??]


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???? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ????, ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????, ?????, ?????? ??? ????? (+) ??? ?????? (-) ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ????? ????????, ??? ???????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????????? ??????? [??] ????????????, ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????????? 2: 1 ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? (????? ?????????) ?????? 2: 6: 1 ???????? ?????? , ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????, ??? ???? ????? ????????????? ???????? ??? ?? - ????????????, ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????????????? ????????????, ??? ?????? ?????? (??????: ??????????: ???????? = 1: 2: 1) (??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????) ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ?????

??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????????????, ??? ???????????? ????? ????? ?? 2 ??? 2 ???? ??? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ????

????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? -12 (12 ?? ???????) ??????? ?? 1/1 ?? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????, ????? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ????

???????? ????? [ ???????? ]

3D (???? ??? ????????) ??? 2D (????) terpenoid molecule atisane ?? ????????


???? ???? ????-??????? ??????????? ????, ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????, ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???-???????? ????????? ????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????????, ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??-??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ????

????? ???????? [ ???????? ]

"????????????" dendrimer ???? ??? ??? STM ???? [??]


????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????????? ???? ?? ????????????? ?? ???????? ???,?? ?????? ?? ????????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ?????????????, ???? ????? ????? ???????,?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????-????????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????

????? ??????? [ ???????? ]

???? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? 2 ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ????; ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????-??????? (??-??) ?????????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???,( ?????? ???? (B?? ??? ????????) ???? ??????????? ??? (???? ????????) ???? ????????? ???)? ????? (C) ??????, ??? 2 ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? (D) ??????? ???? ????, ???? ?? ? ??? 2 ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????, ?? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????, (D) ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? (E) ?????? ?????? ? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????????? ? ??????? ??? ???? ???? 2 . [??]



????? ??????????????? ???? ?????? (?? ?????????????, ??????????? ????? ???????) ??????????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ??? ???????? ???????????? (???????) ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????? [??] ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????, ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????-?? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? (???? ???????? ???) ????????????? ????

???????????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????????, ??? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????

????????? ??? [ ???????? ]

????? ????????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???-????, H2+ ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ?'? ??-?????????? ?????? H2+ ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????, ??? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????

??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????, ????????? ??????? ???? ?? It must correspond to a depression on the potential energy surface that is deep enough to confine at least one vibrational state? [??] ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??, ??? ???? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???????????, ??? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ??????, He2 ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??, ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? [??] ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ????? [??]

??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????????, ??????, ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? (???????, ????????????, ???? ???????? ???); ???, ???? ????? ?'? ???????????? ???????? ?????????-????? ????????????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????

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????????? [ ???????? ]

  1. ↑ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry  (1994). " molecule ". Compendium of Chemical Terminology Internet edition.
  2. ↑ Puling, Linus (????)? General Chemistry ? New York: Dover Publications, Inc.? ????????   0-486-65622-5 ?  
  3. ↑ Ebbin, Darrell, D. (????)? General Chemistry, 3rd Ed. ? Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.? ????????   0-395-43302-9 ?  
  4. ↑ Brown, T.L.; Kenneth C. Kemp; Theodore L. Brown; Harold Eugene LeMay; Bruce Edward Bursten (????)? Chemistry ? the Central Science, 9th Ed. ? New Jersey: Prentice Hall? ????????   0-13-066997-0 ?  
  5. ↑ Chang, Raymond (????)? Chemistry, 6th Ed. ? New York: McGraw Hill? ????????   0-07-115221-0 ?  
  6. ↑ Zumdahl, Steven S. (????)? Chemistry, 4th ed. ? Boston: Houghton Mifflin? ????????   0-669-41794-7 ?  
  7. ↑ Chandra, Sulekh (????)? Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry ? New Age Publishers? ????????   81-224-1512-1 ?  
  8. ↑ Molecule ????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ?? ???? ??????, Encyclopædia Britannica on-line
  9. ↑ "???????????????? ???????" ? ? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  10. ↑ Iwata, Kota; Yamazaki, Shiro; Mutombo, Pingo; Hapala, Prokop; Ondra?ek, Martin; Jelinek, Pavel; Sugimoto, Yoshiaki (????)? "Chemical structure imaging of a single molecule by atomic force microscopy at room temperature" ? Nature Communications ? 6 : 7766? ????? : 10.1038/ncomms8766 ? ????????   26178193 ? ??????   4518281   অবাধে প্রবেশযোগ্য? ?????? : 2015NatCo...6.7766I ?  
  11. ↑ Dinca, L.E.; De Marchi, F.; MacLeod, J.M.; Lipton-Duffin, J.; Gatti, R.; Ma, D.; Perepichka, D.F. ; Rosei, F. (????)? "Pentacene on Ni(111): Room-temperature molecular packing and temperature-activated conversion to graphene"? Nanoscale ? 7 (7): 3263?9? ????? : 10.1039/C4NR07057G ? ????????   25619890 ? ?????? : 2015Nanos...7.3263D ?  
  12. ↑ Hapala, Prokop; ?vec, Martin; Stetsovych, Oleksandr; Van Der Heijden, Nadine J.; Ondra?ek, Martin; Van Der Lit, Joost; Mutombo, Pingo; Swart, Ingmar; Jelinek, Pavel (????)? "Mapping the electrostatic force field of single molecules from high-resolution scanning probe images" ? Nature Communications ? 7 : 11560? ????? : 10.1038/ncomms11560 ? ????????   27230940 ? ??????   4894979   অবাধে প্রবেশযোগ্য? ?????? : 2016NatCo...711560H ?  
  13. ↑ "???????????????? ???????" ? ?? ????? ???? ?????? [[[:en:Online Etymology Dictionary|Online Etymology Dictionary]] ???] |??????= ?? ??? ??????? ???? ( ??????? ) ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  14. ↑ "???????????????? ???????" ? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  15. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20141013143129/http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/glossary/m.shtml#molecule
  16. ↑ The Hutchinson unabridged encyclopedia with atlas and weather guide. Oxford, England. OCLC https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/696918830
  17. ↑ "???????????????? ???????" (??????) ? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? (??????) ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  18. ↑ "???????????????? ???????" ? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  19. ↑ "???????????????? ???????" ? ? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  20. ↑ "???????????????? ???????" ? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  21. ↑ "???????????????? ???????" ? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  22. ↑ Chang RL, Deen WM, Robertson CR, Brenner BM. (????)? "Permselectivity of the glomerular capillary wall: III. Restricted transport of polyanions" ? Kidney Int. ? 8 (4): 212?218? ????? : 10.1038/ki.1975.104 ? ????????   1202253 ?  
  23. ↑ Chang RL, Ueki IF, Troy JL, Deen WM, Robertson CR, Brenner BM. (????)? "Permselectivity of the glomerular capillary wall to macromolecules. II. Experimental studies in rats using neutral dextran" ? Biophys J. ? 15 (9): 887?906? ????? : 10.1016/S0006-3495(75)85863-2 ? ????????   1182263 ? ??????   1334749   অবাধে প্রবেশযোগ্য? ?????? : 1975BpJ....15..887C ?  
  24. ↑ Roger L. DeKock; Harry B. Gray (????)? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ? University Science Books? ?????? 199? ????????   0-935702-61-X ?  
  25. ↑ "???????????????? ???????" ? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  26. ↑ "???????????????? ???????" ? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  27. ↑ Hirsch, Brandon E.; Lee, Semin; Qiao, Bo; Chen, Chun-Hsing; McDonald, Kevin P.; Tait, Steven L.; Flood, Amar H. (????)? "Anion-induced dimerization of 5-fold symmetric cyanostars in 3D crystalline solids and 2D self-assembled crystals" ? Chemical Communications ? 50 (69): 9827?30? ????? : 10.1039/C4CC03725A ? ????????   25080328 ?  
  28. ↑ Zoldan, V. C.; Faccio, R; Pasa, A.A. (????)? "N and p type character of single molecule diodes" ? Scientific Reports ? 5 : 8350? ????? : 10.1038/srep08350 ? ????????   25666850 ? ??????   4322354   অবাধে প্রবেশযোগ্য? ?????? : 2015NatSR...5E8350Z ?  
  29. ↑ "???????????????? ???????" ? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  30. ↑ "???????????????? ???????" ? ? ??????????? ???? ?????? [[[:en:IUPAC books#Gold Book|IUPAC books#Gold Book]] ???] |??????= ?? ??? ??????? ???? ( ??????? ) ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  31. ↑ "???????????????? ???????" ? ? ??????????? ???? ?????? [[[:en:IUPAC books#Gold Book|IUPAC books#Gold Book]] ???] |??????= ?? ??? ??????? ???? ( ??????? ) ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  32. ↑ "???????????????? ???????" ? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
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