????????????? ???? ????????????
???? ?????
(
???
.
???? ???? ???? ?????
? ? 1937 ??????
[?]
? 29 ????? 1987?
????
) - ???????? ????????????. ??? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ? ????????? ????? ???? ?????????????? ???? ??????????????. ???????? ? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? 40.000 ?? ??? ?????????? ????????. ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ??????????. ????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????????.
???? ?????
?????
?? ????? ???? ?
??????
? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ?????????????. ???-??? ???? 1987-?? ????? 22 ???? ????????? ??? ????????. ???????????? ??????? ???? ??????????????? 5 ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????????? ???? ????? 29 ????? ????????? ???? ?????????. ???? ????????? ???-???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????. ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???-???? ????
?????
? ???????? ?????.
???? ????? 1938-?? ?????
???????
?? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????. ??????
???????
?? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????????????? ?????. ?????????????? ???????
???????
?? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ?????? 2 ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????
??????
?????? ????????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ????????. ????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????.
1959.?? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????. ?????????? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????. 1960-1961-?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????? al-Sarkha (???????) ?????????? ??? ????????? ? ????????? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ? ?? ????? 1960-?? ????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ???? ????????????? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ? ??????????????? ????? ???????. ??? ????????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? Ja'fariya College ?? ???????.
?????? ? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ???????????????? ?????? ????. ???? ????????? ???????????????? ? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????-? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ????????. 1961-?? ????? 25 ??????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ????? 1963-?? ????? ??????? ????. ?????
??????
? ??
???
???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????. ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????. ?????? ??? ???????????? ???? ??????? ??-???? ???????? ???????? 1968-?? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????. ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????. 1974-?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????.
??????
?
????????
???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????. 1985-?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????????. ???? ????? 1987-?? ????? ???-????? ????????????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ? 1987-?? ????? 22 ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???-???? ????? ?????????. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ????????? 5 ???? ????? ???? ?????. 1984-?? ????? The Guardian ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????????.
???? ????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????????. ????? 10 ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????????. ????????? ???? ???? 1969-?? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????. ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????????. ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????. ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?????. ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???? ???????. ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????????. ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????????. ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ???? ?????????. ??? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????????. ????????? ????
?????
????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????????.
??? ????????
[
????????
]
- ^
Library of Congress
Library of Congress Name Authority File
(ing.).
?????? ??????????
???? ?????
???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????????.
????????
????????????
?????? ????????
|
---|
???
| |
---|
???
| |
---|
????
| |
---|