???????

??????? ?????????
*Lietuvos Respublika* ( Lithuanian )
??????? ????????? Lietuvos Respublika ( Lithuanian )
	?????? ???? ?????
	???? ????: ; Tauti?ka giesm? ; "National Hymn"
	??????? ???? ???? ???????? (dark green) ? in ?????? (green & dark grey) ; ? in the ?????? ??????? (green) ? [ Legend ]
?????? ? ????? ????	Vilnius ; 54°41′N 25°19′E / 54.683°N 25.317°E
???? ?????	Lithuanian
????? ??????? (2021 )	84.6% ?????????? ; 6.5% Poles ; 5.0% Russians ; 1.0% Belarusians ; 0.5% Ukrainians ; 2.3% Others ;
??? (2021 )	79.4% ?????? ; ?74.2% Catholicism ; ?5.2% Other Christian ; 6.1% No religion ; 0.8% Others ; 13.7% No answer ;
??????(??)	Lithuanian
?????	Unitary semi-presidential ????????
? President	Gitanas Naus?da
? Prime Minister	Ingrida ?imonyt?
? Seimas Speaker	Viktorija ?milyt?-Nielsen
????? ??????	Seimas
Formation
? First mentioned	9 March 1009
? Grand Duchy	1236
? Coronation of Mindaugas	6 July 1253
? Union with Poland	2 February 1386
? Commonwealth created	1 July 1569
? Partitioned	24 October 1795
? Independence reinstated	16 February 1918
? Independence restored	11 March 1990
? Admitted to ????	29 March 2004
? Joined the EU	1 May 2004
?????
? ????	??? ??????????:Convert-?? 1851-??/?? ??????: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). ( 121st )
? ?? (%)	1.98 (2015)
?????
? 2022 ??????	2,840,758 ( 137th )
? ???????	??? ??????????:Convert-?? 1851-??/?? ??????: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). ( 138th )
???????? ( PPP )	2022 ??????
? ????	$131 billion ( 88th )
? ?????????	$46,158 ( 38th )
???????? (??????)	2022 ??????
? ????	$68 billion ( 86th )
? ?????????	$24,032 ( 52nd )
???? (2020)	35.1 ; ?????
???????? (2021)	0.875 ; ?????????? · 35th
??? ??????	???? ( € ) ( EUR )
??? ????????	UTC +2 ( EET )
? ??? ( ???????? )	UTC +3 ( EEST )
????? ??????	yyyy - mm - dd ( CE )
????????? ????	right
?????? ????	+370
???? ???? ????	LT
??????? ????????	.lt a
	??????? ; lithuania .lt
	Also .eu , shared with other European Union member states. ;

??????? : 55°N 24°E / 55°N 24°E / 55; 24

??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???.

?????? [ ???????? ]

????????? [ ???????? ]

^ Lithuania's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2019 .
^ Rodikli? duomen? baz? - Oficialiosios statistikos portalas .
^ Population by religious community indicated, municipalities (2021) (lt) . Statistics Lithuania .
^ Kulikauskien?, Lina (2002). Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucija [ The Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania ] (in ??????????). Native History, CD. ISBN 978-9986-9216-7-7 .
^ Veser, Ernst (23 September 1997). Semi-Presidentialism-Duverger's Concept ? A New Political System Model (en, zh) 39?60. Department of Education, School of Education, ???? ??????????? . ????????? ???? ???????? on 2021-04-24. ???????????2023-02-17. “Duhamel has developed the approach further: He stresses that the French construction does not correspond to either parliamentary or the presidential form of government, and then develops the distinction of 'systeme politique' and 'regime constitutionnel'. While the former comprises the exercise of power that results from the dominant institutional practice, the latter is the totality of the rules for the dominant institutional practice of the power. In this way, France appears as 'presidentialist system' endowed with a 'semi-presidential regime' (1983: 587). By this standard he recognizes Duverger's pleiade as semi-presidential regimes, as well as Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and Lithuania (1993: 87).”
^ Shugart, Matthew Søberg (September 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns" (PDF) . Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies . United States: University of California, San Diego. 19 August 2008-?? ???????? (PDF) -?? ?????????????????? . 23 August 2017-?? ???????? . {{ cite journal }}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= ??? ????????? ????????????? ( ???? )
^ Shugart, Matthew Søberg (December 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns" . French Politics . Palgrave Macmillan Journals. 3 (3): 323?351. doi : 10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087 . A pattern similar to the French case of compatible majorities alternating with periods of cohabitation emerged in Lithuania, where Talat-Kelpsa (2001) notes that the ability of the Lithuanian president to influence government formation and policy declined abruptly when he lost the sympathetic majority in parliament.
^ Surface water and surface water change . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
^ Prad?ia ? Oficialiosios statistikos portalas .
^ ^???? ^???? ^???? ^???? World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022 . ????????????? ??? ??????? (October 2022).
^ Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income . Eurostat .
^ Human Development Report 2021/2022 (en) . United Nations Development Programme (September 8, 2022).

????? ??????????? [ ???????? ]

??????:EB1922 Poster

Government

The Lithuanian President Archived 15 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine . ? Official site of the President of the Republic of Lithuania
The Lithuanian Parliament ? Official site of the Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania
The Lithuanian Government Archived 6 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine . ? Official site of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania
Statistics Lithuania Archived 5 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine . ? Official site of Department of Statistics to the Government of Lithuania
Lithuania ? Real is Beautiful Archived 2013-04-01 at the Wayback Machine . ? The Official Travel Guide by the Lithuanian National Tourism Development Agency

?????? ???????

??????:WorldCat The Baltic States and geopolitics
Lithuania Archived 2 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine . ? Lithuanian internet gates
Lithuania . The World Factbook . ????? ???????? ???????? .
Lithuania. CIA Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments Archived 16 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine .
Lithuania from UCB Libraries GovPubs
??????? Curlie ??
Lithuania from the ???????? ????
Wikimedia Atlas of Lithuania

?????

Key Development Forecasts for Lithuania from International Futures
Heraldry of Lithuania
??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ??

[1] Lithuania's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2019 .

[2] Rodikli? duomen? baz? - Oficialiosios statistikos portalas .

[religion-stats-3] Population by religious community indicated, municipalities (2021) (lt) . Statistics Lithuania .

[Lina-4] Kulikauskien?, Lina (2002). Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucija [ The Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania ] (in ??????????). Native History, CD. ISBN 978-9986-9216-7-7 .

[5] Veser, Ernst (23 September 1997). Semi-Presidentialism-Duverger's Concept ? A New Political System Model (en, zh) 39?60. Department of Education, School of Education, ???? ??????????? . ????????? ???? ???????? on 2021-04-24. ???????????2023-02-17. “Duhamel has developed the approach further: He stresses that the French construction does not correspond to either parliamentary or the presidential form of government, and then develops the distinction of 'systeme politique' and 'regime constitutionnel'. While the former comprises the exercise of power that results from the dominant institutional practice, the latter is the totality of the rules for the dominant institutional practice of the power. In this way, France appears as 'presidentialist system' endowed with a 'semi-presidential regime' (1983: 587). By this standard he recognizes Duverger's pleiade as semi-presidential regimes, as well as Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and Lithuania (1993: 87).”

[Draft-6] Shugart, Matthew Søberg (September 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns" (PDF) . Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies . United States: University of California, San Diego. 19 August 2008-?? ???????? (PDF) -?? ?????????????????? . 23 August 2017-?? ???????? . {{ cite journal }}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= ??? ????????? ????????????? ( ???? )

[Dual-7] Shugart, Matthew Søberg (December 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns" . French Politics . Palgrave Macmillan Journals. 3 (3): 323?351. doi : 10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087 . A pattern similar to the French case of compatible majorities alternating with periods of cohabitation emerged in Lithuania, where Talat-Kelpsa (2001) notes that the ability of the Lithuanian president to influence government formation and policy declined abruptly when he lost the sympathetic majority in parliament.

[8] Surface water and surface water change . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

[9] Prad?ia ? Oficialiosios statistikos portalas .

[imf2-10] ???? ^???? ^???? ^???? World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022 . ????????????? ??? ??????? (October 2022).

[eurogini-11] Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income . Eurostat .

[UNHDR-12] Human Development Report 2021/2022 (en) . United Nations Development Programme (September 8, 2022).

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