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The Right Honourable

Bertrand Russell

OM FRS
Russell in November 1957
?????
Bertrand Arthur William Russell

?? ??? ????
Trellech , Monmouthshire , United Kingdom [a]
????? ? ????? ???? (?? ???)
Penrhyndeudraeth , Caernarfonshire , Wales
????? British
????? Trinity College, Cambridge (BA, 1893)
????????????(????)
????????
Era 20th-century philosophy
Region Western philosophy
School ???????? ?????
Institutions Trinity College, Cambridge , London School of Economics , ?????? ??????????? , ??????????? ????????? ???????????
Academic advisors James Ward [?]
A. N. Whitehead
Doctoral students Ludwig Wittgenstein
Other notable students Raphael Demos
Main interests
Notable ideas
 
Influences
Influenced
Member of the House of Lords
?????
4 March 1931 ? 2 February 1970
Hereditary peer age
??????? The 2nd Earl Russell
??????? The 4th Earl Russell
???????

??????? ????? ?????? ???? ( ???????? . Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell? 18 ??? 1872 [??] [??] [??] ? 2 ????? 1970 [??] [??] [??] [??] ) ? ?????????? ??????????[5]? ??????? ? ????????? ??????  " ?????? ??????? "  ?????????????  " ????? ???????? "???? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ???????????????? ?????  " ????- ???????? ???????? "???? ??????????  "???? ????? " ??? ???????? (1963)? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? (1950). 

???????? [ ???????? ]

  ???????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ? ?????????-????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????. ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? 16. ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????. ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? 1832-?? ????? ??????? 1. ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????????. ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????. ????? ? ????? ??????????? ?????-???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????????. 

  ??????? 1890-?? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? 1894-?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????. ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ????. 1897-?? ????? ???  " ????????? ????????? "  ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????  ????????. ?????????????? ? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????  ???????? ??????? ????????. ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????????.    

  ???????? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ???? 1895-?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ? ?????? ?? ?? ????????.  " ????? ?????? ??????????? "  (1896) ? " ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?????"   (1900) ?????????? ??? ???????????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????????. 1910-1913-?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????-?????? ???????? ?.????????? ????????  " ????????? ????????? "  ???? 3 ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????????. ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????????-????? ???????? ????? ???????. ??? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????. ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????. ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????????. 

  ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????????????. ???  " ?????? ??????????????? ??????????? "  (1916)?  " ????? ? ????? (1916) " ?  " ????? ?????????? "  (1917)?  " ???????? ?????? ??????: ????????? . ???????? . ??????????? "  (1918) ????????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????. ?????  ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????. ?????????  ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? 1918-?? ????? ?? ??????? ????  ????????? ??????????. 

  1920-?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ???? ??????????. ????????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? " ?????????? ???????? ? ????????? "  (1920) ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????. 1920-1921-?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????.

  ??????? ???? ????? ???????????? ????? ???? ??????????. ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????????? ? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????. " ????? ??????? " (1926)?  " ????? ? ???? ???? "  (1926)?  " ????? ? ????????? ??????? "  (1932) ????????? ???????-??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????????. ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????. ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ???? ??????????. ?????  ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ?????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????-?????? ? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????. ??????-???? ???????? ???????????? ???????? 1945-?? ?????  " ??? ???????????? ?????? "  ?????????????? ??? ???????????. 

  ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????-????? ??????? ???? " ????? ? ????? " (1947)?  " ?????? ??????: ???????? ? ?????? "  (1948)?  " ??????? ? ????? "  (1949)? " ???????? ???????????? ???? ??????? "  (1950) ???????????? ??? ???????????. ????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ???? 1932-?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ????????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? 1949-?? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????  " ????????? ???? "  ??????? ???? ????? ??????????. 1950-?? ????? ???? ????????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????? (1908) ? ???? ???????? (1927) ??????? ??????? ? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????????. ???? ????????????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????????  " ??????????? ? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????????????? ????? ????? ????? ? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? "  ???? ???????????????. ??????? ???? ???? ??????????? ???????????. ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????  " ????? ?????? ?????? "  (1952)? " ?????? ?????????? " (1956)?  " ??????? ??????? ?????? "  (1961)?  " ???? ? ???????? "  (1962) ? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???????  " ???????????? " ?? (1967-1969) ????????.    

  ??? ??? ????????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????. ???????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ????  "????????? ?? ?????-???? ????????????? ???????? ? ???? ???? ??????-???? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????????? " . ???? ????? ? ?????????? ?? ??? ????????. 

  ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? (97 ???) ? ?? ??? ?????? (5 ???? ) ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????. 

 ?????? [ ???????? ]

  •   ????????? ??????????? (The Mathematica Prinsipa) 
  •   ??? ???????? ?????? (1945) 
  •   ???? ?? ????? ??????? 
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  •   ????? ????? ???????? ?????? 
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?????? ????? ????? <ref> ???? ????? ?? ??? ≪lower-alpha≫ ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? <references group="lower-alpha"/> ???? ???.

  1. ^ Irvine, Andrew David (1 January 2015). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Bertrand Russell ? The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  2. ^ James Ward ( Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy )
  3. ^ Howard Wettstein, " Frege-Russell Semantics? ", Dialectica 44 (1?2), 1990, pp. 113?135, esp. 115: "Russell maintains that when one is acquainted with something, say, a present sense datum or oneself, one can refer to it without the mediation of anything like a Fregean sense. One can refer to it, as we might say, directly ."
  4. ^ "Structural Realism" : entry by James Ladyman in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
  5. ^ Russellian Monism ( Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy )
  6. ^ Dowe, Phil (10 September 2007). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Causal Processes ? The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  7. ^ Ronald Jager (2002). The Development of Bertrand Russell's Philosophy, Volume 11 . Psychology Press. pp. 113?114. ISBN   978-0-415-29545-1 .
  8. ^ Nicholas Griffin , ed. (2003). The Cambridge Companion to Bertrand Russell . Cambridge University Press. p.  85 . ISBN   978-0-521-63634-6 .
  9. ^ Nikolay Milkov, A Hundred Years of English Philosophy , Springer, 2003, p. 47.
  10. ^ Roberts, George W. (2013). Bertrand Russell Memorial Volume . Routledge. p. 311. ISBN   978-1-317-83302-4 .
  11. ^ Rosalind Carey; John Ongley (2009). Historical Dictionary of Bertrand Russell's Philosophy . Scarecrow Press. p.  94 . ISBN   978-0-8108-6292-0 .
  12. ^ Basile, Pierfrancesco (14 May 2019). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University . 14 May 2019-?? ???????? – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  13. ^ Schultz, Bart. "Henry Sidgwick" . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . 2015.
  14. ^ Ilkka Niiniluoto (2003). Thomas Bonk (ed.). Language, Truth and Knowledge: Contributions to the Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap . Springer. p.  [?] . ISBN   978-1-4020-1206-8 .
  15. ^ Wolfgang Handler ; Dieter Haupt; Rolf Jelitsch; Wilfried Juling; Otto Lange (1986). CONPAR 1986 . Springer. p. 15. ISBN   978-3-540-16811-9 .
  16. ^ Hao Wang (1990). Reflections on Kurt Godel . MIT Press. p. 305. ISBN   978-0-262-73087-7 .
  17. ^ Phil Parvin (2013). Karl Popper . C. Black. ISBN   978-1-62356-733-0 .
  18. ^ Roger F. Gibson, ed. (2004). The Cambridge Companion to Quine . Cambridge University Press. p.  2 . ISBN   978-0-521-63949-1 .
  19. ^ Robert F. Barsky (1998). Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent . MIT Press. p. 32. ISBN   978-0-262-52255-7 .
  20. ^ Francois Cusset (2008). French Theory: How Foucault, Derrida, Deleuze, & Co. Transformed the Intellectual Life of the United States . University of Minnesota Press. p. 97. ISBN   978-0-8166-4732-3 .
  21. ^ Alan Berger, ed. (2011). Saul Kripke . Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-1-139-50066-1 .
  22. ^ Dov M. Gabbay; Paul Thagard; John Woods; Theo A. F. Kuipers (2007). "The Logical Approach of the Vienna Circle and their Followers from the 1920s to the 1950s". General Philosophy of Science: Focal Issues: Focal Issues . Elsevier. p. 432. ISBN   978-0-08-054854-8 .
  23. ^ Dermot Moran (2012). Husserl's Crisis of the European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology: An Introduction . Cambridge University Press. p.  204 . ISBN   978-0-521-89536-1 .
  24. ^ Nikolay Milkov (2013), "The Berlin Group and the Vienna Circle: Affinities and Divergences", in: N. Milkov & V. Peckhaus (eds.), The Berlin Group and the Philosophy of Logical Empiricism. Springer , pp. 3?32. esp. p. 19.
  25. ^ Grattan-Guinness. Russell and G.H. Hardy: A study of their Relationship . McMaster University Library Press. ????????? ???? ???????? on 2014-01-04. ???????????2022-01-25.
  26. ^ Douglas Patterson (2012). Alfred Tarski: Philosophy of Language and Logic . Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN   978-0-230-36722-7 .
  27. ^ Rosalind Carey; John Ongley (2009). Historical Dictionary of Bertrand Russell's Philosophy . Scarecrow Press. pp.  15 ?16. ISBN   978-0-8108-6292-0 .
  28. ^ Ray Monk (2013). Robert Oppenheimer: A Life Inside the Center . Random House. ISBN   978-0-385-50413-3 .
  29. ^ Anita Burdman Feferman ; Solomon Feferman (2004). Alfred Tarski: Life and Logic . Cambridge University Press. p.  67 . ISBN   978-0-521-80240-6 .
  30. ^ Andrew Hodges (2012). Alan Turing: The Enigma . Princeton University Press. p.  81 . ISBN   978-0-691-15564-7 .
  31. ^ Jacob Bronowski (2008). The Origins of Knowledge and Imagination . Yale University Press. ISBN   978-0-300-15718-5 .
  32. ^ Nicholas Griffin ; Dale Jacquette, eds. (2008). Russell vs. Meinong: The Legacy of "On Denoting" . Taylor & Francis. p. 4. ISBN   978-0-203-88802-5 .
  33. ^ Sankar Ghose (1993). "V: Europe Revisited". Jawaharlal Nehru, a Biography . Allied Publishers. p. 46. ISBN   978-81-7023-369-5 .
  34. ^ Street-Fighting Years: An Autobiography of the Sixties . Verso. ????????? ???? ???????? on 2013-12-09. ???????????2022-01-25.
  35. ^ Michael Albert (2011). Remembering Tomorrow: From SDS to Life After Capitalism: A Memoir . Seven Stories Press. ISBN   978-1-60980-001-7 .
  36. ^ Jon Lee Anderson (1997). Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life . Grove Press. p.  38 . ISBN   978-0-8021-9725-2 .
  37. ^ Marc Joseph (2004). "1: Introduction: Davidson's Philosophical Project". Donald Davidson . McGill-Queen's Press ? MQUP. p. 1. ISBN   978-0-7735-2781-2 .
  38. ^ James A. Marcum (2005). "1: Who is Thomas Kuhn?". Thomas Kuhn's Revolution: An Historical Philosophy of Science . Continuum. p.  5 . ISBN   978-1-84714-194-1 .
  39. ^ Nathan Salmon (2007). "Introduction to Volume II". Content, Cognition, and Communication : Philosophical Papers II: Philosophical Papers II . Oxford University Press. p. xi. ISBN   978-0-19-153610-6 .
  40. ^ Christopher Hitchens , ed. (2007). The Portable Atheist: Essential Readings for the Nonbeliever . Da Capo Press. ISBN   978-0-306-81608-6 .
  41. ^ Gregory Landini (2010). Russell . Routledge. p.  444 . ISBN   978-0-203-84649-0 .
  42. ^ Carl Sagan (2006). Ann Druyan (ed.). The Varieties of Scientific Experience: A Personal View of the Search for God . Penguin. ISBN   978-1-59420-107-3 .
  43. ^ George Crowder (2004). Isaiah Berlin: Liberty, Pluralism and Liberalism . Polity. p. 15. ISBN   978-0-7456-2477-8 .
  44. ^ Elsie Jones-Smith (2011). Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy: An Integrative Approach . SAGE. p. 142. ISBN   978-1-4129-1004-0 .
  45. ^ Interview with Martin Gardner . American Mathematical Society (June?July 2005).
  46. ^ Peter S. Williams (2013). C S Lewis Vs The New Atheists . Authentic Media. ISBN   978-1-78078-093-1 .
  47. ^ Loretta Lorance; Richard Buckminster Fuller (2009). Becoming Bucky Fuller . MIT Press. p.  72 . ISBN   978-0-262-12302-0 .
  48. ^ K. Sohail (February 2000). How Difficult it is to Help People Change their Thinking ? Interview with Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy . ????????? ???? ???????? on 2012-07-16. ???????????2022-01-25.
  49. ^ Bradley W. Bateman; Toshiaki Hirai; Maria Cristina Marcuzzo, eds. (2010). The Return to Keynes . Harvard University Press. p. 146. ISBN   978-0-674-05354-0 .
  50. ^ Isaac Asimov (2009). I. Asimov: A Memoir . Random House. ISBN   978-0-307-57353-7 .
  51. ^ Paul Kurtz (1994). Vern L. Bullough; Tim Madigan (eds.). Toward a New Enlightenment: The Philosophy of Paul Kurtz . Transaction Publishers. p. 233. ISBN   978-1-4128-4017-0 .
  52. ^ John P. Anderson (2000). Finding Joy in Joyce: A Readers Guide to Ulysses . Universal-Publishers. p. 580. ISBN   978-1-58112-762-1 .
  53. ^ Paul Lee Thomas (2006). Reading, Learning, Teaching Kurt Vonnegut . Peter Lang. p. 46. ISBN   978-0-8204-6337-7 .
  54. ^ Gregory L. Ulmer (2005). Electronic Monuments . U of Minnesota Press. p.  180 . ISBN   978-0-8166-4583-1 .
  55. ^ Paul J. Nahin (2011). "9". Number-Crunching: Taming Unruly Computational Problems from Mathematical Physics to Science Fiction . Princeton University Press. p.  332 . ISBN   978-1-4008-3958-2 .
  56. ^ Mie Augier; Herbert Alex; er Simon; James G. March, eds. (2004). Models of a Man: Essays in Memory of Herbert A. Simon . MIT Press. p.  21 . ISBN   978-0-262-01208-9 .
  57. ^ William O'Donohue; Kyle E. Ferguson (2001). The Psychology of B F Skinner . SAGE. p. 19. ISBN   978-0-7619-1759-5 .
  58. ^ Gustavo Faigenbaum (2001). Conversations with John Searle . LibrosEnRed.com. p. 28. ISBN   978-987-1022-11-3 .
  59. ^ William M. Brinton; Alan Rinzler, eds. (1990). Without Force Or Lies: Voices from the Revolution of Central Europe in 1989?90 . Mercury House. p.  37 . ISBN   978-0-916515-92-8 .
  60. ^ David Wilkinson (2001). God, Time and Stephen Hawking . Kregel Publications. p. 18. ISBN   978-0-8254-6029-6 .
  61. ^ Reiner Braun; Robert Hinde; David Krieger; Harold Kroto; Sally Milne, eds. (2007). Joseph Rotblat: Visionary for Peace . John Wiley & Sons. ISBN   978-3-527-61127-0 .
  62. ^ Ned Curthoys; Debjani Ganguly, eds. (2007). Edward Said: The Legacy of a Public Intellectual . Academic Monographs. p. 27. ISBN   978-0-522-85357-5 .
  63. ^ Frank Wilczek ? Biographical . Nobel Media AB 2017. “Another thing that shaped my thinking was religious training. I was brought up as a Roman Catholic. I loved the idea that there was a great drama and a grand plan behind existence. Later, under the influence of Bertrand Russell's writings and my increasing awareness of scientific knowledge, I lost faith in conventional religion.”
  64. ^ Azurmendi, Joxe (1999): Txillardegiren saioa: hastapenen bila, Jakin , 114: pp. 17?45. ISSN   0211-495X
  65. ^ ???? ???? Bibliotheque nationale de France BnF identifikatoru (fr.): acıq m?lumat platforması.2011.
  66. ^ ???? ???? MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.
  67. ^ ???? ???? Lundy D. R. Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell // The Peerage (ing.).
  68. ^ Рассел Бертран // Большая советская энциклопедия (rus.): [в 30 т.]. / под ред. А. М. Прохорова 3-е изд. Москва : Советская энциклопедия , 1969.
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