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?'?? - ??????? ??????????? ????? ????

?'??

??????? ???????????? ???
?? ???????? ?'?? ? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?'?? (?????????? ??????? ??????) ?????
???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?'? ?????
"Boys" ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????, Boys (?????????? ??????? ??????) ?????
?????????? ??????? ?'??

?’?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ? ???????? ???? ?? ?????-??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ????? ???, ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????

??????, ??????????, ??? ??????? [ ???????? ??? ]

????????-???????? ?????? ?????? ?'?? ???? "????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ????? ?????" [1]

"?'??" ?????? ???? ?????? boi, boye ("boy, servant") ? ??? ?????, ???? boy ? ???????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ?????, ??? ??? ?????????? boi ("boy, young man") ??? ?????? ?????????? boai ("boy")? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????, ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????-?????????? *b?-ja ("??? ???")? ??? ????? ????, ???? ????????? ??? *b?- ("???, ?????? ???????"), ?????-????-???????? * bh?- , * bh?t- ("????, ???")? ?????????? ??????? boa ("???"), ???, ??? reduplicated ??????? *b?-b?- ?????????, ????? ???? bofi, ??? boef "(??????) knave, ?????", ??????? Bube ("knave, ?????, ?'??"). ?????? ?? ?????? ????-?????? ????????? ??? B?ia ? ???? ????? ?’? ????? [2]

??????? ???????? ?’??-??????
African boy transporting fodder
???????????? ?'?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???

????????? ??????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???? [ ???????? ??? ]

???????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ? "?'??" ????? ?????? ???? "????????" ????? ????, ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????; ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? [3] [4] [5] [6] ???? ???????, ??? ???????? ????????-???????? ??????-?? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? (??????)? ???????? ?????-?????????? "?'??" ???? ?????? ??????:

???? ???????? ??? ?’??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???, ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???, ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?’??? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? [7]

??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ???? “?’??” ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??? ????? [5] [6]

???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??’? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ??’? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?? “?’??? ??? ???? ?????” ? [8] ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? [8] [9] [10] [11]

?????????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???? ??????? [ ???????? ??? ]

?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????’??? ?????? ??????? ????, ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???, ??????????? ???? XX ????’?? ????, ??? ?????? ???? XY ????’?? ????, ??? X ????’?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????, ????? ????’?? XX ?’?, ??? ????? ???? ????? ?’?? ??? ??? Y ????’?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????’?? XY ?’?, ??? ???? ?????

??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????’?? ?????? ???? X ?? Y ????’?? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???? X ????’?? ???? ?????? ? ?????????? X ????’??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ? ????? ?’?? ??? Y ????’?? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? XY ???????? ???, ??????? ??? ?’?? ? ????? ???? [12]

????? ????? ??? ?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

??????????? ?’?????? ???? ???
bangladeshi boys
???????? ? ?'?? ??? ??? ????

??????????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? " Y ????'?? ? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ? ????? ????" ??????????? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? [13]

???????? ? ?'??

?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????, ???????, ??? ??????? (?? testes) ??? ???????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ? ???? ?’??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?’??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?’? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?’??? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????????, ????? ???, ????????, ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????????? [14] [15]

??????? ????????? [ ???????? ??? ]

??????? ?’? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ?’??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? [16] [17]

?’??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ? ????? ?????, ??? ?’??? ??????????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?’??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? [18] ???????? ?’??? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? [14] [15] ??? ?’??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????? ?????? [19] ???? ?’??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? [20] ????? ? ????? ????????? ???????? ???; ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? [18]

?’?? ???? ???????? ????? ?’?? ???????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?’??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????, ????? ???? ???, ???? ???? ???, ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? [21] ???????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? [22] ?????? ??? ???? ?????????????? ????? ???:

??????? ? ????? ?’??

???? ???? [ ???????? ??? ]

???? ????-?????? ?????? ??? ?’?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?’? ????, ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?’? ????, ???? ????-???? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ?’? ????? [26] [27] [28] ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ???????, ??????, ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? [29]

??????? ????????? ????? ?????? (?’??)? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??? ???? [30]

?’?? ??? ???? ?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

?????? ? ?????? ????????? ?’??? ??????? ???? ???? ???; ?.? ???? ???? ?????? ?’?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?’?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????, ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?’?? ??????? [31]

?????? ??? ??? ??? ?'?? ??????????, ????

?’??? ????-???? ??? ???? ? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?’??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?’??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? [32] [33] [34]

???? ???? [ ???????? ??? ]

???? ????? [ ???????? ??? ]

  1. ↑ "Definition of BOY" . https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/boy .  
  2. ↑ See:
    • Etymology Online - entry for "boy"
    • H. H. Malincrodt, Latijn-Nederlands woordenboek (Latin-Dutch dictionary)
    • Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary
    • Buck, Carl Darling (1988). A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages . ??????? Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN   978-0-226-07937-0 .  
  3. ↑ Corriher, Billy (2011-12-21). "Court finally says 'boy' comments are racist" . Harvard Law and Policy Review . http://harvardlpr.com/2011/12/21/court-finally-says-boy-comments-are-racist/ ? ???? ??? ????: 2017-07-18 .  
  4. ↑ Ifill, Sherrilyn A. (24 August 2010). "When 'Boy' Is Not a Racist Remark" (en-US ?????). The Root . http://www.theroot.com/when-boy-is-not-a-racist-remark-1790880694 .  
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Martin, Roland S. (15 April 2008). "Understanding why you don't call a black man a boy" . CNN.com. Archived from the original on 2022-05-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220525032022/https://ac360.blogs.cnn.com/2008/04/15/understanding-why-you-dont-call-a-black-man-a-boy/ ? ???? ??? ????: 2017-07-18 .  
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Racist Or Not? Gov. Chris Christie Calls Black Man 'Boy' In Town Hall [VIDEO "] (en-US ?????). News One . 2013-03-16 . https://newsone.com/2282554/chris-christie-boy/ .  
  7. ↑ Branch, Thomas H. (January 3, 1907). "British Central Africa" . Review and Herald (Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association) ???? 84 (1): 18. Archived from the original on May 5, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150505181320/http://docs.adventistarchives.org/docs/RH/RH19070103-V84-01__B.pdf?q=docs/RH/RH19070103-V84-01__B.pdf ? ???? ??? ????: May 5, 2015 .  
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Floyd Mayweather accuses Conor McGregor of racism and uses homophobic slur" (en-GB ?????). The Guardian . 2017-07-15. ISSN   0261-3077 . https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/jul/15/mayweather-accuses-mcgregor-of-racism-and-uses-homophobic-slur .  
  9. ↑ Chiari, Mike (13 July 2017). "Andre Ward Doesn't Like Conor McGregor Calling Floyd Mayweather 'Boy'" (en-US ?????). Bleacher Report . http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2721466-andre-ward-doesnt-like-conor-mcgregor-calling-floyd-mayweather-boy .  
  10. ↑ Callahan, Yesha (13 June 2017). "Yes, Conor McGregor Is a Racist" (en-US ?????). The Root . http://thegrapevine.theroot.com/yes-conor-mcgregor-is-a-racist-1796876545 .  
  11. ↑ Bell, Gabriel (14 July 2017). "Conor McGregor denies being a racist with racist statement" . Salon . http://www.salon.com/2017/07/14/conor-mcgregor-racist/ ? ???? ??? ????: 2017-07-18 .  
  12. ↑ Fauci et al. 2008 , ??????. 2339-2346.
  13. ↑ Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding the Biology of Sex and Gender Differences (November 28, 2001). Sex Begins in the Womb . National Academies Press (US) . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK222286/ .  
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Male Reproductive System Information" . Cleveland Clinic . https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9117-male-reproductive-system .  
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "The Male Reproductive System" . WebMD . https://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/guide/male-reproductive-system .  
  16. ↑ Kail, RV; Cavanaugh JC (2010). Human Development: A Lifespan View (5th ????????). Cengage Learning . ??????. 296. ISBN   978-0-495-60037-4 . https://books.google.com/books?id=E-n5E7oyCgoC&pg=PA296 .  
  17. ↑ D. C. Phillips (2014). Encyclopedia of Educational Theory and Philosophy . SAGE Publications . ??????. 18?19. ISBN   978-1-4833-6475-9 . https://books.google.com/books?id=84StBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 . "On average, the onset of puberty is about 18 months earlier for girls (usually starting around the age of 10 or 11 and lasting until they are 15 to 17) than for boys (who usually begin puberty at about the age of 11 to 12 and complete it by the age of 16 to 17, on average)."  
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Puberty: Adolescent Male | Johns Hopkins Medicine" . Hopkinsmedicine.org . https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/puberty-adolescent-male ? ???? ??? ????: 2020-02-27 .  
  19. ↑ "Male puberty milestones" . Health24 . https://www.health24.com/Lifestyle/Teen/Your-body/Male-puberty-milestones-20120721 ? ???? ??? ????: 2020-02-27 .  
  20. ↑ (Jorgensen & Keiding 1991).
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 Child and Adolescent Development: An Integrated Approach . Cengage Learning . 2011. ??????. 152?153. ISBN   978-1133168379 . https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTQIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA152 .  
  22. ↑ Van de Graaff & Fox 1989 , ??????. 933-4.
  23. ↑ CliffsNotes AP Biology, 5th Edition . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . 2016. ??????. 219. ISBN   978-0544784178 . https://books.google.com/books?id=GsalDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA219 .  
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Help is here!" . hartnell.edu . https://www.hartnell.edu/faculty/asteinhardt/mywebs/sexual_reproduction.htm .  
  25. ↑ "Secondary Characteristics" . hu-berlin.de . Archived from the original on 2011-09-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110927075821/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/ATLAS_EN/html/secondary_characteristics.html ? ???? ??? ????: 2023-10-15 .  
  26. ↑ Bridges, Dori (24 April 2019). "Parents more uncomfortable with gender-nonconforming behaviors in boys, study finds" . PsyPost . https://www.psypost.org/2019/04/parents-more-uncomfortable-with-gender-nonconforming-behaviors-in-boys-study-finds-53540 .  
  27. ↑ "Gender Nonconforming Children, Particularly Boys, Are Less Popular With Peers" . The Good Men Project. 20 January 2020 . https://goodmenproject.com/featured-content/gender-nonconforming-children-particularly-boys-are-less-popular-with-peers-lbkr/ ? ???? ??? ????: 19 August 2020 .  
  28. ↑ Roberts, Andrea; Rosario, Margaret; Slopen, Natalie; Calzo, Jeren (2012). "Childhood Gender Nonconformity, Bullying Victimization, and Depressive Symptoms Across Adolescence and Early Adulthood: An 11-Year Longitudinal Study" . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry ???? 52 (2): 143?152. doi : 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.11.006 . PMID   23357441 . PMC   3635805 . https://jaacap.org/article/S0890-8567(12)00872-6/fulltext ? ???? ??? ????: 19 August 2020 .  
  29. ↑ Bauermeister, Jose A.; Connochie, Daniel; Jadwin-Cakmak, Laura; Meanley, Steven (May 2017). "Gender Policing During Childhood and the Psychological Well-Being of Young Adult Sexual Minority Men in the United States" . American Journal of Men's Health ???? 11 (3): 693?701. doi : 10.1177/1557988316680938 . ISSN   1557-9883 . PMID   27903954 .  
  30. ↑ Brink, Susan (26 August 2015). "Selecting Boys Over Girls Is A Trend In More And More Countries" (en ?????). NPR.org . https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/08/26/434616512/selecting-boys-over-girls-is-a-trend-in-more-and-more-countries ? ???? ??? ????: 2021-05-14 .  
  31. ↑ "Child Labor Facts and Statistics about Child Labor Around The World - Compassion International" . www.compassion.com . https://www.compassion.com/poverty/child-labor-quick-facts.htm ? ???? ??? ????: 2021-05-26 .  
  32. ↑ "10 Basic Facts about Child Labor Globally ? stopchildlabor" . stopchildlabor.org. 16 July 2018 . https://stopchildlabor.org/?p=4504 ? ???? ??? ????: 2021-05-26 .  
  33. ↑ "World Day Against Child Labour: 152 million children are forced to work for a living" (en ?????). India Today. June 12, 2018 . https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/world-day-against-child-labour-over-152-million-children-are-forced-to-work-for-a-living-1258140-2018-06-12 ? ???? ??? ????: 2021-05-26 .  
  34. ↑ "The number of Children available for adoption is less than 1/4th the demand despite the simplification in adoption process" (en-US ?????). FACTLY. 2016-07-11 . https://factly.in/number-children-available-adoption-less-14th-demand-despite-simplification-adoption-process/ ? ???? ??? ????: 2021-05-26 .  

???? ???? [ ???????? ??? ]

??????? ????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???   ?   ?   ?   ?
First-degree relatives
Second-degree relatives
Third-degree relatives
Family-in-law
Stepfamily
Kinship terminology
Genealogy
and lineage
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Related
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