??????? ?????? ??? ( ????????? ???? : 戰國時代; ??????? ???? : ???代; ??????? : Zhanguo Shidai) ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?'? ?????, ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ^[1] ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ^[2] ??? ?? ???????? ???????????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????

??????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ???, ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????????? ???? ^[1] (???? ??????? ??????)? ?? ??????? ???????????? ???? ??? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?'? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ?????????? ^[3]

??? [ ???????? ??? ]

?? ???? ?? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????, ??? ???? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????, ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ^[4] ?? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? "??????? ?????"? ????

?? ????? ??????? ??? " ??????? ?????? ??? ", ?? ??? ?????? ? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ^[5]

????????? [ ???????? ??? ]

?? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ????:

• ????? ??????? ???? ??? , ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ^[2]
• ??????? ??? ? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ^[6] ? ????? ??? ??? ? ???????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????
• ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????
• ?????? ???' ????? ? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ^[7] ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ???? ??????
• ???? ?? ????? ? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ^[8]
• ?? ????? ? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ? ???? ????? ^[9]
• ?????-???? ???? ? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ^[10] ????? ? ??????'?? ?????? ??? ??????

?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????, ???????? ??? ? ???? ??? ??????? ??????, ????????? ???? ?????, ???' ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????-??????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??, ??, ???, ????, ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????

???? ?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1} https://www.britannica.com/event/Warring-States
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1} https://www.britannica.com/topic/Qin-dynasty
3. ↑ https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldcivilization/chapter/the-eastern-zhou-period/
4. ↑ https://www.worldhistory.org/Zhou_Dynasty/
5. ↑ Tsien, Tsuen-hsuin (1993). " Chan Kuo Ts'e 戰國策". In Loewe, Michael (ed.). Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide . Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China; Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California Berkeley. pp. 1?11. ISBN 1-55729-043-1 .
6. ↑ Watson, Burton (2003). Han Feizi : basic writings . New York City: Columbia University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780231521321 . OCLC 796815905.
7. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/place/Zhao
8. ↑ Burton Watson 2003 p.1. Xunzi: Basic Writings. https://books.google.com/books?id=0SE2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1
9. ↑ Sima Qian. "楚世家 (House of Chu)". Records of the Grand Historian (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
10. ↑ "The History of Yanshan". Yanshan Central Information Office (in Chinese). Beijing Municipal Government. October 18, 2008. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved July 26, 2011.