???????? ???

	???????? ??? (Mississippi River)
	Mississippi River near Fire Point in Effigy Mounds National Monument , Iowa
	Name origin: Ojibwe word misi-ziibi , meaning "Great River", or gichi-ziibi , meaning "Big River"
???	United States
??????????	Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, Louisiana
	????
- ????????	St. Croix River , Wisconsin River , Rock River , Illinois River , Kaskaskia River , Ohio River
- ???????	Minnesota River , Des Moines River , Missouri River , White River , Arkansas River , Red River
???????	Minneapolis, Saint Paul, Minnesota, La Crosse, Wisconsin, Quad Cities, IA/IL, St. Louis, MO, Memphis, Tennessee, Baton Rouge, LA, New Orleans LA
???	Lake Itasca
- ???????	Itasca State Park , Clearwater County , MN
- ??????	?,??? ??? (??? ??)
- ?????????	47°14′23″N 95°12′27″W / 47.23972°N 95.2075°W
?????	Gulf of Mexico
- ???????	Pilottown , Plaquemines Parish , LA
- ??????	? ??? (? ??)
- ?????????	29°09′04″N 89°15′12″W / 29.15111°N 89.25333°W
???????	?,??? ???? (?,??? ????)
????????	??,??,??? ???????? (??,??,??? ????????)
??????	for mouth; max and min at Baton Rouge, LA
- ???	?,??,??? ?????/??????? (??,??? ???????/???????)
- ????????	??,??,??? ?????/??????? (??,??? ???????/???????)
- ?????????	?,??,??? ?????/??????? (?,??? ???????/???????)
	Detailed map of Mississippi River tributary structure

???????? : 29°09′04″N 89°15′12″W / 29.15111°N 89.25333°W

???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? (drainage system) ? ?????? ???? ^[3]^[4] ?????? ????????????? ?????? ????: ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?????’??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?,??? ???? (3,730 km) ^[4] ???? ?? ?? Gulf of Mexico ? ???????? ???? ?-????? (Mississippi River Delta) ? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?

?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????-??????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ? ?????? ?????????, ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?

??????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? (Union forces) ? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????

?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

?????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? (agricultural runoff) ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? (Gulf of Mexico dead zone) ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?

?????????? ????? [ ???????? ??? ]

MODIS images showing the outflow of fresh water from the Mississippi (arrows) into the Gulf of Mexico (2004)
Map of the Mississippi River watershed
Lower Mississippi River near the city New Orleans

????????? [ ???????? ??? ]

↑ The United States Geological Survey recognizes two contrasting definitions of a river's source . USGS.gov By the stricter definition, the Mississippi would share its source with its longest tributary, the Missouri, at Brower's Spring in Montana. The other definition acknowledges "somewhat arbitrary decisions" and places the Mississippi's source at Lake Itasca, which is publicly accepted as the source, USGS.gov and which had been identified as such by Brower himself. MT.gov Archived 2012-01-18 at the Wayback Machine
↑ Kammerer, J.C. (May 1990). "Largest Rivers in the United States" . U.S. Geological Survey . http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/ofr87-242/ ? ???? ??? ????: February 22, 2011 .
↑ United States Geological Survey Hydrological Unit Code: 08-09-01-00- Lower Mississippi-New Orleans Watershed
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 "Lengths of the major rivers" . United States Geological Survey . http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/riversofworld.html ? ???? ??? ????: March 14, 2009 .

???? ???? [ ???????? ??? ]

Ambrose, Stephen. The Mississippi and the Making of a Nation: From the Louisiana Purchase to Today (National Geographical Society, 2002) heavily illustrated
Anfinson, John O.; Thomas Madigan; Drew M. Forsberg; Patrick Nunnally (2003). The River of History: A Historic Resources Study of the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area . ??????? St. Paul, MN: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District. OCLC 53911450 .
Anfinson, John Ogden. Commerce and conservation on the Upper Mississippi Rvier (US Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, 1994)
Bartlett, Richard A. (1984). Rolling rivers: an encyclopedia of America's rivers . ??????? New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-003910-0 . OCLC 10807295 .
Botkin, Benjamin Albert. A Treasury of Mississippi River folklore: stories, ballads & traditions of the mid-American river country (1984).
Carlander, Harriet Bell. A history of fish and fishing in the upper Mississippi River (PhD Diss. Iowa State College, 1954) online (PDF)
Daniel, Pete. Deep'n as it come: The 1927 Mississippi River flood (University of Arkansas Press, 1977)
Fremling, Calvin R. Immortal river: the Upper Mississippi in ancient and modern times (U. of Wisconsin Press, 2005), popular history
Milner, George R. "The late prehistoric Cahokia cultural system of the Mississippi River valley: Foundations, florescence, and fragmentation." Journal of World Prehistory (1990) 4#1 pp: 1-43.
Morris, Christopher. The Big Muddy: An Environmental History of the Mississippi and Its Peoples From Hernando de Soto to Hurricane Katrina (Oxford University Press; 2012) 300 pages; links drought, disease, and flooding to the impact of centuries of increasingly intense human manipulation of the river.
Penn, James R. (2001). Rivers of the world: a social, geographical, and environmental sourcebook . ??????? Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-042-5 . OCLC 260075679 .
Smith, Thomas Ruys (2007). River of dreams: imagining the Mississippi before Mark Twain . ??????? Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-3233-3 . OCLC 182615621 .
Scott, Quinta (2010). The Mississippi: A Visual Biography . ??????? Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-8262-1840-7 . OCLC 277196207 .
Pasquier, Michael (2013). Gods of the Mississippi . ??????? Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-2530-0806-0 .

??????? ????? [ ???????? ??? ]

Mississippi River Archived 2007-06-10 at the Wayback Machine , project of the American Land Conservancy
Flood management in the Mississippi River
Friends of the Mississippi River
- Mississippi River Challenge – annual canoe & kayak event on the Twin Cities stretch
- Mississippi River Field Guide Archived 2011-02-08 at the Wayback Machine
Mississippi National River and Recreation Area (MN) from the NPS
- Mississippi River Facts from the NPS
"Mark Twain's Mississippi" , from the digital library of Northern Illinois University
Interactive detailed satellite photos and zoomable USGS topographic quad maps of the lower Mississippi, the alternative course for the river, and the various control structures and floodways
Lower Mississippi Valley ? Engineering Geology Mapping Program ? PDF files of publications about and maps of the geology of the Mississippi River Valley and its tributaries.
Ecoregions of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain Map
"Old Man River Loses His Kinks" , April 1942, Popular Science article on 1930-40s project to improve barge navigation between Helena and Natchez
?? ???? ??????????? "The River (1938)" ????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????’?? ???? ?????? [ ???? ]
?? ???? ??????????? "The River (Part II) (1937)" ????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????’?? ???? ?????? [ ???? ]
?? ???? ??????????? "The Valley of the Giant: Mississippi River story" ????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????’?? ???? ?????? [ ???? ]
???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????
Roundtable discussion on Imagining the River, University of Minnesota, 2009 Archived 2013-01-17 at the Wayback Machine
MRTIS - Mississippi River Traffic Information System

[1] The United States Geological Survey recognizes two contrasting definitions of a river's source . USGS.gov By the stricter definition, the Mississippi would share its source with its longest tributary, the Missouri, at Brower's Spring in Montana. The other definition acknowledges "somewhat arbitrary decisions" and places the Mississippi's source at Lake Itasca, which is publicly accepted as the source, USGS.gov and which had been identified as such by Brower himself. MT.gov Archived 2012-01-18 at the Wayback Machine

[USGSrivers-2] Kammerer, J.C. (May 1990). "Largest Rivers in the United States" . U.S. Geological Survey . http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/ofr87-242/ ? ???? ??? ????: February 22, 2011 .

[3] United States Geological Survey Hydrological Unit Code: 08-09-01-00- Lower Mississippi-New Orleans Watershed

[USGSlongest-4] 4.0 ^4.1 "Lengths of the major rivers" . United States Geological Survey . http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/riversofworld.html ? ???? ??? ????: March 14, 2009 .

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]