?????????? ????

?????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????????: "???????????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????: ????????? ????"

?????????? ???? ?? ?????????? (?????????? ?????: Apartheid) ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? (???????? ????????? )-? ???? ??? ??? ????-? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ^{[note 1]} ?? ????????? ????? ?'?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? (white supremacy)-? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????, ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????, ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ^[4] ??????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????, ??? ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????, ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ^[4] ?????????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ^[5]^[6]^[7] ?????????? ????? ???? "??????????"-? ^[8] ???? "????????" ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ^[9]^[10]

?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ^[11] ??? ????-? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? (????)-? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????

??????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ?'?'?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????????? ??? ?'?'?? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??? ?'?'??? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? (Boer Republic) ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ? -????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???-???????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?'?'?? ??????????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? , ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???; ???? ???????????? "???????? ??????", ???????????? "???????? ???????? ???????"?

???? ??? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?-????????????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???, ?????? "??????????" ?? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ????????, ??? ?? ????????, ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????- ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???; ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ^[12]

???????? [ ???????? ??? ]

?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????, ??? "??? ???" (Pass laws) ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????, ???????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ^[13]

???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????

??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????

????????? [ ???????? ??? ]

↑ "Repeal of Population Registration Act" . C-Span. 17 June 1991 . https://www.c-span.org/video/?19041-1/repeal-population-registration-act ? ???? ??? ????: 7 June 2018 .
↑ Myre, Greg (18 June 1991). "South Africa ends racial classifications" . Associated Press (Cape Girardeau: Southeast Missourian) . https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1893&dat=19910618&id=3sQfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ltgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5582,6356040 ? ???? ??? ????: 1 March 2018 .
↑ Bartusis, Mark (2012). Gomez, Edmund; Premdas, Ralph. eds. Affirmative Action, Ethnicity and Conflict . ??????? New York: Routledge Books. ??????. 126?132. ISBN 978-0415627689 .
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Mayne, Alan (1999). From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms . ??????? Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. ??????. 52. ISBN 978-0-275-96151-0 .
↑ Leander (15 June 2015). "Despite the 1994 political victory against apartheid, its economic legacy persists by Haydn Cornish-Jenkins" (en ?????). South African History Online . http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/despite-1994-political-victory-against-apartheid-its-economic-legacy-persists-haydn-cornish- .
↑ "'Apartheid legacy haunts SA economy' - SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader." (en-US ?????). www.sabcnews.com . http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/apartheid-legacy-haunts-sa-economy/ ? ???? ??? ????: 2 May 2018 .
↑ "Ramaphosas tough job on fixing Apartheid legacy" . http://allafrica.com/stories/201804060509.html .
↑ "Dictionary.com entry for 'apartheid'" . http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/apartheid?s=t&ld=1091 ? ???? ??? ????: 11 August 2012 .
↑ Shore, Megan. Religion and Conflict Resolution: Christianity and South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission . Ashgate Publishing, 2009. p.36
↑ Nancy L. Clarkson & William H. Worger. South Africa: The Rise and Fall of . Routledge, 2013. Chapter 3: The Basis of Apartheid.
↑ Walton, F. Carl; Udayakumar, S.P.; Muck, William; McIlwain, Charlton; Kramer, Eric; Jensen, Robert; Ibrahim, Vivian; Caliendo, Stephen Maynard et al . (2011). The Routledge Companion to Race and Ethnicity . ??????? New York: Routledge Books. ??????. 103?105. ISBN 978-0415777070 .
↑ Baldwin-Ragaven, Laurel; London, Lesley; du Gruchy, Jeanelle (1999). An ambulance of the wrong colour: health professionals, human rights and ethics in South Africa. Juta and Company Limited. p. 18
↑ Frankel, Philip H.; Frankel, Professor Philip (2001) (en ?????). An Ordinary Atrocity: Sharpeville and Its Massacre . Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300091786 . https://books.google.co.in/books/about/An_Ordinary_Atrocity.html?id=3jq4inE_akcC&redir_esc=y .

???? [ ???????? ??? ]

↑ ???????? ???????? ???, ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????, ???? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ?????, ^[1]^[2] ???? ???? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?-?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ^[3]

????????? [ ???????? ??? ]

??????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????

[1] "Repeal of Population Registration Act" . C-Span. 17 June 1991 . https://www.c-span.org/video/?19041-1/repeal-population-registration-act ? ???? ??? ????: 7 June 2018 .

[Abolished-2] Myre, Greg (18 June 1991). "South Africa ends racial classifications" . Associated Press (Cape Girardeau: Southeast Missourian) . https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1893&dat=19910618&id=3sQfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ltgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5582,6356040 ? ???? ??? ????: 1 March 2018 .

[Jeffrey-3] Bartusis, Mark (2012). Gomez, Edmund; Premdas, Ralph. eds. Affirmative Action, Ethnicity and Conflict . ??????? New York: Routledge Books. ??????. 126?132. ISBN 978-0415627689 .

[Mayne-5] 4.0 ^4.1 Mayne, Alan (1999). From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms . ??????? Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. ??????. 52. ISBN 978-0-275-96151-0 .

[6] Leander (15 June 2015). "Despite the 1994 political victory against apartheid, its economic legacy persists by Haydn Cornish-Jenkins" (en ?????). South African History Online . http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/despite-1994-political-victory-against-apartheid-its-economic-legacy-persists-haydn-cornish- .

[7] "'Apartheid legacy haunts SA economy' - SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader." (en-US ?????). www.sabcnews.com . http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/apartheid-legacy-haunts-sa-economy/ ? ???? ??? ????: 2 May 2018 .

[8] "Ramaphosas tough job on fixing Apartheid legacy" . http://allafrica.com/stories/201804060509.html .

[9] "Dictionary.com entry for 'apartheid'" . http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/apartheid?s=t&ld=1091 ? ???? ??? ????: 11 August 2012 .

[10] Shore, Megan. Religion and Conflict Resolution: Christianity and South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission . Ashgate Publishing, 2009. p.36

[11] Nancy L. Clarkson & William H. Worger. South Africa: The Rise and Fall of . Routledge, 2013. Chapter 3: The Basis of Apartheid.

[Routledge-12] Walton, F. Carl; Udayakumar, S.P.; Muck, William; McIlwain, Charlton; Kramer, Eric; Jensen, Robert; Ibrahim, Vivian; Caliendo, Stephen Maynard et al . (2011). The Routledge Companion to Race and Ethnicity . ??????? New York: Routledge Books. ??????. 103?105. ISBN 978-0415777070 .

[13] Baldwin-Ragaven, Laurel; London, Lesley; du Gruchy, Jeanelle (1999). An ambulance of the wrong colour: health professionals, human rights and ethics in South Africa. Juta and Company Limited. p. 18

[14] Frankel, Philip H.; Frankel, Professor Philip (2001) (en ?????). An Ordinary Atrocity: Sharpeville and Its Massacre . Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300091786 . https://books.google.co.in/books/about/An_Ordinary_Atrocity.html?id=3jq4inE_akcC&redir_esc=y .

[1990s-4] ???????? ???????? ???, ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????, ???? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ?????, ^[1]^[2] ???? ???? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?-?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ^[3]

[note 1]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[1]

[2]

[3]